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Videos by Nguyen Ba Trinh
Finding the correlation between democracy index and the direction of social evolution.
2 views
Human history is convergent history
7 views
Papers by Nguyen Ba Trinh
4th World Conference on Climate Change and Global Warming, 2023
In thermodynamics, it is common to use a number of quantities to denote the properties of a syste... more In thermodynamics, it is common to use a number of quantities to denote the properties of a system, at a given time, for example temperature, pressure, number of components ... Among them, which quantity depends only on the position and time of the system, not depends on the form of the process in it, is called the state function. Entropy is a thermodynamic state function, discovered by Rudolf Clausius in 1850. The Entropy function has two very basic properties: First, it denote the degree of freedom of the constructors, the degree of interaction of the components on other components in the system, that is, degree of personal expression of the components in the system. Second, the entropy value is always increasing in the isolating system. The general formula representing the entropy change is ∆S ≥0.
https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/06-1383.pdf, 0
THEORY OF THE NON-CLAUSIUS THERMAL DEATH Nguyen Ba Trinh Vietnam Academy of Science and Technolo... more THEORY OF THE NON-CLAUSIUS THERMAL DEATH
Nguyen Ba Trinh
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
convergentphilosophy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Previously, under the concept of thermodynamics, Rudolf Clausius and his school hypothesized that: The universe is a closed system and natural processes are moving towards a state of balance, in that state, there will be no conversion of thermal energy into other energy, no process of work, all processes will be suspended, the universe will fall into death. People call that hypothesis the "Clausius thermal death". Later, science confirmed that "Clausius thermal death" could not happen, because the universe could not be a closed system. Clausius thermal death certainly does not occur. But currently, the Earth's ecosystem is facing a danger: The living environment is warming. That could lead to another thermal death.
Among animal, warm-blooded animals (homeothermic animals) is the group of animals with the most advanced level of evolution. This group of animals includes birds, mammals and humans. The body temperature of this group is in the range of 420C (birds) - 390C (mammals) - 370C (human). The body temperature of warm-blooded animals stays at this temperature range for two reasons. First of all, this temperature range ensures that the enzyme system in the body has high activity. Second, this temperature range is often higher than the environmental temperature in which organisms live. That ensures easier the release of dissipative heat from the body to the environment.
In the group of warm-blooded animals, the evolutionary level increases in order: Birds → Mammals → Humans. Similarly, body temperature drops from 420C in birds - to 390C in mammals - and to 370C in humans. Thus, the body temperature of warm-blooded animals evolves in a decreasing direction (420C → 390C → 370C). But on the contrary, now the Earth's surface temperature is tending to warm up, at a high rate, about over 1.5 0C in 100 years. The trend of increasing temperature on the Earth's surface is contrary to the evolution trend of animal body temperature. If this phenomenon persists, it may hinder the evolutionary path of warm-blooded animals. Or in general, the increase in Earth's surface temperature is hindering biological progressive evolution. That could be a disaster for the ecosystem.
The thermal disaster proposed by us only occurs in biological system, which is open systems that exchange substances with the environment, different from the Clausius' Universe system. Therefore, we call this thermal disaster “Non-Clausius thermal Death”.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006
Gadolinium Chloride (GdCl3) has been employed as dopant to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PAN... more Gadolinium Chloride (GdCl3) has been employed as dopant to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PANI) using chemical method. The resulting products were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectra, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analyzer, and X‐ray diffraction. It was found that Gd3+ can interact with PANI chains and induce changes on the properties of PANI. The addition of GdCl3 could greatly increase electrical conductivity and crystalline degree of PANI. Changes in UV–vis and FTIR spectra show that there exists interaction between gadolinium ions and PANI chain. The effect of different proportions of ammonium persulfate on the properties of PANI was also discussed. When the molar ratios of GdCl3 to aniline is 2 : 1 and ammonium persulfate to aniline is 1 : 1, the more uniform and regular PANI nanofiber can be prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 946–953, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1989
We have been examining the consequences of alternative modes of regulation of plasmid-borne, TnlO... more We have been examining the consequences of alternative modes of regulation of plasmid-borne, TnlO-encoded tetracycline resistance for the fitness of Escherichia coli. In a tetracycline-free environment, we measured the effects on fitness that were caused by (1) maximally induced expression of the resistance operon, (2) lowlevel constitutive expression of the resistance protein, (3) residual expression of the repressed resistance operon, (4) carriage of the resistance operon, (5) the remainder of the plasmid genome, and (6) hyperexpression of the repressor protein. We observed large reductions in fitness that were associated with induction and with constitutive expression of the tetracycline-resistance protein, but there was no discernible effect of hyperexpression of the repressor protein. We also observed a small reduction in fitness associated with the remainder of the plasmid genome. However, any reductions in fitness that were caused by residual expression and by carriage of the repressed operon were not more than 0.3%. We conclude that tight gene regulation has eliminated antagonistic pleiotropic effects of the resistance gene on fitness, so that possession of an inducible TnlO-encoded tetracycline-resistance operon imposes essentially no burden in the absence of antibiotic.
Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on New Findings On Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020
As is known, in nature and human society, there are often laws that are common or similar. Howeve... more As is known, in nature and human society, there are often laws that are common or similar. However, human society is a very complex system. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural sciences as a research model. This method was used by René Descartes,
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Modern Approach in Humanities, 2020
European history is a history of war, but it has left a extremely valuable lesson for humanity. E... more European history is a history of war, but it has left a extremely valuable lesson for humanity. European history in ancient times, created a great Greek-Roman cultural foundation for Europe and all humanity. The constant wars in Europe have caused severe damage to people and matter. But through that, it makes the nations more powerful, it selected the superior races. From the preeminent races again selected outstanding leaders. Therefore, in any age, from ancient to modern, Europe always has great generals and leaders. Glorious history of Europe creates a race between nations, increasing the speed of European social evolution. Many inventions were born during this period. The war damage over thousands of years has made Europeans acutely aware of the value of peaceful coexistence. Thus the ideas of a united Europe, aimed at preventing war, began to flourish. The constant wars, between most peoples, have made Europeans aware that no country can dominate Europe. After the first and second world wars, Europe has moved from imperial ideology to convergent ideology, peaceful coexistence and cooperation. However, to achieve that end result, Europe had to go through many ideological revolutions.
https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-8th-mah/28-989/, 2020
CONVERGENT PHILOSOPHY Nguyen Ba Trinh Prof. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology convergentp... more CONVERGENT PHILOSOPHY
Nguyen Ba Trinh
Prof. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
convergentphilo@gmail.com
Abstracte
In human history, there are too many wars, it is difficult to list fully. Entering the century XX- XXI, wars still continued at different scales. Besides, there is also the divisions of the nation, the disintegration of the social system ... Is it possible, the world will be divided and increasingly distant each other? So far, still no theory has answered that question. Perhaps the main reason is not found a theoretical basis, or a thinking model.
As is known, in nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a very complex system. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural science as a scientific basis and research model. This method has been used by René Descartes, Herbert Spencer, Kenneth D. Bailey, Talcott Parson, Niklas Luhmann, Erich Jantsh, Peter Grimes...
Although many natural models have been used for social research, none has shown the trend of social evolution. So, to find this model, we consider the evolutionary trend of nature. The result showed, in the scale of the universe, matter has evolved in convergent trend. Thanks to that trend, the first stars are formed, followed by galaxies, black holes and the heavy chemical elements ... The convergent trends also exist in the water environment on Earth and lead to life formation. In biosystem, the biochemical molecules: DNA, protein, collagen, reserve lipid...also tend to increase a convergent level in biological evolution.
The convergent trend in material evolution is used by us to examine the evolutionary trend of human society. The results show that human society also evolute in the trend of convergence. In prehistoric times, people lived scattered in groups, and later formed clans. Subsequently, many clans gathered together to form tribes. The tribe leads into tribal alliances and emirate, then nation. Entering the era of civilization, the speed of convergence is increasing. It is reflected in the urban convergence, the formation of national alliances, such as the European Union, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ... Besides, there are many other ways to link countries with different goals, such as the United Nations, the International Trade Organization (WTO), the World Health Organization (WHO) ... At the same time, the countries different each other on political institutions and economic institutions are adjusting policies to enable global cooperation. Thus, the trend of convergence is a common law of nature and society.
