Ummi Kultsum - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ummi Kultsum
Indonesian language subjects are compulsory subjects at every level of education in Indonesia. In... more Indonesian language subjects are compulsory subjects at every level of education in Indonesia. Indonesian language learning is carried out starting from the elementary school, junior high school, high school, and university level. Indonesian language learning activities at each level take place in various ways. It is important for someone to understand learning Indonesian for their survival. According to Yulia et al, (2012) contextual learning is a learning activity that relates learning material to the reality of the student's world, so that students are able to make connections between their knowledge and their application in real life. All Indonesian language learning materials are expected to be applied in real life. According to Mulyadi, et al, (2018) today's learning activities rely on skills and active learning processes. Students are required to be more active in learning that is carried out by using their skills. The main support for Indonesian language learning act...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Research Across Disciplines (ICIRAD 2019)
As technology brings both positive and negative impacts on children's characters, the present stu... more As technology brings both positive and negative impacts on children's characters, the present study argues that watching movies online can provide access to entertainment that contains values of character education as showcased by Disney's animated feature entitled Finding Dory. Through textual analysis, the present study identified all 18 values mandated by the Indonesian Ministry of National Education in this movie, with religious, democratic, and nature loving values that are most rarely and weakly represented and the other 15 values are strongly iterated, even though not very frequently presented, implying that when this movie can be recommended for educative entertainment for children, it is necessary for parents and teachers to balance it with additional emphasize on religious and democratic values to be in line with the culture and the foundation of the nation.
Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal
This article investigates how women principals practice their leadership to address the global pa... more This article investigates how women principals practice their leadership to address the global pandemic challenges encountered by Islamic-based junior high schools or madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). The study examines the key behaviors and practices school leaders, particularly women, implement to address the global pandemic challenges. Some challenges in the global pandemic, including learning management, developing an online curriculum, school facilities, teacher performance, and school members' psychological well-being, were indicated to hinder the learning effectiveness in MTs. The MTs principals, the top-level leaders in the institutions, play a critical role in addressing these issues. This research utilized a multiple case study approach and collected qualitative data from six MTs in Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi. An in-depth interview with 18 participants was conducted to investigate the women's principal leadership practices. The findings revealed that principals displaye...
AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial
In the context of shari’a implementation in Aceh, there has been resistance among young people wa... more In the context of shari’a implementation in Aceh, there has been resistance among young people wanting freedom and openness in public space with its modernity values. This study aims at investigating the responses of Aceh’s young people to the implementation of Sharia in Aceh and how it implies for the Sharia law enforcement in the region. This is a socio-legal research relying on interviews and focused-group discussions as data collection methods. Respondents consist of young people aged 20-25. This research finds out that there has been a normalization of sharia in the Acehnese society with young people tending to accept sharia in Islamic tenets, propagation, attires, economic system, and penal system. Those who were born after or a while before sharia was implemented for the first time tend to get used to the sharia and consider it a part of their normal life. Their responses vary, from accommodation, adaptation, compromise to resistance. The resistance leads to the agency and cr...
Mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di setiap tingkat pendidikan di In... more Mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di setiap tingkat pendidikan di Indonesia. Pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia dilaksanakan mulai dari tingkat Sekolah Dasar, Sekolah Menengah Pertama, Sekolah Menengah Atas, dan Perguruan Tinggi. Kegiatan pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada setiap tingkat berlangsung dengan cara yang beragam. Penting bagi seseorang untuk memahami pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia demi kelangsungan hidupnya. Sesuai pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia yang mengenal dengan pembelajaran kontekstual, menurut A Yulia, et al, (2012) pembelajaran kontekstual adalah kegiatan belajar yang mengkaitkan materi pembelajaran dengan realitas dunia siswa, sehingga siswa mampu membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dengan penerapan di kehidupan nyata. Seluruh materi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia diharapkan dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan nyata.
