Uzi Motro - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Uzi Motro
09:15 Reception & refreshments 09:45 Ecology Student Award in memory of Merav Ziv Scientific Prog... more 09:15 Reception & refreshments 09:45 Ecology Student Award in memory of Merav Ziv Scientific Program 10:00-10:40 Plenary: Amos Bouskila (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-Different approaches to modeling foraging games between rodents and their predators 10:40-11:00 Refreshments 11:00-11:20 Shirli Bar-David (Haifa Univ.)-Recursions in movement patterns of large herbivores: the African buffalo as a case study 11:20-11:40 Efrat Gavish (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-Modeling spider movement in agroecosystems 11:40-12:00 Luba Broitman (Hebrew Univ.)-Spatially-explicit individual-based model of animal movement in heterogeneous environment 12:00-12:10 Break 12:10-12:30 Dafna Gottlieb (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-The effect of outbreeding opportunities on the breeding strategy of the palm stone borer beetle 12:30-12:50 Yael Artzy-Randrup (Tel Aviv Univ.)-Sympatric speciation under incompatibility selection
<i>CHTHAMALUS</i> SP. (FIGS 1C, 4–6) <i>Material examined:</i> <i>C... more <i>CHTHAMALUS</i> SP. (FIGS 1C, 4–6) <i>Material examined:</i> <i>Chthamalus</i> sp. from Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde (14°55′53″N, 23°30′45″W). For comparison, we used samples from Boccadasse Beach, Genoa, Italy (44°23′23″N, 8°58′24″E), Biarritz, France (43°28′48″N, 1°33′20″W) and Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain (28°5′59″N, 15°24′48″W). <i>Description:</i> Shell low conic (Figs 1C, 4A); opercular aperture kite shaped in small specimens, circular in big specimens. Scutum (Figs 4B–D) triangular; occuludent margin forms a right angle with tergal margin. Deep, round pit for adductor muscle occupies about half of width of scutum; no articular ridge. Small pit for the lateral scutal depressor muscle. Tergum (Figs 4B–D) triangular; carinal margin arched, with no spur. At the angle between carinal and scutal margins, a projection interlocks with an indentation in the tergal margin of the scutum, close to the basal margin. Three to four small crests for tergal depressor muscle. Suture between scutum and tergum sinusoidal (Figs 1C, 4A). Labrum (Fig. 5A) has slightly concave cutting edge, with small teeth. Palpi club shaped (rectangular), with long simple setae at distal part and short on the upper margin (Fig. 5B). Maxilla (Fig. 5C, D) bilobed; lobes round, with simple setae along interior margin and distal part. Maxillule (Fig. 5E) with two large spines at distal end followed by a notch and a series of smaller spines; stout setae at lower angle. Short, simple type of setae on surface of maxillule close to cutting edge. Mandible (Fig. 5F) with four teeth; lower one bidentate. A series of small spines along cutting margin; at edge two bigger spines; long bristles at lower part. Cirrus I (Fig. 6A) anterior ramus longer than posterior; segments carry simple and plumose setae. Conical spines on two proximal articles of the anterior ramus (Fig. 6F). Cirrus II (Fig. 6B) shorter than cirrus I; terminal articles with bidenticulate setae (Fig. 5G, H); in some setae, pair of 'basal guards' (Fig. 6G). Cirrus III anterior ramus is lon [...]
Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus po... more Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus populations. A, Pearson's correlation coefficient with UPGMA amalgamation. B, modified Morisita's similarity coefficient with farthest neighbour amalgamation. C, squared Euclidean distance with minimum variance amalgamation. D, Manhattan distance with nearest neighbour amalgamation.
Figure 2. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Southward (1976: plate II). A, conical spines foun... more Figure 2. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Southward (1976: plate II). A, conical spines found at the base of the anterior ramus of cirrus I. B, D, denticulate setae on cirrus II.
Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 2019
The effect of food supplement to Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) nests during the nestling period... more The effect of food supplement to Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) nests during the nestling period (from hatching to fledging) was studied in two nesting colonies in Israel – Alona and Jerusalem. Our hypothesis, based on diminishing returns considerations, was that food supplement will have a greater effect on fledgling success in the food-limited, urban colony of Jerusalem, than in the rural colony of Alona. Indeed, food supplement had a significantly positive effect on breeding success in both colonies. However, and contrary to our prediction, the decrease in chick mortality between supplemented and control nests in Jerusalem was not larger than in Alona (actually it was numerically smaller, albeit not significantly so). This implies either that additional factors, possibly urbanization associated, other than food limitation, might be responsible for the difference in nesting success of Lesser Kestrels between Alona and Jerusalem, and/or that the amount or the nutritional quality o...
Figure 6. Chthamalus sp. from Praia, Cape Verde. Cirri. A, cirrus I. B, cirrus II. C, cirrus III.... more Figure 6. Chthamalus sp. from Praia, Cape Verde. Cirri. A, cirrus I. B, cirrus II. C, cirrus III. D, cirrus IV. E, cirrus VI and penis. F, spines on anterior ramus of cirrus I. G, terminal articles of cirrus II. H, enlargement of setae of cirrus II; arrows indicate basal guards.
