Tri Arini - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Tri Arini
Metalurgi
Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is the main component for solar cell fabrication. One of the p... more Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is the main component for solar cell fabrication. One of the promising types of TCO is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The method used in depositing the conductive layer of FTO is spray pyrolysis with an ultrasonic nebulizer. The precursor is a local Indonesian product, dimethyl tin dichloride (DMTC), with doping ammonium fluoride (NH4F). The variable that used in this study were variations in deposition time (5. 10. 15. 20, and 25 minutes) with a fixed substrate temperature at 300°C and doping variations (un-doped, 2 wt.% doped and 8 wt.% doped) to see the effect of adding F doping to the precursor solution. The resistivity value with deposition time of 5. 10. 15. 20 and 25 minute (2 wt.% doped) is 0.218x100; 0.449x10-1; 1,567x10-2; 0.676x10-2 0.377x10-2 Ω.cm. For doping variations (un-doped, 2 wt% doped and 8 wt% doped) the value is 0.883x10-2; 0.377x10-2; 0.506x10-3 Ω.cm. There is a decreasing trend in the resistivity values obtained along with ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The cassiterite mineral is producing mineral of tin. It is widely used in the manufacture of cata... more The cassiterite mineral is producing mineral of tin. It is widely used in the manufacture of catalysts such as FTO (Fluorine Tin Oxide) glass coatings or as a SnO 2 pigment. Tin is usually used in energy and electronics sector. Cassiterite can be found on the islands of Bangka, Belitung, Kundur, Singkep, Karimun and Kampar. In Indonesia, cassiterite mixed with other minerals such as ilmenite, quartz sand, zircon, rutile, pyrite, calcite, lanthanum and monazite. Those mixtures able to give rise of problems if used as raw chemical materials in tin production. The purifying process of cassiterite is done by pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy methods. The XRF and XRD analysis of raw cassiterite show that the main components are Sn and O. The decomposition process is done by mixing cassiterite and kalium sulfate (K 2 SO 4) with a ratio of 2:3. The leaching process is performed using KOH to dissolve SnO 2 because the compound is soluble in a strong base. The optimum result is obtained at decomposition temperature 800 and time of 4 hours. The intermediate product kalium stannate (K 2 SnO 3) is not formed because cassiterite has a structure which may cause some difficulties to react with the salt kalium sulfate (K 2 SO 4).
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin
SnO2 oxide powder was synthesized using the sol-gel method. SnO2 oxide powder was produced using ... more SnO2 oxide powder was synthesized using the sol-gel method. SnO2 oxide powder was produced using a solution of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) and 25% ammonia (NH4(OH)) by annealing the final product for 4 hours at 900 °C. The pH variation was carried out at pH 7 and 9. XRD analysis showed that the structure of SnO2 formed was polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure with crystal planes (110), (101); (200), (111), (210), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112), (301), (202), (321), (400), (222 ), (330) wherein the crystal plane (110) has the predominant structure. The crystal size using the Scherrer formula, varied from 56,204 and 54,936 nm for pH values 7 and 9. The size using HSP analysis, in the (110) plane the values obtained were 561,594 and 543,901Å for pH 7 and 9. The crystal size decreased with increasing pH. Surface morphology was carried out by SEM analysis, obtained grain sizes of 71.5 and 62.32 nm at pH 7 and 9, respectively. The variation in pH mostly affected the siz...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Experiments have been carried out to remove magnesium ions from brine water using limestone, Remb... more Experiments have been carried out to remove magnesium ions from brine water using limestone, Rembang, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to produce brine water concentrates that were rich in lithium and did not contain magnesium elements. Brine water used has the following chemical composition: 74.67 ppm Li; 877.891 ppm Na; 1549.81 ppm K; 147.23 ppm Mg; 38.49 ppm Ca and others. The initial stages were 200 g of natural lime calcined at 900 °C for 3 hours using a furnace as a precipitation agent. It is then added to 1000 ml of brine water with a variation of 0.336 g, 1 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, 50 g by stirring for 3 hours at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the magnesium removal from brine water began to be seen in the addition of roasted limestone of 1 g with the dominant phase as Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3 in the precipitated residue. On the addition of 10 g and 20 g of roasted limestone into brine water, the percentage of magnesium removal was almost maximum of 98.8% and 99.8%...
Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2021
Lithium minerals become a sub-economic raw material for lithium production to fulfill the lithium... more Lithium minerals become a sub-economic raw material for lithium production to fulfill the lithium demand. This study is about lithium extraction from mica schist using the roasting and leaching processes. The mica schist located in Kebumen, Indonesia was used to study the phenomena during the lithium extraction process. Sodium sulfate was used as a roasting agent while 0.36 M sulfuric acid was used as a leaching agent. Solid/liquid ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (g/mL)) and leaching time (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes) were used as variables in this study. The roasting process was done at 700 °С for 40 minutes while the leaching process was done at 70 °С and 350 rpm. The ratio of additive and mica schist was 1.5:1 (g/g). XRD, ICP-OES, and SEM were used to observe the formed compounds, chemical composition and morphology of the materials. HighScore Plus (HSP) was used to interpret the content of each compound in mica schist, roasted mica schist, and residue. ICP analysis confirmed that...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Fluorine-doped tin oxide is a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide, which has a function as... more Fluorine-doped tin oxide is a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide, which has a function as a semiconductor. Fabrication of fluorine tin oxide from this research was expected to replace indium-doped tin oxide. Indium-doped tin oxide function as a commercial transparent conductive oxide. The raw material of indium was limited, so the price of indium is higher than fluorine. The material used are Indonesia local tin (IV) Chloride, ammonium fluoride, and methanol. Conductive liquids has made by the sol - gel method. Sol gel liquids doped with ammonium fluoride to make a high conductivity. The transmittance value at the 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes deposition time were respectively 69.7; 43.6; 14.4; 14.1 and 34.7%. In this research, spin coating method under 3000 RPM on fix substrate temperature of 300°C. The results of the experiment shows, increased deposition time, make the thickness of the layer increased while resistivity and transmittance decreased. The optimum parameter for gl...
The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronics, particularly in the field ... more The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronics, particularly in the field of energy storage, is increasing the demand for the use of lithium secondary batteries. The use of manganese dioxide (MnO2) as a lithium battery cathode material is focusing the development of lithium batteries on energy storage capacity. Manganese dioxide was chosen as the cathode material for lithium batteries because it has a high storage capacity of about 615 mAh/g compared to other materials such as graphite which has a storage capacity of 372 mAh/g. MnO2 was synthesized by the electrolysis method from manganese sulfate (MnSO4) precursor which was obtained from the Trenggalek manganese ore leaching process. The electrolysis process was carried out for 5 hours using variations in electrolyte temperature of 30, 40, 50, and 60 C as well as variations in a current of 2, 3, 4, and 5 A to determine the effect of electrolyte temperature and current on mass gain, structural polymorphy, and ...
Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal, 2021
Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of... more Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their good surface reactivity. Magnesium oxide from bittern has a larger surface area compared to magnesium oxide from calcined magnesite and magnesium ions precipitation from bittern using sodium hydroxide has higher purity than using calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. In this research, sodium hydroxide was added to a bittern solution obtaining magnesium hydroxide precipitate, followed by the calcination process to produce magnesium oxide. Nano magnesium oxide was synthesized by the ultrasonic destruction process using ethanol and 2-propanol as media. In this study, sonication time and particle concentration effect on the ultrasonic destruction process were investigated. During the process, the sonication time was varied between 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 minutes while the magnesium oxide concentration was varied between 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %. Increasing sonication time and particle conc...
THE MAKING OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENT WITH CHLORIDE MEDIUM. Indonesia posses huge amount of ilme... more THE MAKING OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENT WITH CHLORIDE MEDIUM. Indonesia posses huge amount of ilmenit deposits. The ilmenite can be processed to produce titanium dioxide through hydrometallurgical method . The experimental results shows that the iron content in ilmenite can be eliminited through chloric acid leaching, leaving high concentration titanium dioxide as the product. The particle size of ilmenite and chloric acid concentrations affects the elimination rate of iron. The smaller the particle size and the higher the acid concentrations, the higher amount of iron can be eliminated. At 37 % Chloric acid, -200 mesh particle size and 100 °C, the concentrations of TiO2 can be increased up to 88 %.
Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play important role in many recent modern technologies... more Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play important role in many recent modern technologies including its application for dye sensitized solar cell. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide (ITO), however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) which is easier and more economic for fabrication. For this purpose, tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) precursor doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F) source by using sol-gel method and spray pyrolisis technique can be considered as a new breakthrough in the making of conductive glass. In this work, the ammonium floride was doped at a ratio of 2 wt persen to tin chloride precursor with variations of deposition time (10,20 and 30 minutes) and substrate temperature (250, 300 and 350 °C) upon spray pyrolysis technique. The results showed that the longer deposition time the thicker glass layer is, providing smaller resistivity. ...
Percobaan pendahuluan tentang pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dilakukan d... more Percobaan pendahuluan tentang pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode spin coating. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan baku dimethyltin dichloride (Me2SnCl2) sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida (NH4F) sebagai doping. Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan bahwa nilai viskositas larutan SnO2:F yang dibuat dalam pelarut ethanol lebih besar daripada dalam methanol seiring meningkatnya konsentrasi Me2SnCl2. Pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dengan metode spin coating, konsentrasi larutan optimum dalam penelitian ini berada pada konsentrasi 0,3M dengan pelarut ethanol dengan nilai resistansi 3,2 MΩ dimana pada konsentrasi tersebut semakin meningkat waktu spin coating maka resistansi akan semakin kecil.
Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan serbuk kimia α-Fe2O3 dengan bahan baku bijih besi yang berasa... more Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan serbuk kimia α-Fe2O3 dengan bahan baku bijih besi yang berasal dari Bajuin, Kalimantan Selatan. Produk hasil percobaan dikarakterisasi kemudian dibandingkan dengan produk bahan baku baterai lithium dari Cina yang sudah dikomersialkan. Analisis yang dilakukan terhadap produk hasil percobaan dan produk pembanding yaitu mencakup XRD, XRF, SEM dan UV-VIS. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa hasil proses pengolahan bijih besi dari Bajuin Kalimantan Selatan mempunyai kesesuaian struktur kristal α-Fe2O3 yang serupa dengan material pembanding dari Cina, akan tetapi intensitasnya lebih rendah. Analisis XRF menunjukkan kadar Fe2O3 hasil proses sebesar 92,05 persen, sedikit berbeda dengan material pembanding dari Cina yang mempunyai kadar Fe2O3 sebesar 94,58 persen. Hasil dari SEM memperlihatkan penampang permukaan butir pada produk hasil percobaan ukuran butirannya belum halus. Dari grafik SEM EDX terdeteksi unsur mayor yaitu Besi dan Oksida dengan unsur ikutan ...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials, 2020
Cassiterite from Bangka, Indonesia, has mineralogical characteristics different from cassiterite ... more Cassiterite from Bangka, Indonesia, has mineralogical characteristics different from cassiterite in other countries. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of acid concentrations and leaching times in the aerated reactor on the dissolution of cassiterite. Ten grams of cassiterite with ∼100-mesh particle size was dissolved in variation concentrations of HCl (5, 10, 15, 20 and 37 %.) at different leaching times (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min). The processes were carried out using an aerated reactor with air flow of 540 liter/hours in an oil bath. The processing result showed that the highest dissolution of cassiterite was about 8.3 % at 37 % HCl concentration. The stable dissolved cassiterite was approximately 3.9-4.7 % from leaching processes using solvents of 10-20 % HCl concentration. It seems that the associated minerals of cassiterite were difficult to be separated from the main mineral of tin using hydrochloric acid solutions in the aerated reactor. The highest percentage of extraction of Fe, Si, Ti and Sn by HCl solution for 120 min in the aerated reactor was approximately 30.6 % Fe, 1.6 % Si, 1.3 % Ti, and 0.1 % Sn, respectively.
