Uday Bhan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Uday Bhan

Materials Today: Proceedings

CWS is an open-source application developed for calculating chemical weathering indices using maj... more CWS is an open-source application developed for calculating chemical weathering indices using major elemental geochemical data of clastic sediments and for generating associated plots. Chemical weathering indices include Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), Chemical Index of Weathering without CaO (CIW′; expressed as CIW*), Chemical Proxy of Alteration (CPA), Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), Modified Chemical Index of Alteration (CIX), Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) and Weathering Index of Parker (WIP). Also, hierarchical charts, histogram, boxplots, scatter matrices, correlation matrices, heatmap with related data tables are included along with the statistical measures of weathering indices and their correlation with Al2O3/TiO2. Additionally, it generates plots of input data used to quantify chemical weathering of clastic sediments in various compositional space diagrams, such as A - CN - K, A - CNK - FM and M - F - W compositional space diagram. Using CWS, one can do all the calculations and artwork associated with the finished report without having to use Microsoft Excel, CorelDraw or similar software. Input data source files and output calculations results data files are both in CSV format (Comma Separated Value). HTML files can be exported for plots generated by CWS. As an example of the capability of CWS to evaluate chemical weathering, we evaluated Surma and Barail sandstones from the Mizoram Foreland Basin in North-eastern India, Manasbal Lake sediments from Kashmir; channel, suspended and overbank sediments of the Peninsular rivers of Ganga basin.

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution

Journal of the Geological Society of India

The Proterozoic black shales of Rohtas Subgroup in Vindhyan basin are analyzed to assess their hy... more The Proterozoic black shales of Rohtas Subgroup in Vindhyan basin are analyzed to assess their hydrocarbon generation potential. A total of 50 core samples of shales and limestones were collected from borehole core of Rohtasgarh limestone in Amehta mine, Vindhyan basin located in Katni district, Madhya Pradesh. The petrographic analysis, X-Ray diffraction, rock eval pyrolysis and maceral studies were carried out on separated black shales from the carbonates. The study presents that the Rohtas Subgroup of Semri Group consists of greyish to black limestone, greyish to greyish black shales, calcareous shales, silicified shales, pyritic shales and dark black shales alterations with limestones. XRD study reveals the presence of quartz (23.4%), plagioclase feldspar (21.9%), siderite (10.9%), aragonite (2.93%), calcite(1.9%), hematite (4.23%), illite (1.27%), kaolinite (3.2%), pyrite (3.86%), dolomite (8.2%), chlorite (2.43%), gypsum (4.02%), albite (3.4%), potassium feldspar (1.9%) in the samples, where smectite is dominating clay and feldspar in the form of potassium and plagioclase feldspar is the chief constituent among the detrital framework grains. The total organic content (TOC) of the shale units ranges from 0.22 wt. % to 1.08 wt.%, whereas hydrogen index (HI) ranges from 11 to 90 mg HC/g TOC, oxygen index (OI) ranges from 1.08 to 31.82 mg CO2/gTOC, Tmax ranges from 431 to 525°C, production index (PI) ranges from 0.11–1.0. Unstructured organic matters are extracted through maceration techniques, which infer thermal maturity stages of the shales. The dark brown to black in colour of the studied palynomorphs extracted from the Rohtasgarh shales inferred strong thermal alternation of the source rock over geological time. High thermal alteration index (TAI) of Rohtasgarh shales (3.5) suggests the presence of post maturated organic matters with gas prone type III & IV kerogen. The organic richness, kerogen type, thermal maturity of Rohtasgarh limestone in the study area signify poor to fair hydrocarbon generation potential.