2020 8th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM)
The present study aimed to uncover the potentials and challenges of e-learning as occurred in the... more The present study aimed to uncover the potentials and challenges of e-learning as occurred in the implementation of learning from home movement. 127 student teachers of English took part in this study and shared their views about the utilization of e-learning during uncertain times. Data were collected from an open-ended online questionnaire and were analyzed by employing a qualitative approach focusing on the content analysis. All the responses were analyzed to firstly identify the themes generated in each category. Three significant findings for each part were presented in this study. As for the potentials, participants viewed that using the e-learning model is beneficial due to its flexibility to access the learning resources, the opportunity to promote independent learning, and accommodate more students to take part in the discussion. On the contrary, some also reported they encountered some problems during the implementation process, such as limited internet connection, increasing expenses, and limited feedback received. This study suggested that relevant stakeholders also need to take part to address the challenges, such as technological infrastructure, in order to help Indonesian students learn virtually.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019), 2020
This study investigates how principals exercise leadership to tackle the difficulties faced by Is... more This study investigates how principals exercise leadership to tackle the difficulties faced by Islamic Senior high schools or Madrasah Aliyahs of three areas in Indonesia: Western, Central and Eastern Indonesia. Employing qualitative methods, the researchers applied multiple case studies technique. The information gathered originated from separate case study classrooms, purposefully chosen madrasah Aliyahs/ Islamic-based high school from government, private, challenging and high-performing schools. It has been disclosed that madrasahs experience countless difficulties, including leadership, curriculum development, classroom equipment, financing and teacher efficiency. In the west and center of Indonesia, madrasahs mainly hampered by the poor infrastructure, learning facilities and lack of financial support, while in the east part beside the financial issues, teachers' performance become huge concerns.The madrasah managers, senior institutional officials, have a critical part to perform in solving these issues, in particular by developing teaching and learning procedures and improving the value of education and the enhancement of schooling. The study found that a kinship leadership is strongly indicated to the principal leadership behaviour. A culture embedded, leadership education, and experience gained by the leaders provide a deep insight on the way they lead an organisation. Although some madrasah adapted professional system like in the case of some high performing schools, the kinship and partnership are strongly occupied by the leaders in order to develop their communication and interaction among the members
TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 2022
This study aims to identify the impacts of applying project-based learning in English as Spesicic... more This study aims to identify the impacts of applying project-based learning in English as Spesicic Purposes (ESP) classes in Islamic higher education. This research was held in the department of Family Law, Shariah and Law, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The study conducted a qualitative approach to explore students learning process. A semi-structured interview, class observation, and a test were used to collect the data of 40 student participants. The interpretation process and coding were conducted to analyse the data. The finding revealed ESP through PBL succeed to improve 87.5% of students in their English achievement. The PBL process also encouraged students in learning discipline and motivated them to solve the learning problems.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak penerapan pembelajaran berbasis proyek di kelas English as Spesicic Purposes (ESP) di perguruan tinggi Islam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Hukum Keluarga, Sya...
Journal of Education Technology, 2022
Integration of technology in the teaching and learning process brings innovation where a learning... more Integration of technology in the teaching and learning process brings innovation where a learning process can be conducted virtually despite time and place boundaries. Online learning as the integration of learning and technology is used as the primary strategy to continue the teaching and learning process due to the Covid-19 outbreak. This study aims to analyze student perceptions of online learning before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the students had negative and positive perceptions of online learning before and during the pandemic. Before the pandemic, the students emphasized exploring the materials, while the students emphasized flexibility in learning during the pandemic. Meanwhile, negative perceptions are shown through the loss of direct communication between teachers and students. During the pandemic, students emphasized the flexibility aspect of the online learning mode. Howev...