![Research paper thumbnail of Pengaruh Waktu Deposisi dan Temperatur Substrat Terhadap Pembuatan Kaca Konduktif FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) [The Influence of Deposition Time and Substrate Temperature in Manufacturing Process of FTO (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) Conductive Glass]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84523902/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Metalurgi, Apr 28, 2017
Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin... more Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin oxide) karena proses pembuatan yang sederhana dan biaya yang relatif rendah. Prekursor timah klorida dengan doping flourine yang dipreparasi melalui metode sol-gel dengan proses pelapisan dengan teknik spray pyrolisis dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu terobosan baru di dalam struktur device sel surya tersensitasi zat pewarna. Percobaan ini menggunakan bahan baku timah (II) klorida hidrat (SnCl 2 .2H 2 O) sebagai prekursor dan amonium florida (NH 4 F) sebagai doping dengan rasio 6 %berat dengan variasi temperatur 250, 300, 350, 400 °C dan dengan variasi waktu 5, 20, 30, dan 40 menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif. Namun semakin lama waktu deposisi akan mengurangi nilai transmitansi. Pada percobaan ini menghasilkan transmitansi tinggi dan resistivitas rendah diperoleh pada variasi waktu deposisi 5 menit dengan temperatur substrat 300 °C dengan nilai resitivitas 3,16 x 10-4 Ω.cm dan nilai transmitansi 86,74%.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lithium was precipitated along with the remo... more The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lithium was precipitated along with the removal of Ca and Mg elements from brine water using limestone and oxalic acid. The first stage was Mg removal by adding CaO at room temperature for 3 hours. The second stage was the Ca removal by adding oxalic acid at a ratio of 2; 3; 4; 5; 10; 15; 20; 30; and 40 ml / 100 ml brine water and pH : 0, 1, and 4 at room temperature for 3 hours. The results showed the most optimal addition of CaO was 20 gr/1 l of brine water with the Mg element can be removed above 99 %, while Li was only reduced by about 1 ppm, and the Ca content only increased by around 28 ppm. The use of oxalic acid will also reduce the amount of lithium besides the Ca removal in the form a precipitate of calcium oxalate. The use of oxalic acid at pH 0 and 4 would reduce the Li content more than at pH 1. At the use of oxalic acid up to 40 ml at pH 1, brine water still contained about 78% Li element.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
The objectives of this research are to characterize the chemical composition of brine water, Tirt... more The objectives of this research are to characterize the chemical composition of brine water, Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia and investigate the influence of brine water vaporization ratio on lithium content and other chemical elements of brine water. The research method is brine water evaporated at boiling point using distillation equipment with various evaporation ratios up to 50 percent; 75 percent; 80 percent; 87.5 percent and 90 percent volume of brine water. The distillation process produces distillate and brine water liquid containing salt deposits. The brine water liquid from the evaporation process was then filtered to separate the filtrate of brine water and salt deposit. Distillate and filtrate of brine water were analysed by ICP-OES to know the chemical composition of both such as Li, K, Na, Ca, and Mg. The salt deposits were characterized by SEM-EDS. The experimental results show that the chemical compositions of brine water Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia are 17.27 ppm Li; 4...
Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 2019
UTILIZATION OF INDONESIAN LOCAL STANNIC CHLORIDE (SnCl4) PRECURSOR IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING FLUOR... more UTILIZATION OF INDONESIAN LOCAL STANNIC CHLORIDE (SnCl4) PRECURSOR IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING FLUORINE-DOPED TIN OXIDE (FTO) CONDUCTIVE GLASS. Thin layer of fluorine- doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass has been deposited on a glass substrate heated at a temperature of 350°C using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis nebulizer method with variations in fluorine doping and substrate temperatures. This experiment uses the raw material of Indonesian local stannic chloride (SnCl4) (PT Timah Industri) as a precursor with a temperature variation of 250, 300, 350, 400°C. The structure and morphology of the optical and electrical properties of all the thin layers have been examined. XRD results show that all thin layers have a tetragonal crystal structure. In this experiment, there is a significant influence on the role of fluorine doping on resistivity and transmittance values. With the addition of 2% wt doping, the resistivity and transmittance values decrease. The optimum value is obtained by...
