U. Mendie - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by U. Mendie

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

DICP, 1989

The survival of beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac+) and non-beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac-) Bacil... more The survival of beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac+) and non-beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac-) Bacillus and Staphylococcus spp. has been investigated in dextrose 5% injection, NaCl 0.9%, and dextrose 5% in NaCl 0.9% solutions. Tests were performed under static and turbulent conditions of incubation, with and without antibiotics added to the fluids, and with or without 1% citrated blood. All solutions were inoculated with about 1000 organisms/mL, and sampled for viable bacteria at specific time intervals. Under static conditions, there was no significant decrease in viability (p > 0.01) of the bacilli, except for the staphylococci (p < 0.01). However, when cultures were agitated, all species showed significant decline in viability (p < 0.01). When antibiotics were present, S. aureus (β-lac+) declined gradually throughout 24 hours (p > 0.01). B. cereus (β-lac+) concentrations were static in all solutions. All organisms multiplied rapidly in solutions containing blood. The res...

年次大会講演論文集 Jsme Annual Meeting, Sep 15, 2006

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mar 28, 2022

Background: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and new antibiotic research has slowed in recen... more Background: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and new antibiotic research has slowed in recent years, necessitating the discovery of possibly novel microbial resources capable of producing bioactive compounds. Microbial infections are gaining resistance to existing antibiotics, emphasizing the need for novel medicinal molecules to be discovered as soon as possible. Because the possibilities of isolating undiscovered actinomycetes strains have decreased, the quest for novel products has shifted to rare actinomycetes genera from regular environments or the identification of new species identified in unusual habitats. Main body of the abstract: The non-streptomyces actinobacteria are known as rare actinomycetes that are extremely difficult to cultivate. Rare actinomycetes are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with varying medicinal value. In this review, we reported the diversity of rare actinomycetes in several habitat including soil, plants, aquatic environment, caves, insects and extreme environments. We also reported some isolation methods to easily recover rare Actinobacteria from various sources guided with some procedures to identify the rare Actinobacteria isolates. Finally, we reported the biosynthetic potential of rare actinomycetes and its role in the production of unique secondary metabolites that could be used in medicine, agriculture, and industry. These microbial resources will be of interest to humanity, as antibiotics, insecticides, anticancer, antioxidants, to mention but a few. Short conclusion: Rare actinomycetes are increasingly being investigated for new medicinal compounds that could help to address existing human health challenges such as newly emerging infectious illnesses, antibiotic resistance, and metabolic disorders. The bioactive secondary metabolites from uncommon actinomycetes are the subject of this review, which focuses on their diversity in different habitats, isolation, identification and biosynthetic potentials.

West African Journal of Medicine

Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as... more Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as a sweetener or an energy source for critically ill or traumatized patients. Hence dextrose was critically examined for stability in the presence of some micro-organism which are commonly known to contaminated i.v. infusion fluids. In the presence of these test organisms, the dextrose component of these solutions was found to be remarkably degraded with average rates of 0.065-3.153% per hour depending on the type of organism. Micro-organisms such as Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli gave low rates of degradation of 0.065-0.88% per hour while the values of 0.770-3.153% per hour were obtained for K. pneumonia; B-lac+ Staph. aureus and B. subtilis. The degradation of dextrose by C. albicans however, increased with dextrose concentration with average rate of 1.147-1.21% per hour. The degradations were gradually accompanied by increases in total acidity and decreases in pH of the dextrose solutions....

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

West African Journal of Medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2002

Biotechnology has scaled many hurdles of advancement into a science that now covers all realms of... more Biotechnology has scaled many hurdles of advancement into a science that now covers all realms of human endeavours. It has been elevated into a pedestal of solving many of man's intractable problems of survival in this planet. Researches in biotech has now been intensified in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, biological and environmental sciences. The prying into the cells interior as in molecular biology and biochemistry has provided succour in forms of new drugs and chemicals, which have been found to alleviate difficult health problems such as cancer, heart disease and hypertension. Insulin, homones and growth factors, which hitherto were obtained from animal cells, are now being produced by fermentation of yeasts and bacteria. Monoclonal antibodies are now being produced from tissue cultures. These and other newer drugs obtained through biotech are now huge commercial success making them readily available and affordable. Advances in DNA recombinant technology and geneti...