<p>Indonesian language learning have a connection with other branches of science. The relat... more <p>Indonesian language learning have a connection with other branches of science. The relationship that occurs between the Indonesian language and other branches of science is in the form of material presented in Indonesian language learning sourced from other sciences. Learning Indonesian requires understanding writing, reading (literacy), and interpreting the understanding of the knowledge being learned. Through a survey carried out in general student learners aware of the urgency between the two collaboration of this science, but in its movement it has not been seen significantly. Increasing collaboration can be done by presenting discourse on natural environmental education in Indonesian language. It is hoped this article can make readers aware of importance of natural environmental education in learning Indonesian.</p>
Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, ICIIS 2020, 20-21 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021
Providing learning evidence can be very challenging, especially in the context of Emergency Remot... more Providing learning evidence can be very challenging, especially in the context of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). ERT emerged as one of the impacts of the Covid-19 outbreak that has imposed teachers to conduct a major shift from face to face to online teaching. The barriers in attaining assessment data may derive from a lack of technology literacy and an unsupportive ecosystem. This study explores students' perceptions of how teachers should conduct formative assessments in ERT in the context of English language teaching in Indonesia. 193 participants from two Islamic universities in Indonesia were involved in this survey design research. Findings from the study revealed that students opt for formative assessment strategies, such as clarifying learning outcomes, establishing learning activities that can accommodate all students, and providing effective feedback to be implemented during ERT., Interestingly, this study found that students do not consider their involvement as a crucial part of the assessment process; hence, it raises a question on the role of technology in promoting autonomous learning.
School Governance in Global Contexts, 2021
2021 9th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 2021
A possibility to implement a blended learning mode in the middle of the pandemic has invited mush... more A possibility to implement a blended learning mode in the middle of the pandemic has invited mushrooming discussion on students' readiness for blended learning. Adopting a quantitative design, this study aimed to investigate student teachers' readiness for blended learning. A total of 125 participants enrolling in the Department of English Education at a prominent Islamic university in Jakarta, Indonesia, voluntarily participated in this study. Data collection procedure was conducted by distributing the online questionnaire form due to unavailable physical interaction in the pandemic. The questionnaire form consisted of 30 items reflecting the six critical components for measuring readiness for blended learning: online learning, online interaction, classroom learning, learning flexibility, learning management, and blended learning. The results showed that participants could be considered ‘adequate’ up to a ‘high’ level of readiness for blended learning. Some distinct findings were discussed, and some directions for future similar research studies were presented.
English Language Teaching, 2016
The aims of the study are to know whether communicative games have an impact on teaching speaking... more The aims of the study are to know whether communicative games have an impact on teaching speaking skill and describe how communicative games give an influence on speaking skills of students at junior high schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. Classroom Action Research (CAR) was implemented based on Kurt. L model. The procedures used were planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. It was done into two cycles in each cycle consisted of three meetings. The researcher used collaborative action research with some of the English teachers. In collecting the data, the instruments were interview, observation, questionnaire and test. The test only given to students. The rest of the instruments administered for both teachers and students. The result of the study showed the mean score’s pretest reached of 60.42 to 69.02 and post test’s score reached up to 78.77. It is important to describe that there is a significant improvement of 13.9% to 41.7% in post test 1 and 83.33% in post test 2. Therefore, ...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, ICIIS 2020, 20-21 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021
This case study focused on how schools utilize technology in the English teaching-learning proces... more This case study focused on how schools utilize technology in the English teaching-learning process and how the school engagement of technology inclusion in the teaching and learning system. This research is significant since mobile technology is essential to support the classroom's teaching and learning process. The study explored low and high-performing M adrasah Aliyah in Bekasi, West Java. The study found that mobile technology is vital to support teachers and students in access to learning sources. However, the two schools provide different purposes for using mobile technology. Lowperforming M adrasah Aliyah indicated that mobile devices' use is essential since the school has not an inadequate handbook for learning. M eanwhile, high performing M adrasah Aliyah tended to use the technology to upgrade the learning sources.