![Research paper thumbnail of Pembuatan Magnesium Karbonat Berukuran Ultra Halus Bagian 1. Perilaku Kalsinasi Dolomit Indonesia[SYNTHESIS OF ULTRA FINE GRAIN MAGNESIUM CARBONATE PART 1. CALCINATION BEHAVIOUR OF INDONESIAN DOLOMITE]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84511647/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of PEMBUATAN PIGMEN TITANIUM DIOKSIDA DENGAN MEDIUM KLORIDA[Making Titanium Dioxide through Chloric Acid Leaching]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84511644/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](![Research paper thumbnail of PENGARUH TEMPERATUR NUKLEASI TERHADAP GEOMETRI PRODUK MAGNESIUM KARBONAT DARI BAHAN BAKU DOLOMIT MADURA[Effect of Temperature on The Geometric Product Nucleation Magnesium Carbonate of Raw Materials Dolomite Madura]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84511643/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](
Metalurgi
Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is the main component for solar cell fabrication. One of the p... more Transparent Conductive Oxide (TCO) is the main component for solar cell fabrication. One of the promising types of TCO is fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The method used in depositing the conductive layer of FTO is spray pyrolysis with an ultrasonic nebulizer. The precursor is a local Indonesian product, dimethyl tin dichloride (DMTC), with doping ammonium fluoride (NH4F). The variable that used in this study were variations in deposition time (5. 10. 15. 20, and 25 minutes) with a fixed substrate temperature at 300°C and doping variations (un-doped, 2 wt.% doped and 8 wt.% doped) to see the effect of adding F doping to the precursor solution. The resistivity value with deposition time of 5. 10. 15. 20 and 25 minute (2 wt.% doped) is 0.218x100; 0.449x10-1; 1,567x10-2; 0.676x10-2 0.377x10-2 Ω.cm. For doping variations (un-doped, 2 wt% doped and 8 wt% doped) the value is 0.883x10-2; 0.377x10-2; 0.506x10-3 Ω.cm. There is a decreasing trend in the resistivity values obtained along with ...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
The cassiterite mineral is producing mineral of tin. It is widely used in the manufacture of cata... more The cassiterite mineral is producing mineral of tin. It is widely used in the manufacture of catalysts such as FTO (Fluorine Tin Oxide) glass coatings or as a SnO 2 pigment. Tin is usually used in energy and electronics sector. Cassiterite can be found on the islands of Bangka, Belitung, Kundur, Singkep, Karimun and Kampar. In Indonesia, cassiterite mixed with other minerals such as ilmenite, quartz sand, zircon, rutile, pyrite, calcite, lanthanum and monazite. Those mixtures able to give rise of problems if used as raw chemical materials in tin production. The purifying process of cassiterite is done by pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy methods. The XRF and XRD analysis of raw cassiterite show that the main components are Sn and O. The decomposition process is done by mixing cassiterite and kalium sulfate (K 2 SO 4) with a ratio of 2:3. The leaching process is performed using KOH to dissolve SnO 2 because the compound is soluble in a strong base. The optimum result is obtained at decomposition temperature 800 and time of 4 hours. The intermediate product kalium stannate (K 2 SnO 3) is not formed because cassiterite has a structure which may cause some difficulties to react with the salt kalium sulfate (K 2 SO 4).
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin
SnO2 oxide powder was synthesized using the sol-gel method. SnO2 oxide powder was produced using ... more SnO2 oxide powder was synthesized using the sol-gel method. SnO2 oxide powder was produced using a solution of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) and 25% ammonia (NH4(OH)) by annealing the final product for 4 hours at 900 °C. The pH variation was carried out at pH 7 and 9. XRD analysis showed that the structure of SnO2 formed was polycrystalline with a tetragonal crystal structure with crystal planes (110), (101); (200), (111), (210), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112), (301), (202), (321), (400), (222 ), (330) wherein the crystal plane (110) has the predominant structure. The crystal size using the Scherrer formula, varied from 56,204 and 54,936 nm for pH values 7 and 9. The size using HSP analysis, in the (110) plane the values obtained were 561,594 and 543,901Å for pH 7 and 9. The crystal size decreased with increasing pH. Surface morphology was carried out by SEM analysis, obtained grain sizes of 71.5 and 62.32 nm at pH 7 and 9, respectively. The variation in pH mostly affected the siz...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Experiments have been carried out to remove magnesium ions from brine water using limestone, Remb... more Experiments have been carried out to remove magnesium ions from brine water using limestone, Rembang, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to produce brine water concentrates that were rich in lithium and did not contain magnesium elements. Brine water used has the following chemical composition: 74.67 ppm Li; 877.891 ppm Na; 1549.81 ppm K; 147.23 ppm Mg; 38.49 ppm Ca and others. The initial stages were 200 g of natural lime calcined at 900 °C for 3 hours using a furnace as a precipitation agent. It is then added to 1000 ml of brine water with a variation of 0.336 g, 1 g, 10 g, 20 g, 30 g, 40 g, 50 g by stirring for 3 hours at atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the magnesium removal from brine water began to be seen in the addition of roasted limestone of 1 g with the dominant phase as Mg0.03Ca0.97CO3 in the precipitated residue. On the addition of 10 g and 20 g of roasted limestone into brine water, the percentage of magnesium removal was almost maximum of 98.8% and 99.8%...
Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 2021
Lithium minerals become a sub-economic raw material for lithium production to fulfill the lithium... more Lithium minerals become a sub-economic raw material for lithium production to fulfill the lithium demand. This study is about lithium extraction from mica schist using the roasting and leaching processes. The mica schist located in Kebumen, Indonesia was used to study the phenomena during the lithium extraction process. Sodium sulfate was used as a roasting agent while 0.36 M sulfuric acid was used as a leaching agent. Solid/liquid ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (g/mL)) and leaching time (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes) were used as variables in this study. The roasting process was done at 700 °С for 40 minutes while the leaching process was done at 70 °С and 350 rpm. The ratio of additive and mica schist was 1.5:1 (g/g). XRD, ICP-OES, and SEM were used to observe the formed compounds, chemical composition and morphology of the materials. HighScore Plus (HSP) was used to interpret the content of each compound in mica schist, roasted mica schist, and residue. ICP analysis confirmed that...
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
Fluorine-doped tin oxide is a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide, which has a function as... more Fluorine-doped tin oxide is a thin layer of transparent conductive oxide, which has a function as a semiconductor. Fabrication of fluorine tin oxide from this research was expected to replace indium-doped tin oxide. Indium-doped tin oxide function as a commercial transparent conductive oxide. The raw material of indium was limited, so the price of indium is higher than fluorine. The material used are Indonesia local tin (IV) Chloride, ammonium fluoride, and methanol. Conductive liquids has made by the sol - gel method. Sol gel liquids doped with ammonium fluoride to make a high conductivity. The transmittance value at the 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes deposition time were respectively 69.7; 43.6; 14.4; 14.1 and 34.7%. In this research, spin coating method under 3000 RPM on fix substrate temperature of 300°C. The results of the experiment shows, increased deposition time, make the thickness of the layer increased while resistivity and transmittance decreased. The optimum parameter for gl...
The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronics, particularly in the field ... more The advancement of science and technology in the field of electronics, particularly in the field of energy storage, is increasing the demand for the use of lithium secondary batteries. The use of manganese dioxide (MnO2) as a lithium battery cathode material is focusing the development of lithium batteries on energy storage capacity. Manganese dioxide was chosen as the cathode material for lithium batteries because it has a high storage capacity of about 615 mAh/g compared to other materials such as graphite which has a storage capacity of 372 mAh/g. MnO2 was synthesized by the electrolysis method from manganese sulfate (MnSO4) precursor which was obtained from the Trenggalek manganese ore leaching process. The electrolysis process was carried out for 5 hours using variations in electrolyte temperature of 30, 40, 50, and 60 C as well as variations in a current of 2, 3, 4, and 5 A to determine the effect of electrolyte temperature and current on mass gain, structural polymorphy, and ...
Chemical Engineering (Engineering) eJournal, 2021
Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of... more Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their good surface reactivity. Magnesium oxide from bittern has a larger surface area compared to magnesium oxide from calcined magnesite and magnesium ions precipitation from bittern using sodium hydroxide has higher purity than using calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide. In this research, sodium hydroxide was added to a bittern solution obtaining magnesium hydroxide precipitate, followed by the calcination process to produce magnesium oxide. Nano magnesium oxide was synthesized by the ultrasonic destruction process using ethanol and 2-propanol as media. In this study, sonication time and particle concentration effect on the ultrasonic destruction process were investigated. During the process, the sonication time was varied between 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 minutes while the magnesium oxide concentration was varied between 1 %, 2 %, and 3 %. Increasing sonication time and particle conc...
THE MAKING OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENT WITH CHLORIDE MEDIUM. Indonesia posses huge amount of ilme... more THE MAKING OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENT WITH CHLORIDE MEDIUM. Indonesia posses huge amount of ilmenit deposits. The ilmenite can be processed to produce titanium dioxide through hydrometallurgical method . The experimental results shows that the iron content in ilmenite can be eliminited through chloric acid leaching, leaving high concentration titanium dioxide as the product. The particle size of ilmenite and chloric acid concentrations affects the elimination rate of iron. The smaller the particle size and the higher the acid concentrations, the higher amount of iron can be eliminated. At 37 % Chloric acid, -200 mesh particle size and 100 °C, the concentrations of TiO2 can be increased up to 88 %.
Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play important role in many recent modern technologies... more Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) glasses play important role in many recent modern technologies including its application for dye sensitized solar cell. One of the most commonly used is indium tin oxide (ITO), however its price is rather expensive. Therefore, the main purpose of the current research is aimed at replacing ITO with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) which is easier and more economic for fabrication. For this purpose, tin chloride dehydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) precursor doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F) source by using sol-gel method and spray pyrolisis technique can be considered as a new breakthrough in the making of conductive glass. In this work, the ammonium floride was doped at a ratio of 2 wt persen to tin chloride precursor with variations of deposition time (10,20 and 30 minutes) and substrate temperature (250, 300 and 350 °C) upon spray pyrolysis technique. The results showed that the longer deposition time the thicker glass layer is, providing smaller resistivity. ...
Percobaan pendahuluan tentang pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dilakukan d... more Percobaan pendahuluan tentang pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode spin coating. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan baku dimethyltin dichloride (Me2SnCl2) sebagai prekursor dan ammonium florida (NH4F) sebagai doping. Hasil percobaan memperlihatkan bahwa nilai viskositas larutan SnO2:F yang dibuat dalam pelarut ethanol lebih besar daripada dalam methanol seiring meningkatnya konsentrasi Me2SnCl2. Pembuatan kaca konduktif fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) dengan metode spin coating, konsentrasi larutan optimum dalam penelitian ini berada pada konsentrasi 0,3M dengan pelarut ethanol dengan nilai resistansi 3,2 MΩ dimana pada konsentrasi tersebut semakin meningkat waktu spin coating maka resistansi akan semakin kecil.
Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan serbuk kimia α-Fe2O3 dengan bahan baku bijih besi yang berasa... more Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan serbuk kimia α-Fe2O3 dengan bahan baku bijih besi yang berasal dari Bajuin, Kalimantan Selatan. Produk hasil percobaan dikarakterisasi kemudian dibandingkan dengan produk bahan baku baterai lithium dari Cina yang sudah dikomersialkan. Analisis yang dilakukan terhadap produk hasil percobaan dan produk pembanding yaitu mencakup XRD, XRF, SEM dan UV-VIS. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahwa hasil proses pengolahan bijih besi dari Bajuin Kalimantan Selatan mempunyai kesesuaian struktur kristal α-Fe2O3 yang serupa dengan material pembanding dari Cina, akan tetapi intensitasnya lebih rendah. Analisis XRF menunjukkan kadar Fe2O3 hasil proses sebesar 92,05 persen, sedikit berbeda dengan material pembanding dari Cina yang mempunyai kadar Fe2O3 sebesar 94,58 persen. Hasil dari SEM memperlihatkan penampang permukaan butir pada produk hasil percobaan ukuran butirannya belum halus. Dari grafik SEM EDX terdeteksi unsur mayor yaitu Besi dan Oksida dengan unsur ikutan ...
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials, 2020
Cassiterite from Bangka, Indonesia, has mineralogical characteristics different from cassiterite ... more Cassiterite from Bangka, Indonesia, has mineralogical characteristics different from cassiterite in other countries. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of acid concentrations and leaching times in the aerated reactor on the dissolution of cassiterite. Ten grams of cassiterite with ∼100-mesh particle size was dissolved in variation concentrations of HCl (5, 10, 15, 20 and 37 %.) at different leaching times (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min). The processes were carried out using an aerated reactor with air flow of 540 liter/hours in an oil bath. The processing result showed that the highest dissolution of cassiterite was about 8.3 % at 37 % HCl concentration. The stable dissolved cassiterite was approximately 3.9-4.7 % from leaching processes using solvents of 10-20 % HCl concentration. It seems that the associated minerals of cassiterite were difficult to be separated from the main mineral of tin using hydrochloric acid solutions in the aerated reactor. The highest percentage of extraction of Fe, Si, Ti and Sn by HCl solution for 120 min in the aerated reactor was approximately 30.6 % Fe, 1.6 % Si, 1.3 % Ti, and 0.1 % Sn, respectively.