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

West African journal of medicine, 1996

Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as... more Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as a sweetener or an energy source for critically ill or traumatized patients. Hence dextrose was critically examined for stability in the presence of some micro-organism which are commonly known to contaminated i.v. infusion fluids. In the presence of these test organisms, the dextrose component of these solutions was found to be remarkably degraded with average rates of 0.065-3.153% per hour depending on the type of organism. Micro-organisms such as Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli gave low rates of degradation of 0.065-0.88% per hour while the values of 0.770-3.153% per hour were obtained for K. pneumonia; B-lac+ Staph. aureus and B. subtilis. The degradation of dextrose by C. albicans however, increased with dextrose concentration with average rate of 1.147-1.21% per hour. The degradations were gradually accompanied by increases in total acidity and decreases in pH of the dextrose solutions....

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1998

Abstract The patterns of growth kinetics of micro-organisms introduced into dextrose IV infusion ... more Abstract The patterns of growth kinetics of micro-organisms introduced into dextrose IV infusion solutions have been studied using different microbiological approaches. The study was prompted by the need to explore the behavioral patterns of the numerous reported incidences of microbial contamination, their survival and patient infection, arising from the use of infusion solutions. The various factors, including microbial types, dextrose concentrations, solution agitation and temperature which may influence the survival and growth of these contaminants in IV solutions were critically assessed and quantitatively analysed. The results showed that the apparent generation rate constants K app , for different organisms which include Staph . aureus Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , KLebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans decreased with increasing dextrose concentrations, thus indicating suppression of growths. The extent of growth suppression (inhibition) was dependent on dextrose content, incubating conditions (static or turbulent) and pH of dextrose solutions. The different growths of all the micro-organisms examined in the dextrose solutions under varying conditions appeared to be due to inhibition or saturation of enzymes involved in dextrose metabolism; and the observed changes at any given condition of incubation may be due to a modification of overall enzyme activity.

Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

pharmaceutical-processing equipment. For immune-compromised patients, high microbial counts can b... more pharmaceutical-processing equipment. For immune-compromised patients, high microbial counts can be critical, even in the absence of pathogenic species. Requirements for the microbiological purity of excipients vary according to the type of drug product to be made. All excipients must therefore comply with general specifications so that their drug products or pharmaceutical preparations meet the requirements for microbiological purity. 2 Kaolin, a fine, soft white or off-white mineral, resulting from decomposition of clays and other rocks is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. 3 Kaolin is a major ingredient in medicines to alleviate stomach upsets by its adsorbent properties to bind Gastro intestinal (GI) toxins and control diarrhea. It has been added to dusting powders, used as a tablet excipient and as a coating on sores caused by radiation treatments and as a drying agent on skin. It serves as an emollient and drying agent when applied topically. Kaolin as a raw material is commonly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 4 It may also be used in pharmaceutical preparations as a filtering agent to clarify liquids. Evidence abound suggesting that kaolin may be useful in the decoloration of dye waste water using electromagnetic method. 5 Generally, kaolin is one of a group of fine clay minerals with the chemical composition of Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O which means two-layer crystal (silicon-oxygen tetrahedral layer joined to alumina octahedral layer) exist alternatively. Chemical compositions of kaolin mineral are same. Kaolinite is the principal constituent of kaolin. Its chemical structure is Al2Si2O4(OH)4 (theoretically 39.8% alumina + 46.3% Silica + 13.9% water). The pH of kaolinite obtained from Nigeria is acidic. 6 Materials and Methods Kaolin ore samples used in this work were obtained from two different sources:

West African journal of medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 2005

West African journal of medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

DICP, 1989

The survival of beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac+) and non-beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac-) Bacil... more The survival of beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac+) and non-beta-lactamase-producing (β-lac-) Bacillus and Staphylococcus spp. has been investigated in dextrose 5% injection, NaCl 0.9%, and dextrose 5% in NaCl 0.9% solutions. Tests were performed under static and turbulent conditions of incubation, with and without antibiotics added to the fluids, and with or without 1% citrated blood. All solutions were inoculated with about 1000 organisms/mL, and sampled for viable bacteria at specific time intervals. Under static conditions, there was no significant decrease in viability (p > 0.01) of the bacilli, except for the staphylococci (p < 0.01). However, when cultures were agitated, all species showed significant decline in viability (p < 0.01). When antibiotics were present, S. aureus (β-lac+) declined gradually throughout 24 hours (p > 0.01). B. cereus (β-lac+) concentrations were static in all solutions. All organisms multiplied rapidly in solutions containing blood. The res...