Indonesian language subjects are compulsory subjects at every level of education in Indonesia. In... more Indonesian language subjects are compulsory subjects at every level of education in Indonesia. Indonesian language learning is carried out starting from the elementary school, junior high school, high school, and university level. Indonesian language learning activities at each level take place in various ways. It is important for someone to understand learning Indonesian for their survival. According to Yulia et al, (2012) contextual learning is a learning activity that relates learning material to the reality of the student's world, so that students are able to make connections between their knowledge and their application in real life. All Indonesian language learning materials are expected to be applied in real life. According to Mulyadi, et al, (2018) today's learning activities rely on skills and active learning processes. Students are required to be more active in learning that is carried out by using their skills. The main support for Indonesian language learning act...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Innovative Research Across Disciplines (ICIRAD 2019)
As technology brings both positive and negative impacts on children's characters, the present stu... more As technology brings both positive and negative impacts on children's characters, the present study argues that watching movies online can provide access to entertainment that contains values of character education as showcased by Disney's animated feature entitled Finding Dory. Through textual analysis, the present study identified all 18 values mandated by the Indonesian Ministry of National Education in this movie, with religious, democratic, and nature loving values that are most rarely and weakly represented and the other 15 values are strongly iterated, even though not very frequently presented, implying that when this movie can be recommended for educative entertainment for children, it is necessary for parents and teachers to balance it with additional emphasize on religious and democratic values to be in line with the culture and the foundation of the nation.
Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal
This article investigates how women principals practice their leadership to address the global pa... more This article investigates how women principals practice their leadership to address the global pandemic challenges encountered by Islamic-based junior high schools or madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs). The study examines the key behaviors and practices school leaders, particularly women, implement to address the global pandemic challenges. Some challenges in the global pandemic, including learning management, developing an online curriculum, school facilities, teacher performance, and school members' psychological well-being, were indicated to hinder the learning effectiveness in MTs. The MTs principals, the top-level leaders in the institutions, play a critical role in addressing these issues. This research utilized a multiple case study approach and collected qualitative data from six MTs in Bogor, Tangerang, and Bekasi. An in-depth interview with 18 participants was conducted to investigate the women's principal leadership practices. The findings revealed that principals displaye...
AL-IHKAM: Jurnal Hukum & Pranata Sosial
In the context of shari’a implementation in Aceh, there has been resistance among young people wa... more In the context of shari’a implementation in Aceh, there has been resistance among young people wanting freedom and openness in public space with its modernity values. This study aims at investigating the responses of Aceh’s young people to the implementation of Sharia in Aceh and how it implies for the Sharia law enforcement in the region. This is a socio-legal research relying on interviews and focused-group discussions as data collection methods. Respondents consist of young people aged 20-25. This research finds out that there has been a normalization of sharia in the Acehnese society with young people tending to accept sharia in Islamic tenets, propagation, attires, economic system, and penal system. Those who were born after or a while before sharia was implemented for the first time tend to get used to the sharia and consider it a part of their normal life. Their responses vary, from accommodation, adaptation, compromise to resistance. The resistance leads to the agency and cr...
Mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di setiap tingkat pendidikan di In... more Mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia merupakan mata pelajaran wajib di setiap tingkat pendidikan di Indonesia. Pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia dilaksanakan mulai dari tingkat Sekolah Dasar, Sekolah Menengah Pertama, Sekolah Menengah Atas, dan Perguruan Tinggi. Kegiatan pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia pada setiap tingkat berlangsung dengan cara yang beragam. Penting bagi seseorang untuk memahami pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia demi kelangsungan hidupnya. Sesuai pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia yang mengenal dengan pembelajaran kontekstual, menurut A Yulia, et al, (2012) pembelajaran kontekstual adalah kegiatan belajar yang mengkaitkan materi pembelajaran dengan realitas dunia siswa, sehingga siswa mampu membuat hubungan antara pengetahuan yang dimilikinya dengan penerapan di kehidupan nyata. Seluruh materi pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia diharapkan dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan nyata.