Metalurgi, Apr 28, 2017
Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin... more Pembuatan FTO (flourine-doped tin oxide) ini diharapkan dapat menggantikan fungsi ITO (indium tin oxide) karena proses pembuatan yang sederhana dan biaya yang relatif rendah. Prekursor timah klorida dengan doping flourine yang dipreparasi melalui metode sol-gel dengan proses pelapisan dengan teknik spray pyrolisis dapat dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu terobosan baru di dalam struktur device sel surya tersensitasi zat pewarna. Percobaan ini menggunakan bahan baku timah (II) klorida hidrat (SnCl 2 .2H 2 O) sebagai prekursor dan amonium florida (NH 4 F) sebagai doping dengan rasio 6 %berat dengan variasi temperatur 250, 300, 350, 400 °C dan dengan variasi waktu 5, 20, 30, dan 40 menit. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu deposisi maka akan semakin kecil nilai resistivitas kaca konduktif. Namun semakin lama waktu deposisi akan mengurangi nilai transmitansi. Pada percobaan ini menghasilkan transmitansi tinggi dan resistivitas rendah diperoleh pada variasi waktu deposisi 5 menit dengan temperatur substrat 300 °C dengan nilai resitivitas 3,16 x 10-4 Ω.cm dan nilai transmitansi 86,74%.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lithium was precipitated along with the remo... more The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lithium was precipitated along with the removal of Ca and Mg elements from brine water using limestone and oxalic acid. The first stage was Mg removal by adding CaO at room temperature for 3 hours. The second stage was the Ca removal by adding oxalic acid at a ratio of 2; 3; 4; 5; 10; 15; 20; 30; and 40 ml / 100 ml brine water and pH : 0, 1, and 4 at room temperature for 3 hours. The results showed the most optimal addition of CaO was 20 gr/1 l of brine water with the Mg element can be removed above 99 %, while Li was only reduced by about 1 ppm, and the Ca content only increased by around 28 ppm. The use of oxalic acid will also reduce the amount of lithium besides the Ca removal in the form a precipitate of calcium oxalate. The use of oxalic acid at pH 0 and 4 would reduce the Li content more than at pH 1. At the use of oxalic acid up to 40 ml at pH 1, brine water still contained about 78% Li element.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2020
The objectives of this research are to characterize the chemical composition of brine water, Tirt... more The objectives of this research are to characterize the chemical composition of brine water, Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia and investigate the influence of brine water vaporization ratio on lithium content and other chemical elements of brine water. The research method is brine water evaporated at boiling point using distillation equipment with various evaporation ratios up to 50 percent; 75 percent; 80 percent; 87.5 percent and 90 percent volume of brine water. The distillation process produces distillate and brine water liquid containing salt deposits. The brine water liquid from the evaporation process was then filtered to separate the filtrate of brine water and salt deposit. Distillate and filtrate of brine water were analysed by ICP-OES to know the chemical composition of both such as Li, K, Na, Ca, and Mg. The salt deposits were characterized by SEM-EDS. The experimental results show that the chemical compositions of brine water Tirtasanita Bogor, Indonesia are 17.27 ppm Li; 4...
Jurnal Sains Materi Indonesia, 2019
UTILIZATION OF INDONESIAN LOCAL STANNIC CHLORIDE (SnCl4) PRECURSOR IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING FLUOR... more UTILIZATION OF INDONESIAN LOCAL STANNIC CHLORIDE (SnCl4) PRECURSOR IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING FLUORINE-DOPED TIN OXIDE (FTO) CONDUCTIVE GLASS. Thin layer of fluorine- doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass has been deposited on a glass substrate heated at a temperature of 350°C using the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis nebulizer method with variations in fluorine doping and substrate temperatures. This experiment uses the raw material of Indonesian local stannic chloride (SnCl4) (PT Timah Industri) as a precursor with a temperature variation of 250, 300, 350, 400°C. The structure and morphology of the optical and electrical properties of all the thin layers have been examined. XRD results show that all thin layers have a tetragonal crystal structure. In this experiment, there is a significant influence on the role of fluorine doping on resistivity and transmittance values. With the addition of 2% wt doping, the resistivity and transmittance values decrease. The optimum value is obtained by...