Figure 10. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Pilsbry (1916: fig. 84, p. 303). A, terminal arti... more Figure 10. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Pilsbry (1916: fig. 84, p. 303). A, terminal article with denticulate setae of cirrus II. B, mandibular palpus. C, maxillule. D, mandible.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2017
Gamla Nature Reserve once held the largest colony of nesting and roosting Griffon Vultures (Gyps ... more Gamla Nature Reserve once held the largest colony of nesting and roosting Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Israel, with 45 to 57 pairs nesting at the colony during our study years (1998-2002), and up to 140 individuals roosting on the canyon's cliffs. Nevertheless, the fledging success there was very low: only 34% of breeding attempts (nest with eggs laid) resulted in fledged young during our study. Poisoning and hunting were the main causes of mortality, but in addition, a shortage of appropriate nesting places may also have been an important limiting factor. Fledging percentage was correlated with nest-site use and ''attractiveness'': nest sites with greater fledging percentage also had more breeding attempts and were inhabited earlier in the nesting season. The main physical characteristic that enhanced breeding success was the type of nest site; nests in caves were more successful and were used for more breeding attempts than nests that were exposed from above. The influence of microclimatic conditions on nesting success was emphasized by the differences in the intensity of parental care, particularly activities associated with thermoregulation, between parents at the different types of nest sites. Parents at exposed nests invested substantially more time in thermoregulation (i.e., brooding or shading the young), an investment that was negatively correlated with breeding success.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2017
Resumen Recientemente en Israel, docenas de individuos de Circaetus gallicus, especie considerada... more Resumen Recientemente en Israel, docenas de individuos de Circaetus gallicus, especie considerada tipicamente como no gregaria durante la epoca reproductiva, han sido observados agrupandose durante el verano en campos agricolas siendo cultivados. Estos trabajos incluyen el arado profundo, que expone un gran numero de roedores. Esta nueva fuente de alimentos ha alterado los habitos sociales y troficos de C. gallicus, que usualmente es una rapaz territorial, cuya dieta principal son reptiles, especialmente las serpientes. Las aguilas se agrupan en estos campos en grandes numeros y se alimentan de los roedores. Nuestras observaciones mostraron que este fenomeno ocurre principalmente en campos de trigo y que la densidad de C. gallicus en estos campos esta positivamente correlacionada con la densidad de roedores. Este nuevo fenomeno tiene implicaciones importantes para la conservacion de rapaces y demuestra el servicio ecologico que C. gallicus proporciona en el control biologico de roed...
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020
The intertidal barnacle Chthamalus stellatus has a broad distribution, occurring in the Mediterra... more The intertidal barnacle Chthamalus stellatus has a broad distribution, occurring in the Mediterranean, the east Atlantic shores and east Atlantic Macaronesian Islands (Madeira, the Canaries and the Azores). Traditionally, based on morphological characters, Chthamalus of the Cape Verde Islands were also regarded as C. stellatus. However, using a mitochondrial gene and two nuclear genes, we found that although Chthamalus from Cape Verde is morphologically similar to C. stellatus, there are genetic differences between the two that are larger than those found between different species of Chthamalus. We thus claim that these genetic differences justify the assignment of the Cape Verde populations as an evolutionarily significant unit and a sister clade to C. stellatus. We also show that the connection between taxonomic units that are close to each other lies not only in the resemblance between DNA sequences. We have found that numerous point mutations characterizing the Cape Verde Chtham...
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1999
The allele frequency distributions of three STR loci amplified by PCR have been studied in four I... more The allele frequency distributions of three STR loci amplified by PCR have been studied in four Israeli communities: Ashkenazi Jews and three non-Ashkenazi groups, namely Moroccan, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews. The loci analyzed were CSF1PO, TPOX, and HUMTHO1. The typing was performed in sequencing polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions that could separate alleles with differences of a single base. The population data were analyzed with respect to Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium and found that all loci meet the H-W expectations. No-ticeable differences were encountered between the four Jewish ethnic groups studied hereby indicating the importance of establishing a local database to be used in human identity testing in these different Israeli Jewish groups.