年次大会講演論文集 Jsme Annual Meeting, Sep 15, 2006

Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mar 28, 2022

Background: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and new antibiotic research has slowed in recen... more Background: Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and new antibiotic research has slowed in recent years, necessitating the discovery of possibly novel microbial resources capable of producing bioactive compounds. Microbial infections are gaining resistance to existing antibiotics, emphasizing the need for novel medicinal molecules to be discovered as soon as possible. Because the possibilities of isolating undiscovered actinomycetes strains have decreased, the quest for novel products has shifted to rare actinomycetes genera from regular environments or the identification of new species identified in unusual habitats. Main body of the abstract: The non-streptomyces actinobacteria are known as rare actinomycetes that are extremely difficult to cultivate. Rare actinomycetes are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with varying medicinal value. In this review, we reported the diversity of rare actinomycetes in several habitat including soil, plants, aquatic environment, caves, insects and extreme environments. We also reported some isolation methods to easily recover rare Actinobacteria from various sources guided with some procedures to identify the rare Actinobacteria isolates. Finally, we reported the biosynthetic potential of rare actinomycetes and its role in the production of unique secondary metabolites that could be used in medicine, agriculture, and industry. These microbial resources will be of interest to humanity, as antibiotics, insecticides, anticancer, antioxidants, to mention but a few. Short conclusion: Rare actinomycetes are increasingly being investigated for new medicinal compounds that could help to address existing human health challenges such as newly emerging infectious illnesses, antibiotic resistance, and metabolic disorders. The bioactive secondary metabolites from uncommon actinomycetes are the subject of this review, which focuses on their diversity in different habitats, isolation, identification and biosynthetic potentials.

West African Journal of Medicine

Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as... more Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as a sweetener or an energy source for critically ill or traumatized patients. Hence dextrose was critically examined for stability in the presence of some micro-organism which are commonly known to contaminated i.v. infusion fluids. In the presence of these test organisms, the dextrose component of these solutions was found to be remarkably degraded with average rates of 0.065-3.153% per hour depending on the type of organism. Micro-organisms such as Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli gave low rates of degradation of 0.065-0.88% per hour while the values of 0.770-3.153% per hour were obtained for K. pneumonia; B-lac+ Staph. aureus and B. subtilis. The degradation of dextrose by C. albicans however, increased with dextrose concentration with average rate of 1.147-1.21% per hour. The degradations were gradually accompanied by increases in total acidity and decreases in pH of the dextrose solutions....

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

West African Journal of Medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agen... more Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the most cost effective antibacterial agents in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in Lagos metropolis. Methods : Cost effectiveness analysis of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and gentamicin among routinely used antibacterial agents and amikacin, meropenem and imipenem/cilastatin for resistant isolates identified to be most effective agents against 480 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from the Six hospitals was carried out on the basis of societal perspective using ‘decision table” as an analytical model. Criteria considered in the model included degree of efficacy of the agents, adherence tendencies and tolerability. The coefficient of cost effectiveness was determined for each of the drugs and compared. Results : Ciprofloxacin tablet is dominantly more cost effective than gentamicin and cetazidime injections for sensitive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Lagos Metropolis with the least cost...

Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences, 2002

Biotechnology has scaled many hurdles of advancement into a science that now covers all realms of... more Biotechnology has scaled many hurdles of advancement into a science that now covers all realms of human endeavours. It has been elevated into a pedestal of solving many of man's intractable problems of survival in this planet. Researches in biotech has now been intensified in medical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, biological and environmental sciences. The prying into the cells interior as in molecular biology and biochemistry has provided succour in forms of new drugs and chemicals, which have been found to alleviate difficult health problems such as cancer, heart disease and hypertension. Insulin, homones and growth factors, which hitherto were obtained from animal cells, are now being produced by fermentation of yeasts and bacteria. Monoclonal antibodies are now being produced from tissue cultures. These and other newer drugs obtained through biotech are now huge commercial success making them readily available and affordable. Advances in DNA recombinant technology and geneti...

