Urszula Kazubowska - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Urszula Kazubowska

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 28, 2021

Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philo... more Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philosophy. Each of them presents health and its specificity in a specific way. The most frequently indicated dimensions of health are: physical, mental (including intellectual and emotional), social, spiritual and transcendent. Contemporary pedagogical concepts of health emphasize that they can be considered as: value, resource (wealth), means, aim, a concept emphasizing the benefits of being healthy. Attention is also paid to the health mandala and the eudaimonic concept of family health. Thanks to these concepts, health is part of family care, educational and socialization processes. Parents, the main implementers of integrated interactions, create, among others, health behaviors, attitudes or lifestyle of their children. The subject of the research was the course of care, educational and socialization processes in professional foster families functioning in the city of Szczecin. The aim of the research was to find out about the specificity of family care, educational and socialization processes. The activities of professional foster families in caring for: children's health, their health attitudes and behaviors as well as health as a value in human life were especially emphasized. The research method was to triangulate the diagnostic survey method with the qualitative dimension of the case study. The technique used for the study was a questionnaire, in-depth qualitative interview and direct observation. The obtained empirical material was subjected to an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis with elements of interpretability of the data, however, efforts are being made to make a holistic diagnosis of the family. Axiologization of health attitudes in the surveyed families and making children aware of the need to take care of their own health on the basis of resources at hand are particularly significant for the armory.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 20, 2020

When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specifi... more When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specific educational methods. Methods of family upbringing are considered to be systematic ways of coexistence and coexistence of everyday life situations of the educator with the pupil in a direct or indirect context marked by family axiology. Family upbringing methods always have an awareness dimension. Family educational activity involves the use of various upbringing methods, selected appropriately for the adopted purpose of upbringing on the basis of a thorough knowledge of the child's mental development properties and in accordance with existing pedagogical knowledge. The aim of the research was to learn methods of parenting preferred in professional foster families in Szczecin. The canon of upbringing methods used by foster parents towards children entrusted to them was sought. The research consisted of three stages: theoretical and methodological conceptualization of research issues, pilot studies and actual research. The empirical material obtained was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis along with the desire to make a holistic diagnosis of the family. The upbringing methods most often chosen by foster parents include: the method of direct influence with its various implementation options (modeling, giving children educational tasks, persuasion). Equally often, foster parents used the method of adequate reward and punishment, a method of personal influence and a method of managing self-development (especially towards older children). Generally, the preferred methods of upbringing in professional foster families have a positive dimension and in a constructive way influence the optimal way of exercising upbringing and socialization interactions with children raised in family custody. Analyzing the results of research on the obtained data, the following regularity can be seen. The more positive upbringing methods are appropriate in professional foster families, the higher the level of involvement in family education processes saturated with axiology. What's more, the use of positive methods of education in a foster family directly contributes to raising their educational awareness and optimization of various activities towards children in the family.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 19, 2022

The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its dispos... more The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its disposal, which it uses intentionally and unintentionally. The basic value of a family home is a unique atmosphere, a climate specific to each family, in which it organizes conditions for the child's development in all its areas and personality development. In addition, the atmosphere of family life significantly contributes to building the emotional balance of the child, protects it against various unfavorable phenomena and situations, and builds the child's awareness of himself as a person. The atmosphere of family life is not an easy phenomenon to define. It consists of many factors, such as internal factors, such as the personality of the mother and father, mutual coexistence between family members. Another group of factors are those of an external nature, for example the size of the family, its economic and social status, place of residence. The first part of the text is a discussion of the atmosphere of family life in the light of pedagogical and psychological literature, indicating various approaches, their specificity and its importance in optimizing upbringing in a family. The empirical part focuses on the description of the atmosphere of family life and its specificity in foster families operating in the city of Szczecin. Here, particular attention was paid to the types of atmosphere in these families, its conditions and importance for the optimal development of a child. The final part of the text consists of the final conclusions and conclusions resulting from the research on the practice of working with families, including foster families, as well as with families of children in this form of foster care.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze, May 31, 2023

The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyb... more The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyberspace. The aim of the study was to define the specificity of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace and the implemented care and education practices. The issue of the multidimensionality of family concepts was discussed and the specificity of family upbringing, socialization and care interactions in the context of optimal child development and their use of the Internet was described. The article also presents research on parents and children (students of the fifth grade of primary school) focusing on showing the importance of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace. When analysing the obtained empirical data, attention was paid to the values preferred in the family, parental attitudes, family ties, upbringing atmosphere and empathy in the family in the perception of parents and children. The final part of the text consists of conclusions regarding the practice of care and educational work carried out by parents for children and with their active participation. The text ends with a description of the specifics of the challenges arising in connection with a family dealing with the problem of cyber threats.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 21, 2019