Currently, humanity is facing many challenges, such as environmental issues, health issues, terrorism issues ... Therefore, social convergence is not only a law but also an urgent need. In future, the young generations are born in the flat world, will share each other the similary living condition and every people around the globe have convergent need. So human history is the convergent history.
Books by Nguyen Ba Trinh
In nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a ... more In nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a very complex system. So the detection and verification of laws in society is very difficult. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural science as a scientific basis and a research model. Classical mechanics is the first model used in social thinking. The representative of this movement is the French sociologist, Rene Descartes. Under the concept of mechanical thinking, it is said that all moving objects are due to the action of forces, moving objects are due to interaction, not by any will. Society can look like a machine, can learn it by looking at different parts. Mechanical thinking is a step towards humanity's natural and social awareness. It demolished the invariant and idealistic theories that prevailed during that period. Applying the theory of evolution, Spencer said that human society is similar to life. It is always changing and getting more complex. From there he divides human history into stages of evolution. Bailey Kenneth saw society as a thermodynamic system. He proposed the theory of social entropy and formulated methods of calculating social entropy as a basis for quantitative social research. Parson and Luhmann see society as a system with many subsystems interacting with each other and interacting with the environment. Society only develops when it is associated with the environment. Applying the theory of unbalanced thermodynamics, Jansch sees human society as a dissipative structure. It exists by always receiving energy from the outside. The source of energy is the fluctuations (Fluctuations), so society constantly takes place processes and constantly changes the structure. 1.1. MECHANICAL THEORY Mechanical science Mechanics is a physical field that studies the movement of objects in space and time under the influence of forces and their consequences on the surrounding environment. Usually when it comes to mechanics, it is implied that it is classical mechanics, which studies the motion of macro objects at a speed much lower than the speed of light. Mechanical physics has been embryonic since ancient Greece. But since the fifth century European science has been in a "medieval night". Nearly a thousand years later, Europe entered the Renaissance. This movement was started in Firenze Italy in the post-Middle Ages, then spread to the rest of Europe with different scales and levels. Around 1450, Nicholas Cusanus made comments about the Universe. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) also had studies on stationary objects. Most prominent was Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who described the motion of the solar system and initiated the heliocentric theory, which rejected the geocentric theory of Ptoleme. After Copernicus, many other inventions were born, for example, the three laws of planetary motion by Julian Kepler (1571-1630); inventions of acceleration, inertia, free fall by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Since then mechanics developed very fast. In the 17th century, French scientist Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) had important research on hydrostatic science. Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) analyzed the rotation, oscillation of the pendulum and introduced the concept of kinetic energy and centripetal force. In particular,
All the natural and social structures all made up of the different divisions, called as domains. ... more All the natural and social structures all made up of the different divisions, called as domains. Each division can be inclused many smaller divisions. So, in each system there may are many domain levels. The higher the domain level, the lower the level of connectivity between them. Domain is considered as the result of a long evolution. Basically, the domain structure is mostly preserved during evolution. Evolution is the process of gradually changing at the allowable level of posterity domains to create a more efficient structure. The advantages of later generations compared to the previous generation is the results of allowable small changes in domanis, rather than completely eliminating the predecessor domains to replace with new domains. Domains can be exchanged back and forth between similar systems. Therefore, in the natural world, as in human society, always reach the convergence state, to take advantage of each other's domains. Convergence is an inevitable trend from a domain theory perspective. Evolution is the result of a gradual and long transformation in domains, leading to the formation of a more rational overall structure. There not is a completely
Dehttps://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-6th-worldcss/22-1042-w/mocracy Index as Social Entropy Function, 2019
Among social indicators (GDP per capita, democracy index DI, human development index HDI ...), on... more Among social indicators (GDP per capita, democracy index DI, human development index HDI ...), only the democratic index DI covers both meanings of the entropy function, because because it satisfies two properties of the this function:
• The first is the index DI represents the degree of democratic freedom of structural units (individuals) in the system (society).
• Secondly, the DI index always increases during social evolution, at least in 200 years past (https://voxeu.org/article/democratic-transition), that is, DI≥0.
Finding the correlation between democracy index and the direction of social evolution.