Bio-Based Nanomaterials, 2022

Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, 2021

Lubrication is required to reduce the friction and wear between the parts during the sliding moti... more Lubrication is required to reduce the friction and wear between the parts during the sliding motion. The synthetic lubricants are in present use for this purpose but they are not environmentally friendly. So, an alternative substitute is a demand in the present scenario. This study explores the ability of Nicotiana Tabacum oil for the processing of trimethylolpropane for bio-based lubricant implementations. TiO2 nanoparticles have been applied to the chemically altered oil after the chemical modification method. A tribological study was conducted on the pin-on-disk machine. The kinematic viscosity of the oil showed an increase with the chemical treatment and even during the dispersion of nanoparticles, but an enhanced viscosity index was obtained at a concentration of 0.6% of TiO2. During the tribological study, a 0.6% enrichment of TiO2 nanoparticles reported a decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF) and pin wear. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) graphs often display improved surfaces when nanoparticles have been applied up to 0.6% of the concentrations due to improved surface lubrication. With a further increment in nanoparticle concentration, more friction and wear of the material occurs. Effective lubrication was achieved at a concentration of 0.6% of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the chemically processed Nicotiana Tabacum oil.

Environmental Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2021

Emerging Trends to Approaching Zero Waste, 2021

Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2021

Present study aims to understand the hydrochemical changes in proglacial meltwater stream emergin... more Present study aims to understand the hydrochemical changes in proglacial meltwater stream emerging from the termini of Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya, India. The major ion concentration of melt water between the years 1994–2015 has been reassessed to infer the glacial/subglacial weathering induced ionic release from Dokriani glacier system. The results from meltwater data collected during post-monsoon period (October 2015) shows that Ca 2+ is more dominant cation followed by Mg 2+ , K + , Na + and SO 4 2− is most dominant anion followed by HCO 3 − and Cl − . Scatter plot between Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ vs total cations shows the overall dominance of carbonate weathering whereas Na + +K + vs total anions shows high positive relation suggesting domination of both carbonate and silicate weathering. By comparison, the ionic concentration for the year 2015 suggests a significant increase since 1994; however, the discharge weighted concentrations could provide more detailed estimates. An increasing trend in major cations viz. calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) while the bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), sulphate (SO 4 2− ) and nitrogen (NO 3 − ) has been observed as major anion. Further, the source of Cl − , NH 4 + , and NO 3 − in the meltwater stream is mainly derived from the atmospheric precipitation, anthropogenic, and weathering process. The process of carbonate weathering and dissolution of rock is ascertained as the one which regulates the melt water chemistry.

Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 2015

Keeping this in mind, Milankovitch calculated the temporal variation of climate in mid and higher... more Keeping this in mind, Milankovitch calculated the temporal variation of climate in mid and higher latitudes in terms of warm and cold cycles. His calculation remarkably coincides with glacial cycles of Pleistocene Ice Age recorded in Geological history [3].

International journal of engineering trends and technology, Dec 25, 2014

While digital imaging systems have been widely used for many applications including consumer phot... more While digital imaging systems have been widely used for many applications including consumer photography, microscopy, aerial photography, astronomical imaging, etc., their output images/videos often suffer from spatially varying blur caused by lens, transmission medium, post processing algorithms, and camera/object motion. Measuring the amount of blur globally and locally is an important issue. It can help us in removing the spatially varying blur, and enhancing the visual quality of the imaging system outputs. In this paper, we study the blur measurement problem for different scenarios. We have applied the Geometric Transformation algorithm for restoration of the blurred image. First we apply it for that image where there is only spatial variation in terms of coordinate geometry by keeping the neighborhood pixels orientation constant. Then we apply the algorithm for the case where there is geometric variation spatial as well as local. In both cases we estimated the PSNR & MSE value. Geometric Transformation methods provide us an easiest way to restore the match because here only matched features points are involved in the process, Whereas in local probability estimation we have to concentrate over all pixels and then cause so the computation become complex and hence it enhances the cost of the system.