2020 8th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM)
The present study aimed to uncover the potentials and challenges of e-learning as occurred in the... more The present study aimed to uncover the potentials and challenges of e-learning as occurred in the implementation of learning from home movement. 127 student teachers of English took part in this study and shared their views about the utilization of e-learning during uncertain times. Data were collected from an open-ended online questionnaire and were analyzed by employing a qualitative approach focusing on the content analysis. All the responses were analyzed to firstly identify the themes generated in each category. Three significant findings for each part were presented in this study. As for the potentials, participants viewed that using the e-learning model is beneficial due to its flexibility to access the learning resources, the opportunity to promote independent learning, and accommodate more students to take part in the discussion. On the contrary, some also reported they encountered some problems during the implementation process, such as limited internet connection, increasing expenses, and limited feedback received. This study suggested that relevant stakeholders also need to take part to address the challenges, such as technological infrastructure, in order to help Indonesian students learn virtually.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Islam, Science and Technology (ICONIST 2019), 2020
This study investigates how principals exercise leadership to tackle the difficulties faced by Is... more This study investigates how principals exercise leadership to tackle the difficulties faced by Islamic Senior high schools or Madrasah Aliyahs of three areas in Indonesia: Western, Central and Eastern Indonesia. Employing qualitative methods, the researchers applied multiple case studies technique. The information gathered originated from separate case study classrooms, purposefully chosen madrasah Aliyahs/ Islamic-based high school from government, private, challenging and high-performing schools. It has been disclosed that madrasahs experience countless difficulties, including leadership, curriculum development, classroom equipment, financing and teacher efficiency. In the west and center of Indonesia, madrasahs mainly hampered by the poor infrastructure, learning facilities and lack of financial support, while in the east part beside the financial issues, teachers' performance become huge concerns.The madrasah managers, senior institutional officials, have a critical part to perform in solving these issues, in particular by developing teaching and learning procedures and improving the value of education and the enhancement of schooling. The study found that a kinship leadership is strongly indicated to the principal leadership behaviour. A culture embedded, leadership education, and experience gained by the leaders provide a deep insight on the way they lead an organisation. Although some madrasah adapted professional system like in the case of some high performing schools, the kinship and partnership are strongly occupied by the leaders in order to develop their communication and interaction among the members
TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 2022
This study aims to identify the impacts of applying project-based learning in English as Spesicic... more This study aims to identify the impacts of applying project-based learning in English as Spesicic Purposes (ESP) classes in Islamic higher education. This research was held in the department of Family Law, Shariah and Law, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The study conducted a qualitative approach to explore students learning process. A semi-structured interview, class observation, and a test were used to collect the data of 40 student participants. The interpretation process and coding were conducted to analyse the data. The finding revealed ESP through PBL succeed to improve 87.5% of students in their English achievement. The PBL process also encouraged students in learning discipline and motivated them to solve the learning problems.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak penerapan pembelajaran berbasis proyek di kelas English as Spesicic Purposes (ESP) di perguruan tinggi Islam. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Jurusan Hukum Keluarga, Sya...
Journal of Education Technology, 2022
Integration of technology in the teaching and learning process brings innovation where a learning... more Integration of technology in the teaching and learning process brings innovation where a learning process can be conducted virtually despite time and place boundaries. Online learning as the integration of learning and technology is used as the primary strategy to continue the teaching and learning process due to the Covid-19 outbreak. This study aims to analyze student perceptions of online learning before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the students had negative and positive perceptions of online learning before and during the pandemic. Before the pandemic, the students emphasized exploring the materials, while the students emphasized flexibility in learning during the pandemic. Meanwhile, negative perceptions are shown through the loss of direct communication between teachers and students. During the pandemic, students emphasized the flexibility aspect of the online learning mode. Howev...