2 views
Human history is convergent history
7 views
4th World Conference on Climate Change and Global Warming, 2023
In thermodynamics, it is common to use a number of quantities to denote the properties of a syste... more In thermodynamics, it is common to use a number of quantities to denote the properties of a system, at a given time, for example temperature, pressure, number of components ... Among them, which quantity depends only on the position and time of the system, not depends on the form of the process in it, is called the state function. Entropy is a thermodynamic state function, discovered by Rudolf Clausius in 1850. The Entropy function has two very basic properties: First, it denote the degree of freedom of the constructors, the degree of interaction of the components on other components in the system, that is, degree of personal expression of the components in the system. Second, the entropy value is always increasing in the isolating system. The general formula representing the entropy change is ∆S ≥0.
https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/06-1383.pdf, 0
THEORY OF THE NON-CLAUSIUS THERMAL DEATH Nguyen Ba Trinh Vietnam Academy of Science and Technolo... more THEORY OF THE NON-CLAUSIUS THERMAL DEATH
Nguyen Ba Trinh
Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
convergentphilosophy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Previously, under the concept of thermodynamics, Rudolf Clausius and his school hypothesized that: The universe is a closed system and natural processes are moving towards a state of balance, in that state, there will be no conversion of thermal energy into other energy, no process of work, all processes will be suspended, the universe will fall into death. People call that hypothesis the "Clausius thermal death". Later, science confirmed that "Clausius thermal death" could not happen, because the universe could not be a closed system. Clausius thermal death certainly does not occur. But currently, the Earth's ecosystem is facing a danger: The living environment is warming. That could lead to another thermal death.
Among animal, warm-blooded animals (homeothermic animals) is the group of animals with the most advanced level of evolution. This group of animals includes birds, mammals and humans. The body temperature of this group is in the range of 420C (birds) - 390C (mammals) - 370C (human). The body temperature of warm-blooded animals stays at this temperature range for two reasons. First of all, this temperature range ensures that the enzyme system in the body has high activity. Second, this temperature range is often higher than the environmental temperature in which organisms live. That ensures easier the release of dissipative heat from the body to the environment.
In the group of warm-blooded animals, the evolutionary level increases in order: Birds → Mammals → Humans. Similarly, body temperature drops from 420C in birds - to 390C in mammals - and to 370C in humans. Thus, the body temperature of warm-blooded animals evolves in a decreasing direction (420C → 390C → 370C). But on the contrary, now the Earth's surface temperature is tending to warm up, at a high rate, about over 1.5 0C in 100 years. The trend of increasing temperature on the Earth's surface is contrary to the evolution trend of animal body temperature. If this phenomenon persists, it may hinder the evolutionary path of warm-blooded animals. Or in general, the increase in Earth's surface temperature is hindering biological progressive evolution. That could be a disaster for the ecosystem.
The thermal disaster proposed by us only occurs in biological system, which is open systems that exchange substances with the environment, different from the Clausius' Universe system. Therefore, we call this thermal disaster “Non-Clausius thermal Death”.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006
Gadolinium Chloride (GdCl3) has been employed as dopant to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PAN... more Gadolinium Chloride (GdCl3) has been employed as dopant to synthesize conductive polyaniline (PANI) using chemical method. The resulting products were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis spectra, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analyzer, and X‐ray diffraction. It was found that Gd3+ can interact with PANI chains and induce changes on the properties of PANI. The addition of GdCl3 could greatly increase electrical conductivity and crystalline degree of PANI. Changes in UV–vis and FTIR spectra show that there exists interaction between gadolinium ions and PANI chain. The effect of different proportions of ammonium persulfate on the properties of PANI was also discussed. When the molar ratios of GdCl3 to aniline is 2 : 1 and ammonium persulfate to aniline is 1 : 1, the more uniform and regular PANI nanofiber can be prepared. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 946–953, 2006
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 1989
We have been examining the consequences of alternative modes of regulation of plasmid-borne, TnlO... more We have been examining the consequences of alternative modes of regulation of plasmid-borne, TnlO-encoded tetracycline resistance for the fitness of Escherichia coli. In a tetracycline-free environment, we measured the effects on fitness that were caused by (1) maximally induced expression of the resistance operon, (2) lowlevel constitutive expression of the resistance protein, (3) residual expression of the repressed resistance operon, (4) carriage of the resistance operon, (5) the remainder of the plasmid genome, and (6) hyperexpression of the repressor protein. We observed large reductions in fitness that were associated with induction and with constitutive expression of the tetracycline-resistance protein, but there was no discernible effect of hyperexpression of the repressor protein. We also observed a small reduction in fitness associated with the remainder of the plasmid genome. However, any reductions in fitness that were caused by residual expression and by carriage of the repressed operon were not more than 0.3%. We conclude that tight gene regulation has eliminated antagonistic pleiotropic effects of the resistance gene on fitness, so that possession of an inducible TnlO-encoded tetracycline-resistance operon imposes essentially no burden in the absence of antibiotic.
Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on New Findings On Humanities and Social Sciences, 2020
As is known, in nature and human society, there are often laws that are common or similar. Howeve... more As is known, in nature and human society, there are often laws that are common or similar. However, human society is a very complex system. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural sciences as a research model. This method was used by René Descartes,
Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on Modern Approach in Humanities, 2020
European history is a history of war, but it has left a extremely valuable lesson for humanity. E... more European history is a history of war, but it has left a extremely valuable lesson for humanity. European history in ancient times, created a great Greek-Roman cultural foundation for Europe and all humanity. The constant wars in Europe have caused severe damage to people and matter. But through that, it makes the nations more powerful, it selected the superior races. From the preeminent races again selected outstanding leaders. Therefore, in any age, from ancient to modern, Europe always has great generals and leaders. Glorious history of Europe creates a race between nations, increasing the speed of European social evolution. Many inventions were born during this period. The war damage over thousands of years has made Europeans acutely aware of the value of peaceful coexistence. Thus the ideas of a united Europe, aimed at preventing war, began to flourish. The constant wars, between most peoples, have made Europeans aware that no country can dominate Europe. After the first and second world wars, Europe has moved from imperial ideology to convergent ideology, peaceful coexistence and cooperation. However, to achieve that end result, Europe had to go through many ideological revolutions.
https://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-8th-mah/28-989/, 2020
CONVERGENT PHILOSOPHY Nguyen Ba Trinh Prof. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology convergentp... more CONVERGENT PHILOSOPHY
Nguyen Ba Trinh
Prof. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
convergentphilo@gmail.com
Abstracte
In human history, there are too many wars, it is difficult to list fully. Entering the century XX- XXI, wars still continued at different scales. Besides, there is also the divisions of the nation, the disintegration of the social system ... Is it possible, the world will be divided and increasingly distant each other? So far, still no theory has answered that question. Perhaps the main reason is not found a theoretical basis, or a thinking model.
As is known, in nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a very complex system. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural science as a scientific basis and research model. This method has been used by René Descartes, Herbert Spencer, Kenneth D. Bailey, Talcott Parson, Niklas Luhmann, Erich Jantsh, Peter Grimes...
Although many natural models have been used for social research, none has shown the trend of social evolution. So, to find this model, we consider the evolutionary trend of nature. The result showed, in the scale of the universe, matter has evolved in convergent trend. Thanks to that trend, the first stars are formed, followed by galaxies, black holes and the heavy chemical elements ... The convergent trends also exist in the water environment on Earth and lead to life formation. In biosystem, the biochemical molecules: DNA, protein, collagen, reserve lipid...also tend to increase a convergent level in biological evolution.
The convergent trend in material evolution is used by us to examine the evolutionary trend of human society. The results show that human society also evolute in the trend of convergence. In prehistoric times, people lived scattered in groups, and later formed clans. Subsequently, many clans gathered together to form tribes. The tribe leads into tribal alliances and emirate, then nation. Entering the era of civilization, the speed of convergence is increasing. It is reflected in the urban convergence, the formation of national alliances, such as the European Union, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ... Besides, there are many other ways to link countries with different goals, such as the United Nations, the International Trade Organization (WTO), the World Health Organization (WHO) ... At the same time, the countries different each other on political institutions and economic institutions are adjusting policies to enable global cooperation. Thus, the trend of convergence is a common law of nature and society.