Proceedings, 2014

The Proterozoic basins from different parts of the world viz. Lena Tunguska, Siberia; Amadeus and... more The Proterozoic basins from different parts of the world viz. Lena Tunguska, Siberia; Amadeus and McArthur basins, Australia; Sichuan and Tarim basins, China and Huqf basin, Oman etc. have reported commercial production of oil and gas. The Vindhyan basin of India has all the favorable geological conditions which were conducive for generation and accumulation of Hydrocarbon within the basin. It is one of the several "Purana" (ancient) sedimentary basins of the Indian. It is a sickle-shaped basin, outcropping between the Archaean Aravalli-Bundelkhand province to the north and east and the Cretaceous Deccan Traps to the south and by the Great Boundary Fault to the west. The TOC is varies from 0.1% to 4% in the study area. The black shales unit of the Rohtasgarh Limestone has higher TOC. The HI values are ranging, 0 to 51 mg HC/g TOC. A Tmax higher than 470º C represents the wet-gas zone to over maturation of organic matter. The HI vs. Tmax values show Type I and Type II (gas prone) kerogen field. Also, Oxygen Index (OI) vs. Hydrogen Index (HI) diagram indicates type II kerogen. The light gaseous hydrocarbon compositions are showing higher concentration of C1, C2 and C3 gases in the shales.

... All samples in this study were provided by the Ocean Drilling Programme to AKR We thank Ashis... more ... All samples in this study were provided by the Ocean Drilling Programme to AKR We thank AshishKesari, University of Allahabad for analysing the samples using XRD. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for his critical comments which helped improve the manuscript. ...

Ore Geology Reviews

Abstract Carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks are the primary sources for REE mineralizatio... more Abstract Carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks are the primary sources for REE mineralization. The Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex (ADCC) from NW Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) constitutes the largest Carbonatite Associated REE Deposits (CARD) in India. ADCC belongs to the final stages of the Late Cretaceous alkaline-carbonatite magmatism associated with main Deccan basalt volcanic activity. The ADCC is an envisioned diatreme structure in which four carbonatitic phases are recognized, mainly calcio-carbonatites and ferro-carbonatites. Each successive carbonatite phase shows higher REE enrichment. The primary REE mineralization with bastnasite as the dominant REE phase is hosted by pervasive hydrothermally altered ferro-carbonatite plugs. The secondary mineralogy formed with barites in the main orebody during late- to post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid alteration is fluorite, quartz, ankerite, and other REE-bearing minerals like bastnasite, parisite, synchysite, strontianite, florencite, monazite and columbite. Carbonatite samples contain 18.61% to 52.42% of CaO, and the LOI varies from 5.28% to 38.79%. Most can be classified as calcio-carbonatites. Since all the samples also contain an appreciable amount of Fe2O3 (4.13% to 20.20%) and MnO (0.07% to 5.46%), some may be classified as ferro-carbonatites. Total REE content varies from 0.6 to 4%, with a high Ce concentration and LREE/HREE ratio. The highest values for La, Ce, Pr, and Nd are 1.95%, 1.56%, 0.16%, and 0.45%, respectively. Metasomatism of SCLM from asthenospheric melts followed by the low degree partial melting of the SCLM region is responsible for fertile carbonatite generation in ADCC. The multiphase liquid immiscibility of carbonatite melts from carbonate-silicate magma followed by immiscibility of REE rich carbonatite melt and REE deficient fluoride-rich aqueous fluids explain the higher level of REE enrichment in each successive phases of carbonatites in ADCC. The mineralizing fluids were probably the result of residual magmatic volatiles that brought mainly REE and later SiO2 into the overprinted rocks. Ambadongar carbonatites' stable isotopic compositions agree with a magmatic origin (δ13C = −4.1 ± 1.9‰ [PDB] and δl8O = 10.3 ± 1.7‰ [SMOW]). The C–O stable isotopic modeling indicates re-equilibration under hydrothermal conditions between 180 °C and 70 °C. Significant amounts of REE fluorocarbonate minerals, relatively Sr- and Th-rich, were deposited during re-equilibration. The REE fluorocarbonate bastnasite-(Ce) occurs as late individual crystals, overgrown on the synchysite and parisite polycrystals. Textural and chemical reactions between the REE fluorocarbonates provide insights into rare-earth elements' mobility during fluid-rock interaction. Early crystallization of synchysite/parisite indicates the high activity of Ca2+, OH−, (SO4)2−, Al and Si in the fluid. Later, the fluid was characterized by increased activity of F−, (SO4)2−, REE and Si, and decreased activity of Ca2+ as reflected in the association of barite, fluorite, quartz, and bastnasite typical of strongly overprinted ferro-carbonatites. Re-equilibration and recrystallization of the primary minerals in the presence of OH−, (SO4)2−, F−, REE, Al, and Si carried in solution by the hydrothermal fluid is the leading cause behind the refixing of REE in the form of REE fluorocarbonate in REE rich ferro-carbonatites.