<p>Indonesian language learning have a connection with other branches of science. The relat... more <p>Indonesian language learning have a connection with other branches of science. The relationship that occurs between the Indonesian language and other branches of science is in the form of material presented in Indonesian language learning sourced from other sciences. Learning Indonesian requires understanding writing, reading (literacy), and interpreting the understanding of the knowledge being learned. Through a survey carried out in general student learners aware of the urgency between the two collaboration of this science, but in its movement it has not been seen significantly. Increasing collaboration can be done by presenting discourse on natural environmental education in Indonesian language. It is hoped this article can make readers aware of importance of natural environmental education in learning Indonesian.</p>
Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, ICIIS 2020, 20-21 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021
Providing learning evidence can be very challenging, especially in the context of Emergency Remot... more Providing learning evidence can be very challenging, especially in the context of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT). ERT emerged as one of the impacts of the Covid-19 outbreak that has imposed teachers to conduct a major shift from face to face to online teaching. The barriers in attaining assessment data may derive from a lack of technology literacy and an unsupportive ecosystem. This study explores students' perceptions of how teachers should conduct formative assessments in ERT in the context of English language teaching in Indonesia. 193 participants from two Islamic universities in Indonesia were involved in this survey design research. Findings from the study revealed that students opt for formative assessment strategies, such as clarifying learning outcomes, establishing learning activities that can accommodate all students, and providing effective feedback to be implemented during ERT., Interestingly, this study found that students do not consider their involvement as a crucial part of the assessment process; hence, it raises a question on the role of technology in promoting autonomous learning.
School Governance in Global Contexts, 2021
2021 9th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM), 2021
A possibility to implement a blended learning mode in the middle of the pandemic has invited mush... more A possibility to implement a blended learning mode in the middle of the pandemic has invited mushrooming discussion on students' readiness for blended learning. Adopting a quantitative design, this study aimed to investigate student teachers' readiness for blended learning. A total of 125 participants enrolling in the Department of English Education at a prominent Islamic university in Jakarta, Indonesia, voluntarily participated in this study. Data collection procedure was conducted by distributing the online questionnaire form due to unavailable physical interaction in the pandemic. The questionnaire form consisted of 30 items reflecting the six critical components for measuring readiness for blended learning: online learning, online interaction, classroom learning, learning flexibility, learning management, and blended learning. The results showed that participants could be considered ‘adequate’ up to a ‘high’ level of readiness for blended learning. Some distinct findings were discussed, and some directions for future similar research studies were presented.
English Language Teaching, 2016
The aims of the study are to know whether communicative games have an impact on teaching speaking... more The aims of the study are to know whether communicative games have an impact on teaching speaking skill and describe how communicative games give an influence on speaking skills of students at junior high schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. Classroom Action Research (CAR) was implemented based on Kurt. L model. The procedures used were planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. It was done into two cycles in each cycle consisted of three meetings. The researcher used collaborative action research with some of the English teachers. In collecting the data, the instruments were interview, observation, questionnaire and test. The test only given to students. The rest of the instruments administered for both teachers and students. The result of the study showed the mean score’s pretest reached of 60.42 to 69.02 and post test’s score reached up to 78.77. It is important to describe that there is a significant improvement of 13.9% to 41.7% in post test 1 and 83.33% in post test 2. Therefore, ...
Proceedings of the 3rd International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, ICIIS 2020, 20-21 October 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2021
This case study focused on how schools utilize technology in the English teaching-learning proces... more This case study focused on how schools utilize technology in the English teaching-learning process and how the school engagement of technology inclusion in the teaching and learning system. This research is significant since mobile technology is essential to support the classroom's teaching and learning process. The study explored low and high-performing M adrasah Aliyah in Bekasi, West Java. The study found that mobile technology is vital to support teachers and students in access to learning sources. However, the two schools provide different purposes for using mobile technology. Lowperforming M adrasah Aliyah indicated that mobile devices' use is essential since the school has not an inadequate handbook for learning. M eanwhile, high performing M adrasah Aliyah tended to use the technology to upgrade the learning sources.