Currently, humanity is facing many challenges, such as environmental issues, health issues, terrorism issues ... Therefore, social convergence is not only a law but also an urgent need. In future, the young generations are born in the flat world, will share each other the similary living condition and every people around the globe have convergent need. So human history is the convergent history.
In nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a ... more In nature and human society, there are often common or similar laws. However, human society is a very complex system. So the detection and verification of laws in society is very difficult. Therefore, sociologists often take ideas from natural science as a scientific basis and a research model. Classical mechanics is the first model used in social thinking. The representative of this movement is the French sociologist, Rene Descartes. Under the concept of mechanical thinking, it is said that all moving objects are due to the action of forces, moving objects are due to interaction, not by any will. Society can look like a machine, can learn it by looking at different parts. Mechanical thinking is a step towards humanity's natural and social awareness. It demolished the invariant and idealistic theories that prevailed during that period. Applying the theory of evolution, Spencer said that human society is similar to life. It is always changing and getting more complex. From there he divides human history into stages of evolution. Bailey Kenneth saw society as a thermodynamic system. He proposed the theory of social entropy and formulated methods of calculating social entropy as a basis for quantitative social research. Parson and Luhmann see society as a system with many subsystems interacting with each other and interacting with the environment. Society only develops when it is associated with the environment. Applying the theory of unbalanced thermodynamics, Jansch sees human society as a dissipative structure. It exists by always receiving energy from the outside. The source of energy is the fluctuations (Fluctuations), so society constantly takes place processes and constantly changes the structure. 1.1. MECHANICAL THEORY Mechanical science Mechanics is a physical field that studies the movement of objects in space and time under the influence of forces and their consequences on the surrounding environment. Usually when it comes to mechanics, it is implied that it is classical mechanics, which studies the motion of macro objects at a speed much lower than the speed of light. Mechanical physics has been embryonic since ancient Greece. But since the fifth century European science has been in a "medieval night". Nearly a thousand years later, Europe entered the Renaissance. This movement was started in Firenze Italy in the post-Middle Ages, then spread to the rest of Europe with different scales and levels. Around 1450, Nicholas Cusanus made comments about the Universe. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) also had studies on stationary objects. Most prominent was Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), who described the motion of the solar system and initiated the heliocentric theory, which rejected the geocentric theory of Ptoleme. After Copernicus, many other inventions were born, for example, the three laws of planetary motion by Julian Kepler (1571-1630); inventions of acceleration, inertia, free fall by Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). Since then mechanics developed very fast. In the 17th century, French scientist Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) had important research on hydrostatic science. Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) analyzed the rotation, oscillation of the pendulum and introduced the concept of kinetic energy and centripetal force. In particular,
All the natural and social structures all made up of the different divisions, called as domains. ... more All the natural and social structures all made up of the different divisions, called as domains. Each division can be inclused many smaller divisions. So, in each system there may are many domain levels. The higher the domain level, the lower the level of connectivity between them. Domain is considered as the result of a long evolution. Basically, the domain structure is mostly preserved during evolution. Evolution is the process of gradually changing at the allowable level of posterity domains to create a more efficient structure. The advantages of later generations compared to the previous generation is the results of allowable small changes in domanis, rather than completely eliminating the predecessor domains to replace with new domains. Domains can be exchanged back and forth between similar systems. Therefore, in the natural world, as in human society, always reach the convergence state, to take advantage of each other's domains. Convergence is an inevitable trend from a domain theory perspective. Evolution is the result of a gradual and long transformation in domains, leading to the formation of a more rational overall structure. There not is a completely
Dehttps://www.dpublication.com/abstract-of-6th-worldcss/22-1042-w/mocracy Index as Social Entropy Function, 2019
Among social indicators (GDP per capita, democracy index DI, human development index HDI ...), on... more Among social indicators (GDP per capita, democracy index DI, human development index HDI ...), only the democratic index DI covers both meanings of the entropy function, because because it satisfies two properties of the this function:
• The first is the index DI represents the degree of democratic freedom of structural units (individuals) in the system (society).
• Secondly, the DI index always increases during social evolution, at least in 200 years past (https://voxeu.org/article/democratic-transition), that is, DI≥0.