Waste-to-Energy Approaches Towards Zero Waste

Volume 10: Petroleum Technology

Accurate prediction of downhole pressure differential (surge/swab pressure gradient) in the eccen... more Accurate prediction of downhole pressure differential (surge/swab pressure gradient) in the eccentric annulus of ultra-deep wells during tripping operation is a necessity to optimize well geometry, reduction of drilling anomalies, and prevention of hazardous drilling accidents. Therefore, a new predictive model is developed to forecast surge/swab pressure gradient by using feed-forward and backpropagation deep neural networks (FFBP-DNN). A theoretical-based model is developed that follows the physical and mechanical aspects of surge/swab pressure generation in eccentric annulus during tripping operation. The data generated from this model, field data, and experimental data are used to train and test the FFBP-DNN networks. The network is developed used Keras’s deep learning framework. After testing the models, the most optimal arrangement of FFBP-DNN is the ReLU algorithm as an activation function, 4-hidden layers, the learning rate of 0.003, and 2300 of training numbers. The optimum...

Materials Today: Proceedings

Materials Today: Proceedings

Materials Today: Proceedings

CWS is an open-source application developed for calculating chemical weathering indices using maj... more CWS is an open-source application developed for calculating chemical weathering indices using major elemental geochemical data of clastic sediments and for generating associated plots. Chemical weathering indices include Chemical Index of Weathering (CIW), Chemical Index of Weathering without CaO (CIW′; expressed as CIW*), Chemical Proxy of Alteration (CPA), Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA), Plagioclase Index of Alteration (PIA), Modified Chemical Index of Alteration (CIX), Index of Compositional Variability (ICV) and Weathering Index of Parker (WIP). Also, hierarchical charts, histogram, boxplots, scatter matrices, correlation matrices, heatmap with related data tables are included along with the statistical measures of weathering indices and their correlation with Al2O3/TiO2. Additionally, it generates plots of input data used to quantify chemical weathering of clastic sediments in various compositional space diagrams, such as A - CN - K, A - CNK - FM and M - F - W compositional space diagram. Using CWS, one can do all the calculations and artwork associated with the finished report without having to use Microsoft Excel, CorelDraw or similar software. Input data source files and output calculations results data files are both in CSV format (Comma Separated Value). HTML files can be exported for plots generated by CWS. As an example of the capability of CWS to evaluate chemical weathering, we evaluated Surma and Barail sandstones from the Mizoram Foreland Basin in North-eastern India, Manasbal Lake sediments from Kashmir; channel, suspended and overbank sediments of the Peninsular rivers of Ganga basin.