The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensiona... more The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensional and integral area of learning and research for many sciences and scientific disciplines. Among them, pedagogy, psychology and sociology are the leaders. In a special way, researchers focus on the specificity of family educational and socialization processes and their axiological and normative context. Without it, all family influences as the first and primary educative environment would be half-hearted and ineffective. The family as a primary and basic social group or a natural educational environment is a collection of people who strive for common goals, constitute an autonomous separate whole, where the attitude of building its interior are direct and indirect influences and a system of norms and values. A family understood in this way has a strong, mutual, long-lasting emotional-emotional bond; personal, direct saturation with the emotions of contact between family members; internal consistency and high involvement in activities for other members; informal, spontaneous way of organizing life within the family, community of residence, name, property and spiritual culture, and biological continuity. The family carries out the most important process for the development of the individual, namely education and socialization (Tyszka, 2001, 15). Education and socialization in a family saturated with a specific normative dimension directly contribute to the optimal development of the individual in all areas of its functioning and effective fulfillment of various functions in social life. The aim of the research was to learn about the system of values in the family, which significantly contribute to shaping the identity of a child brought up in a professional foster family acting as a family emergency. I draw attention to the fact that I considered this process in a dualistic perspective, i.e. I also took into account the quality of the primary impact of families of origin of children staying in foster families in the context of educational activities of families serving as family emergency services. The presented material is a part of the research project "Foster family-an opportunity for a better future for the child" carried out at the University of Szczecin at the Faculty of Humanities. In the research process, I used a triangulation research model, i.e. I combined survey studies with a qualitative case study. The techniques used in the survey are: questionnaires for foster care coordinators, social workers, family assistants or other people supporting educational and socialization activities towards children growing up in family emergency. However, as part of a case study, qualitative interviews with foster parents and family observation were conducted.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze, 2023

The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyb... more The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyberspace. The aim of the study was to define the specificity of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace and the implemented care and education practices. The issue of the multidimensionality of family concepts was discussed and the specificity of family upbringing, socialization and care interactions in the context of optimal child development and their use of the Internet was described. The article also presents research on parents and children (students of the fifth grade of primary school) focusing on showing the importance of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace. When analysing the obtained empirical data, attention was paid to the values preferred in the family, parental attitudes, family ties, upbringing atmosphere and empathy in the family in the perception of parents and children. The final part of the te...

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 19, 2022

The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its dispos... more The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its disposal, which it uses intentionally and unintentionally. The basic value of a family home is a unique atmosphere, a climate specific to each family, in which it organizes conditions for the child's development in all its areas and personality development. In addition, the atmosphere of family life significantly contributes to building the emotional balance of the child, protects it against various unfavorable phenomena and situations, and builds the child's awareness of himself as a person. The atmosphere of family life is not an easy phenomenon to define. It consists of many factors, such as internal factors, such as the personality of the mother and father, mutual coexistence between family members. Another group of factors are those of an external nature, for example the size of the family, its economic and social status, place of residence. The first part of the text is a discussion of the atmosphere of family life in the light of pedagogical and psychological literature, indicating various approaches, their specificity and its importance in optimizing upbringing in a family. The empirical part focuses on the description of the atmosphere of family life and its specificity in foster families operating in the city of Szczecin. Here, particular attention was paid to the types of atmosphere in these families, its conditions and importance for the optimal development of a child. The final part of the text consists of the final conclusions and conclusions resulting from the research on the practice of working with families, including foster families, as well as with families of children in this form of foster care.

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philo... more Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philosophy. Each of them presents health and its specificity in a specific way. The most frequently indicated dimensions of health are: physical, mental (including intellectual and emotional), social, spiritual and transcendent. Contemporary pedagogical concepts of health emphasize that they can be considered as: value, resource (wealth), means, aim, a concept emphasizing the benefits of being healthy. Attention is also paid to the health mandala and the eudaimonic concept of family health. Thanks to these concepts, health is part of family care, educational and socialization processes. Parents, the main implementers of integrated interactions, create, among others, health behaviors, attitudes or lifestyle of their children. The subject of the research was the course of care, educational and socialization processes in professional foster families functioning in the city of Szczecin. The aim o...