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

West African journal of medicine, 1996

Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as... more Most intravenous infusion fluids and non-sterile liquid products contain dextrose which serves as a sweetener or an energy source for critically ill or traumatized patients. Hence dextrose was critically examined for stability in the presence of some micro-organism which are commonly known to contaminated i.v. infusion fluids. In the presence of these test organisms, the dextrose component of these solutions was found to be remarkably degraded with average rates of 0.065-3.153% per hour depending on the type of organism. Micro-organisms such as Ps. aeruginosa and E. coli gave low rates of degradation of 0.065-0.88% per hour while the values of 0.770-3.153% per hour were obtained for K. pneumonia; B-lac+ Staph. aureus and B. subtilis. The degradation of dextrose by C. albicans however, increased with dextrose concentration with average rate of 1.147-1.21% per hour. The degradations were gradually accompanied by increases in total acidity and decreases in pH of the dextrose solutions....

International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 1998

Abstract The patterns of growth kinetics of micro-organisms introduced into dextrose IV infusion ... more Abstract The patterns of growth kinetics of micro-organisms introduced into dextrose IV infusion solutions have been studied using different microbiological approaches. The study was prompted by the need to explore the behavioral patterns of the numerous reported incidences of microbial contamination, their survival and patient infection, arising from the use of infusion solutions. The various factors, including microbial types, dextrose concentrations, solution agitation and temperature which may influence the survival and growth of these contaminants in IV solutions were critically assessed and quantitatively analysed. The results showed that the apparent generation rate constants K app , for different organisms which include Staph . aureus Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , KLebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans decreased with increasing dextrose concentrations, thus indicating suppression of growths. The extent of growth suppression (inhibition) was dependent on dextrose content, incubating conditions (static or turbulent) and pH of dextrose solutions. The different growths of all the micro-organisms examined in the dextrose solutions under varying conditions appeared to be due to inhibition or saturation of enzymes involved in dextrose metabolism; and the observed changes at any given condition of incubation may be due to a modification of overall enzyme activity.

Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research

pharmaceutical-processing equipment. For immune-compromised patients, high microbial counts can b... more pharmaceutical-processing equipment. For immune-compromised patients, high microbial counts can be critical, even in the absence of pathogenic species. Requirements for the microbiological purity of excipients vary according to the type of drug product to be made. All excipients must therefore comply with general specifications so that their drug products or pharmaceutical preparations meet the requirements for microbiological purity. 2 Kaolin, a fine, soft white or off-white mineral, resulting from decomposition of clays and other rocks is named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. 3 Kaolin is a major ingredient in medicines to alleviate stomach upsets by its adsorbent properties to bind Gastro intestinal (GI) toxins and control diarrhea. It has been added to dusting powders, used as a tablet excipient and as a coating on sores caused by radiation treatments and as a drying agent on skin. It serves as an emollient and drying agent when applied topically. Kaolin as a raw material is commonly used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. 4 It may also be used in pharmaceutical preparations as a filtering agent to clarify liquids. Evidence abound suggesting that kaolin may be useful in the decoloration of dye waste water using electromagnetic method. 5 Generally, kaolin is one of a group of fine clay minerals with the chemical composition of Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O which means two-layer crystal (silicon-oxygen tetrahedral layer joined to alumina octahedral layer) exist alternatively. Chemical compositions of kaolin mineral are same. Kaolinite is the principal constituent of kaolin. Its chemical structure is Al2Si2O4(OH)4 (theoretically 39.8% alumina + 46.3% Silica + 13.9% water). The pH of kaolinite obtained from Nigeria is acidic. 6 Materials and Methods Kaolin ore samples used in this work were obtained from two different sources:

West African journal of medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...

Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 2005

West African journal of medicine

Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic r... more Four patients on maintenance haemodialysis at the Lagos University Teaching developed pyrogenic reactions during treatment. Blood cultures were negative but the haemodialysates were grossly contaminated, mostly with Gram-negative bacilli, implicating their endotoxin as the cause of the observed pyrogenicity. The water reservoirs supplying the dialysis centre were grossly contaminated (counts 2.0 x 10(2) cfuml-1) with Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ps. fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter spp. and a Gram-positive organism, Micrococcus spp. These were the organisms isolated from the haemodialysates. At each sampling time, though fewer bacterial species were isolated from the haemodialysates, contrast the water reservoirs, the population of each bacterial type recovered from both samples was higher in the haemodialysates indicating a build up of the organisms within the haemodialysis machines. These findings therefore call for regular monitoring of t...