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution

Journal of the Geological Society of India

The Proterozoic black shales of Rohtas Subgroup in Vindhyan basin are analyzed to assess their hy... more The Proterozoic black shales of Rohtas Subgroup in Vindhyan basin are analyzed to assess their hydrocarbon generation potential. A total of 50 core samples of shales and limestones were collected from borehole core of Rohtasgarh limestone in Amehta mine, Vindhyan basin located in Katni district, Madhya Pradesh. The petrographic analysis, X-Ray diffraction, rock eval pyrolysis and maceral studies were carried out on separated black shales from the carbonates. The study presents that the Rohtas Subgroup of Semri Group consists of greyish to black limestone, greyish to greyish black shales, calcareous shales, silicified shales, pyritic shales and dark black shales alterations with limestones. XRD study reveals the presence of quartz (23.4%), plagioclase feldspar (21.9%), siderite (10.9%), aragonite (2.93%), calcite(1.9%), hematite (4.23%), illite (1.27%), kaolinite (3.2%), pyrite (3.86%), dolomite (8.2%), chlorite (2.43%), gypsum (4.02%), albite (3.4%), potassium feldspar (1.9%) in the samples, where smectite is dominating clay and feldspar in the form of potassium and plagioclase feldspar is the chief constituent among the detrital framework grains. The total organic content (TOC) of the shale units ranges from 0.22 wt. % to 1.08 wt.%, whereas hydrogen index (HI) ranges from 11 to 90 mg HC/g TOC, oxygen index (OI) ranges from 1.08 to 31.82 mg CO2/gTOC, Tmax ranges from 431 to 525°C, production index (PI) ranges from 0.11–1.0. Unstructured organic matters are extracted through maceration techniques, which infer thermal maturity stages of the shales. The dark brown to black in colour of the studied palynomorphs extracted from the Rohtasgarh shales inferred strong thermal alternation of the source rock over geological time. High thermal alteration index (TAI) of Rohtasgarh shales (3.5) suggests the presence of post maturated organic matters with gas prone type III & IV kerogen. The organic richness, kerogen type, thermal maturity of Rohtasgarh limestone in the study area signify poor to fair hydrocarbon generation potential.

Bio-Based Nanomaterials, 2022

Journal of Bio- and Tribo-Corrosion, 2021

Lubrication is required to reduce the friction and wear between the parts during the sliding moti... more Lubrication is required to reduce the friction and wear between the parts during the sliding motion. The synthetic lubricants are in present use for this purpose but they are not environmentally friendly. So, an alternative substitute is a demand in the present scenario. This study explores the ability of Nicotiana Tabacum oil for the processing of trimethylolpropane for bio-based lubricant implementations. TiO2 nanoparticles have been applied to the chemically altered oil after the chemical modification method. A tribological study was conducted on the pin-on-disk machine. The kinematic viscosity of the oil showed an increase with the chemical treatment and even during the dispersion of nanoparticles, but an enhanced viscosity index was obtained at a concentration of 0.6% of TiO2. During the tribological study, a 0.6% enrichment of TiO2 nanoparticles reported a decrease in the coefficient of friction (COF) and pin wear. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) graphs often display improved surfaces when nanoparticles have been applied up to 0.6% of the concentrations due to improved surface lubrication. With a further increment in nanoparticle concentration, more friction and wear of the material occurs. Effective lubrication was achieved at a concentration of 0.6% of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the chemically processed Nicotiana Tabacum oil.

Environmental Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, 2021

Emerging Trends to Approaching Zero Waste, 2021

Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2021

Present study aims to understand the hydrochemical changes in proglacial meltwater stream emergin... more Present study aims to understand the hydrochemical changes in proglacial meltwater stream emerging from the termini of Dokriani Glacier, central Himalaya, India. The major ion concentration of melt water between the years 1994–2015 has been reassessed to infer the glacial/subglacial weathering induced ionic release from Dokriani glacier system. The results from meltwater data collected during post-monsoon period (October 2015) shows that Ca 2+ is more dominant cation followed by Mg 2+ , K + , Na + and SO 4 2− is most dominant anion followed by HCO 3 − and Cl − . Scatter plot between Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ vs total cations shows the overall dominance of carbonate weathering whereas Na + +K + vs total anions shows high positive relation suggesting domination of both carbonate and silicate weathering. By comparison, the ionic concentration for the year 2015 suggests a significant increase since 1994; however, the discharge weighted concentrations could provide more detailed estimates. An increasing trend in major cations viz. calcium (Ca 2+ ) and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) while the bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ), sulphate (SO 4 2− ) and nitrogen (NO 3 − ) has been observed as major anion. Further, the source of Cl − , NH 4 + , and NO 3 − in the meltwater stream is mainly derived from the atmospheric precipitation, anthropogenic, and weathering process. The process of carbonate weathering and dissolution of rock is ascertained as the one which regulates the melt water chemistry.

Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 2015

Keeping this in mind, Milankovitch calculated the temporal variation of climate in mid and higher... more Keeping this in mind, Milankovitch calculated the temporal variation of climate in mid and higher latitudes in terms of warm and cold cycles. His calculation remarkably coincides with glacial cycles of Pleistocene Ice Age recorded in Geological history [3].

International journal of engineering trends and technology, Dec 25, 2014

While digital imaging systems have been widely used for many applications including consumer phot... more While digital imaging systems have been widely used for many applications including consumer photography, microscopy, aerial photography, astronomical imaging, etc., their output images/videos often suffer from spatially varying blur caused by lens, transmission medium, post processing algorithms, and camera/object motion. Measuring the amount of blur globally and locally is an important issue. It can help us in removing the spatially varying blur, and enhancing the visual quality of the imaging system outputs. In this paper, we study the blur measurement problem for different scenarios. We have applied the Geometric Transformation algorithm for restoration of the blurred image. First we apply it for that image where there is only spatial variation in terms of coordinate geometry by keeping the neighborhood pixels orientation constant. Then we apply the algorithm for the case where there is geometric variation spatial as well as local. In both cases we estimated the PSNR & MSE value. Geometric Transformation methods provide us an easiest way to restore the match because here only matched features points are involved in the process, Whereas in local probability estimation we have to concentrate over all pixels and then cause so the computation become complex and hence it enhances the cost of the system.

Proceedings, 2014

The Proterozoic basins from different parts of the world viz. Lena Tunguska, Siberia; Amadeus and... more The Proterozoic basins from different parts of the world viz. Lena Tunguska, Siberia; Amadeus and McArthur basins, Australia; Sichuan and Tarim basins, China and Huqf basin, Oman etc. have reported commercial production of oil and gas. The Vindhyan basin of India has all the favorable geological conditions which were conducive for generation and accumulation of Hydrocarbon within the basin. It is one of the several "Purana" (ancient) sedimentary basins of the Indian. It is a sickle-shaped basin, outcropping between the Archaean Aravalli-Bundelkhand province to the north and east and the Cretaceous Deccan Traps to the south and by the Great Boundary Fault to the west. The TOC is varies from 0.1% to 4% in the study area. The black shales unit of the Rohtasgarh Limestone has higher TOC. The HI values are ranging, 0 to 51 mg HC/g TOC. A Tmax higher than 470º C represents the wet-gas zone to over maturation of organic matter. The HI vs. Tmax values show Type I and Type II (gas prone) kerogen field. Also, Oxygen Index (OI) vs. Hydrogen Index (HI) diagram indicates type II kerogen. The light gaseous hydrocarbon compositions are showing higher concentration of C1, C2 and C3 gases in the shales.

... All samples in this study were provided by the Ocean Drilling Programme to AKR We thank Ashis... more ... All samples in this study were provided by the Ocean Drilling Programme to AKR We thank AshishKesari, University of Allahabad for analysing the samples using XRD. We also thank the anonymous reviewer for his critical comments which helped improve the manuscript. ...