Pedagogika Szkoły Wyższej, 1995

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specifi... more When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specific educational methods. Methods of family upbringing are considered to be systematic ways of coexistence and coexistence of everyday life situations of the educator with the pupil in a direct or indirect context marked by family axiology. Family upbringing methods always have an awareness dimension. Family educational activity involves the use of various upbringing methods, selected appropriately for the adopted purpose of upbringing on the basis of a thorough knowledge of the child's mental development properties and in accordance with existing pedagogical knowledge. The aim of the research was to learn methods of parenting preferred in professional foster families in Szczecin. The canon of upbringing methods used by foster parents towards children entrusted to them was sought. The research consisted of three stages: theoretical and methodological conceptualization of research issues...

Totalna mediatyzacja istnienia, które przestaje by � "bytem", a staje si � "byciem... more Totalna mediatyzacja istnienia, które przestaje by � "bytem", a staje si � "byciem - poprzez medium", prowadzi do faktycznej "nieobecnoci bycia" i wejcia w obszar teleobecnoci albo teprzeniesienia swojego bycia na przykøad na ró �norakie formy wirtualnych awatarów, bdcych cyfrowymi konstruktami powoøanymi doycia w celu reprezentacji "ja" w cyberprzestrzeni, a jednoczenie wizualizujcymi ucieczkod wøasnej cielesnoci, pozwalajcymi na przekroczenie ramy (drzwi)

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensiona... more The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensional and integral area of learning and research for many sciences and scientific disciplines. Among them, pedagogy, psychology and sociology are the leaders. In a special way, researchers focus on the specificity of family educational and socialization processes and their axiological and normative context. Without it, all family influences as the first and primary educative environment would be half-hearted and ineffective. The family as a primary and basic social group or a natural educational environment is a collection of people who strive for common goals, constitute an autonomous separate whole, where the attitude of building its interior are direct and indirect influences and a system of norms and values. A family understood in this way has a strong, mutual, long-lasting emotional-emotional bond; personal, direct saturation with the emotions of contact between family members; internal...

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 28, 2021

Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philo... more Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philosophy. Each of them presents health and its specificity in a specific way. The most frequently indicated dimensions of health are: physical, mental (including intellectual and emotional), social, spiritual and transcendent. Contemporary pedagogical concepts of health emphasize that they can be considered as: value, resource (wealth), means, aim, a concept emphasizing the benefits of being healthy. Attention is also paid to the health mandala and the eudaimonic concept of family health. Thanks to these concepts, health is part of family care, educational and socialization processes. Parents, the main implementers of integrated interactions, create, among others, health behaviors, attitudes or lifestyle of their children. The subject of the research was the course of care, educational and socialization processes in professional foster families functioning in the city of Szczecin. The aim of the research was to find out about the specificity of family care, educational and socialization processes. The activities of professional foster families in caring for: children's health, their health attitudes and behaviors as well as health as a value in human life were especially emphasized. The research method was to triangulate the diagnostic survey method with the qualitative dimension of the case study. The technique used for the study was a questionnaire, in-depth qualitative interview and direct observation. The obtained empirical material was subjected to an in-depth quantitative and qualitative analysis with elements of interpretability of the data, however, efforts are being made to make a holistic diagnosis of the family. Axiologization of health attitudes in the surveyed families and making children aware of the need to take care of their own health on the basis of resources at hand are particularly significant for the armory.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 20, 2020

When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specifi... more When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specific educational methods. Methods of family upbringing are considered to be systematic ways of coexistence and coexistence of everyday life situations of the educator with the pupil in a direct or indirect context marked by family axiology. Family upbringing methods always have an awareness dimension. Family educational activity involves the use of various upbringing methods, selected appropriately for the adopted purpose of upbringing on the basis of a thorough knowledge of the child's mental development properties and in accordance with existing pedagogical knowledge. The aim of the research was to learn methods of parenting preferred in professional foster families in Szczecin. The canon of upbringing methods used by foster parents towards children entrusted to them was sought. The research consisted of three stages: theoretical and methodological conceptualization of research issues, pilot studies and actual research. The empirical material obtained was subjected to quantitative and qualitative analysis along with the desire to make a holistic diagnosis of the family. The upbringing methods most often chosen by foster parents include: the method of direct influence with its various implementation options (modeling, giving children educational tasks, persuasion). Equally often, foster parents used the method of adequate reward and punishment, a method of personal influence and a method of managing self-development (especially towards older children). Generally, the preferred methods of upbringing in professional foster families have a positive dimension and in a constructive way influence the optimal way of exercising upbringing and socialization interactions with children raised in family custody. Analyzing the results of research on the obtained data, the following regularity can be seen. The more positive upbringing methods are appropriate in professional foster families, the higher the level of involvement in family education processes saturated with axiology. What's more, the use of positive methods of education in a foster family directly contributes to raising their educational awareness and optimization of various activities towards children in the family.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 19, 2022

The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its dispos... more The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its disposal, which it uses intentionally and unintentionally. The basic value of a family home is a unique atmosphere, a climate specific to each family, in which it organizes conditions for the child's development in all its areas and personality development. In addition, the atmosphere of family life significantly contributes to building the emotional balance of the child, protects it against various unfavorable phenomena and situations, and builds the child's awareness of himself as a person. The atmosphere of family life is not an easy phenomenon to define. It consists of many factors, such as internal factors, such as the personality of the mother and father, mutual coexistence between family members. Another group of factors are those of an external nature, for example the size of the family, its economic and social status, place of residence. The first part of the text is a discussion of the atmosphere of family life in the light of pedagogical and psychological literature, indicating various approaches, their specificity and its importance in optimizing upbringing in a family. The empirical part focuses on the description of the atmosphere of family life and its specificity in foster families operating in the city of Szczecin. Here, particular attention was paid to the types of atmosphere in these families, its conditions and importance for the optimal development of a child. The final part of the text consists of the final conclusions and conclusions resulting from the research on the practice of working with families, including foster families, as well as with families of children in this form of foster care.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze, May 31, 2023

The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyb... more The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyberspace. The aim of the study was to define the specificity of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace and the implemented care and education practices. The issue of the multidimensionality of family concepts was discussed and the specificity of family upbringing, socialization and care interactions in the context of optimal child development and their use of the Internet was described. The article also presents research on parents and children (students of the fifth grade of primary school) focusing on showing the importance of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace. When analysing the obtained empirical data, attention was paid to the values preferred in the family, parental attitudes, family ties, upbringing atmosphere and empathy in the family in the perception of parents and children. The final part of the text consists of conclusions regarding the practice of care and educational work carried out by parents for children and with their active participation. The text ends with a description of the specifics of the challenges arising in connection with a family dealing with the problem of cyber threats.

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 21, 2019

The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensiona... more The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensional and integral area of learning and research for many sciences and scientific disciplines. Among them, pedagogy, psychology and sociology are the leaders. In a special way, researchers focus on the specificity of family educational and socialization processes and their axiological and normative context. Without it, all family influences as the first and primary educative environment would be half-hearted and ineffective. The family as a primary and basic social group or a natural educational environment is a collection of people who strive for common goals, constitute an autonomous separate whole, where the attitude of building its interior are direct and indirect influences and a system of norms and values. A family understood in this way has a strong, mutual, long-lasting emotional-emotional bond; personal, direct saturation with the emotions of contact between family members; internal consistency and high involvement in activities for other members; informal, spontaneous way of organizing life within the family, community of residence, name, property and spiritual culture, and biological continuity. The family carries out the most important process for the development of the individual, namely education and socialization (Tyszka, 2001, 15). Education and socialization in a family saturated with a specific normative dimension directly contribute to the optimal development of the individual in all areas of its functioning and effective fulfillment of various functions in social life. The aim of the research was to learn about the system of values in the family, which significantly contribute to shaping the identity of a child brought up in a professional foster family acting as a family emergency. I draw attention to the fact that I considered this process in a dualistic perspective, i.e. I also took into account the quality of the primary impact of families of origin of children staying in foster families in the context of educational activities of families serving as family emergency services. The presented material is a part of the research project "Foster family-an opportunity for a better future for the child" carried out at the University of Szczecin at the Faculty of Humanities. In the research process, I used a triangulation research model, i.e. I combined survey studies with a qualitative case study. The techniques used in the survey are: questionnaires for foster care coordinators, social workers, family assistants or other people supporting educational and socialization activities towards children growing up in family emergency. However, as part of a case study, qualitative interviews with foster parents and family observation were conducted.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze, 2023

The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyb... more The article presents the family as an educational environment that protects the child against cyberspace. The aim of the study was to define the specificity of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace and the implemented care and education practices. The issue of the multidimensionality of family concepts was discussed and the specificity of family upbringing, socialization and care interactions in the context of optimal child development and their use of the Internet was described. The article also presents research on parents and children (students of the fifth grade of primary school) focusing on showing the importance of the family as a space protecting the child against the threats of cyberspace. When analysing the obtained empirical data, attention was paid to the values preferred in the family, parental attitudes, family ties, upbringing atmosphere and empathy in the family in the perception of parents and children. The final part of the te...

Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, May 19, 2022

The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its dispos... more The family, influencing a child in the course of everyday life, has many mechanisms at its disposal, which it uses intentionally and unintentionally. The basic value of a family home is a unique atmosphere, a climate specific to each family, in which it organizes conditions for the child's development in all its areas and personality development. In addition, the atmosphere of family life significantly contributes to building the emotional balance of the child, protects it against various unfavorable phenomena and situations, and builds the child's awareness of himself as a person. The atmosphere of family life is not an easy phenomenon to define. It consists of many factors, such as internal factors, such as the personality of the mother and father, mutual coexistence between family members. Another group of factors are those of an external nature, for example the size of the family, its economic and social status, place of residence. The first part of the text is a discussion of the atmosphere of family life in the light of pedagogical and psychological literature, indicating various approaches, their specificity and its importance in optimizing upbringing in a family. The empirical part focuses on the description of the atmosphere of family life and its specificity in foster families operating in the city of Szczecin. Here, particular attention was paid to the types of atmosphere in these families, its conditions and importance for the optimal development of a child. The final part of the text consists of the final conclusions and conclusions resulting from the research on the practice of working with families, including foster families, as well as with families of children in this form of foster care.

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philo... more Health is in the area of analysis of many sciences, e.g. psychology, sociology, pedagogy or philosophy. Each of them presents health and its specificity in a specific way. The most frequently indicated dimensions of health are: physical, mental (including intellectual and emotional), social, spiritual and transcendent. Contemporary pedagogical concepts of health emphasize that they can be considered as: value, resource (wealth), means, aim, a concept emphasizing the benefits of being healthy. Attention is also paid to the health mandala and the eudaimonic concept of family health. Thanks to these concepts, health is part of family care, educational and socialization processes. Parents, the main implementers of integrated interactions, create, among others, health behaviors, attitudes or lifestyle of their children. The subject of the research was the course of care, educational and socialization processes in professional foster families functioning in the city of Szczecin. The aim o...

Pedagogika Szkoły Wyższej, 1995

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specifi... more When implementing educational and socialization processes in the family, each parent uses specific educational methods. Methods of family upbringing are considered to be systematic ways of coexistence and coexistence of everyday life situations of the educator with the pupil in a direct or indirect context marked by family axiology. Family upbringing methods always have an awareness dimension. Family educational activity involves the use of various upbringing methods, selected appropriately for the adopted purpose of upbringing on the basis of a thorough knowledge of the child's mental development properties and in accordance with existing pedagogical knowledge. The aim of the research was to learn methods of parenting preferred in professional foster families in Szczecin. The canon of upbringing methods used by foster parents towards children entrusted to them was sought. The research consisted of three stages: theoretical and methodological conceptualization of research issues...

Totalna mediatyzacja istnienia, które przestaje by � "bytem", a staje si � "byciem... more Totalna mediatyzacja istnienia, które przestaje by � "bytem", a staje si � "byciem - poprzez medium", prowadzi do faktycznej "nieobecnoci bycia" i wejcia w obszar teleobecnoci albo teprzeniesienia swojego bycia na przykøad na ró �norakie formy wirtualnych awatarów, bdcych cyfrowymi konstruktami powoøanymi doycia w celu reprezentacji "ja" w cyberprzestrzeni, a jednoczenie wizualizujcymi ucieczkod wøasnej cielesnoci, pozwalajcymi na przekroczenie ramy (drzwi)

SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference

The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensiona... more The issues of family functioning constituted and still constitute an interesting, multidimensional and integral area of learning and research for many sciences and scientific disciplines. Among them, pedagogy, psychology and sociology are the leaders. In a special way, researchers focus on the specificity of family educational and socialization processes and their axiological and normative context. Without it, all family influences as the first and primary educative environment would be half-hearted and ineffective. The family as a primary and basic social group or a natural educational environment is a collection of people who strive for common goals, constitute an autonomous separate whole, where the attitude of building its interior are direct and indirect influences and a system of norms and values. A family understood in this way has a strong, mutual, long-lasting emotional-emotional bond; personal, direct saturation with the emotions of contact between family members; internal...