Ore Geology Reviews

Abstract Carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks are the primary sources for REE mineralizatio... more Abstract Carbonatites and associated alkaline rocks are the primary sources for REE mineralization. The Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex (ADCC) from NW Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) constitutes the largest Carbonatite Associated REE Deposits (CARD) in India. ADCC belongs to the final stages of the Late Cretaceous alkaline-carbonatite magmatism associated with main Deccan basalt volcanic activity. The ADCC is an envisioned diatreme structure in which four carbonatitic phases are recognized, mainly calcio-carbonatites and ferro-carbonatites. Each successive carbonatite phase shows higher REE enrichment. The primary REE mineralization with bastnasite as the dominant REE phase is hosted by pervasive hydrothermally altered ferro-carbonatite plugs. The secondary mineralogy formed with barites in the main orebody during late- to post-magmatic hydrothermal fluid alteration is fluorite, quartz, ankerite, and other REE-bearing minerals like bastnasite, parisite, synchysite, strontianite, florencite, monazite and columbite. Carbonatite samples contain 18.61% to 52.42% of CaO, and the LOI varies from 5.28% to 38.79%. Most can be classified as calcio-carbonatites. Since all the samples also contain an appreciable amount of Fe2O3 (4.13% to 20.20%) and MnO (0.07% to 5.46%), some may be classified as ferro-carbonatites. Total REE content varies from 0.6 to 4%, with a high Ce concentration and LREE/HREE ratio. The highest values for La, Ce, Pr, and Nd are 1.95%, 1.56%, 0.16%, and 0.45%, respectively. Metasomatism of SCLM from asthenospheric melts followed by the low degree partial melting of the SCLM region is responsible for fertile carbonatite generation in ADCC. The multiphase liquid immiscibility of carbonatite melts from carbonate-silicate magma followed by immiscibility of REE rich carbonatite melt and REE deficient fluoride-rich aqueous fluids explain the higher level of REE enrichment in each successive phases of carbonatites in ADCC. The mineralizing fluids were probably the result of residual magmatic volatiles that brought mainly REE and later SiO2 into the overprinted rocks. Ambadongar carbonatites' stable isotopic compositions agree with a magmatic origin (δ13C = −4.1 ± 1.9‰ [PDB] and δl8O = 10.3 ± 1.7‰ [SMOW]). The C–O stable isotopic modeling indicates re-equilibration under hydrothermal conditions between 180 °C and 70 °C. Significant amounts of REE fluorocarbonate minerals, relatively Sr- and Th-rich, were deposited during re-equilibration. The REE fluorocarbonate bastnasite-(Ce) occurs as late individual crystals, overgrown on the synchysite and parisite polycrystals. Textural and chemical reactions between the REE fluorocarbonates provide insights into rare-earth elements' mobility during fluid-rock interaction. Early crystallization of synchysite/parisite indicates the high activity of Ca2+, OH−, (SO4)2−, Al and Si in the fluid. Later, the fluid was characterized by increased activity of F−, (SO4)2−, REE and Si, and decreased activity of Ca2+ as reflected in the association of barite, fluorite, quartz, and bastnasite typical of strongly overprinted ferro-carbonatites. Re-equilibration and recrystallization of the primary minerals in the presence of OH−, (SO4)2−, F−, REE, Al, and Si carried in solution by the hydrothermal fluid is the leading cause behind the refixing of REE in the form of REE fluorocarbonate in REE rich ferro-carbonatites.

Waste-to-Energy Approaches Towards Zero Waste

Volume 10: Petroleum Technology

Accurate prediction of downhole pressure differential (surge/swab pressure gradient) in the eccen... more Accurate prediction of downhole pressure differential (surge/swab pressure gradient) in the eccentric annulus of ultra-deep wells during tripping operation is a necessity to optimize well geometry, reduction of drilling anomalies, and prevention of hazardous drilling accidents. Therefore, a new predictive model is developed to forecast surge/swab pressure gradient by using feed-forward and backpropagation deep neural networks (FFBP-DNN). A theoretical-based model is developed that follows the physical and mechanical aspects of surge/swab pressure generation in eccentric annulus during tripping operation. The data generated from this model, field data, and experimental data are used to train and test the FFBP-DNN networks. The network is developed used Keras’s deep learning framework. After testing the models, the most optimal arrangement of FFBP-DNN is the ReLU algorithm as an activation function, 4-hidden layers, the learning rate of 0.003, and 2300 of training numbers. The optimum...

Materials Today: Proceedings

Materials Today: Proceedings