Theoretical Population Biology, 1983
... Referring to kin selection arguments, they used evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) consider... more ... Referring to kin selection arguments, they used evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) considerations to find the optimal rate of migration. ... 160 UZI MOTRO 2. THE MODEL This model deals with a migration strategy in which the decision of whether to migrate or to stay near the ...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010
Social foragers can use either a ‘producer’ strategy, which involves searching for food, or a ‘sc... more Social foragers can use either a ‘producer’ strategy, which involves searching for food, or a ‘scrounger’ strategy, which involves joining others' food discoveries. While producers rely on personal information and past experience, we may ask whether the tendency to forage as a producer is related to being a better learner. To answer this question, we hand-raised house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) nestlings that upon independence were given an individual-learning task that required them to associate colour signal and food presence. Following the testing phase, all fledglings were released into a shared aviary, and their social-foraging tendencies were measured. We found a significant positive correlation between individual's performance in the individual-learning task and subsequent tendency to use searching (producing) behaviour. Individual-learning score was negatively correlated with initial fear of the test apparatus and with body weight. However, the correlation between...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2011
In frequency-dependent games, strategy choice may be innate or learned. While experimental eviden... more In frequency-dependent games, strategy choice may be innate or learned. While experimental evidence in the producer–scrounger game suggests that learned strategy choice may be common, a recent theoretical analysis demonstrated that learning by only some individuals prevents learning from evolving in others. Here, however, we model learning explicitly, and demonstrate that learning can easily evolve in the whole population. We used an agent-based evolutionary simulation of the producer–scrounger game to test the success of two general learning rules for strategy choice. We found that learning was eventually acquired by all individuals under a sufficient degree of environmental fluctuation, and when players were phenotypically asymmetric. In the absence of sufficient environmental change or phenotypic asymmetries, the correct target for learning seems to be confounded by game dynamics, and innate strategy choice is likely to be fixed in the population. The results demonstrate that und...
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2010
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1993
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012
A sexual assault case resulted in a pregnancy, which was subsequently aborted. The alleged father... more A sexual assault case resulted in a pregnancy, which was subsequently aborted. The alleged father of the fetus was unknown. Maternal and fetal types were obtained using the 11-locus AmpF'STR Ò SGM Plus Ò kit. The national DNA database was searched for the paternal obligatory alleles and detected two suspects who could not be excluded as father of the male fetus. Additional typing using the AmpF'STR Ò Minifiler Ô kit, containing three additional autosomal loci, was not sufficient to exclude either suspect. Subsequent typing using the PowerPlex Ò 16, containing four additional loci, and Y-Filer Ô kits resulted in excluding one suspect. Searching a database for paternal obligatory alleles can be fruitful, but is fraught with possible false positive results so that finding a match must be taken as only preliminary evidence.
09:15 Reception & refreshments 09:45 Ecology Student Award in memory of Merav Ziv Scientific Prog... more 09:15 Reception & refreshments 09:45 Ecology Student Award in memory of Merav Ziv Scientific Program 10:00-10:40 Plenary: Amos Bouskila (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-Different approaches to modeling foraging games between rodents and their predators 10:40-11:00 Refreshments 11:00-11:20 Shirli Bar-David (Haifa Univ.)-Recursions in movement patterns of large herbivores: the African buffalo as a case study 11:20-11:40 Efrat Gavish (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-Modeling spider movement in agroecosystems 11:40-12:00 Luba Broitman (Hebrew Univ.)-Spatially-explicit individual-based model of animal movement in heterogeneous environment 12:00-12:10 Break 12:10-12:30 Dafna Gottlieb (Ben-Gurion Univ.)-The effect of outbreeding opportunities on the breeding strategy of the palm stone borer beetle 12:30-12:50 Yael Artzy-Randrup (Tel Aviv Univ.)-Sympatric speciation under incompatibility selection
<i>CHTHAMALUS</i> SP. (FIGS 1C, 4–6) <i>Material examined:</i> <i>C... more <i>CHTHAMALUS</i> SP. (FIGS 1C, 4–6) <i>Material examined:</i> <i>Chthamalus</i> sp. from Praia, Santiago, Cape Verde (14°55′53″N, 23°30′45″W). For comparison, we used samples from Boccadasse Beach, Genoa, Italy (44°23′23″N, 8°58′24″E), Biarritz, France (43°28′48″N, 1°33′20″W) and Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain (28°5′59″N, 15°24′48″W). <i>Description:</i> Shell low conic (Figs 1C, 4A); opercular aperture kite shaped in small specimens, circular in big specimens. Scutum (Figs 4B–D) triangular; occuludent margin forms a right angle with tergal margin. Deep, round pit for adductor muscle occupies about half of width of scutum; no articular ridge. Small pit for the lateral scutal depressor muscle. Tergum (Figs 4B–D) triangular; carinal margin arched, with no spur. At the angle between carinal and scutal margins, a projection interlocks with an indentation in the tergal margin of the scutum, close to the basal margin. Three to four small crests for tergal depressor muscle. Suture between scutum and tergum sinusoidal (Figs 1C, 4A). Labrum (Fig. 5A) has slightly concave cutting edge, with small teeth. Palpi club shaped (rectangular), with long simple setae at distal part and short on the upper margin (Fig. 5B). Maxilla (Fig. 5C, D) bilobed; lobes round, with simple setae along interior margin and distal part. Maxillule (Fig. 5E) with two large spines at distal end followed by a notch and a series of smaller spines; stout setae at lower angle. Short, simple type of setae on surface of maxillule close to cutting edge. Mandible (Fig. 5F) with four teeth; lower one bidentate. A series of small spines along cutting margin; at edge two bigger spines; long bristles at lower part. Cirrus I (Fig. 6A) anterior ramus longer than posterior; segments carry simple and plumose setae. Conical spines on two proximal articles of the anterior ramus (Fig. 6F). Cirrus II (Fig. 6B) shorter than cirrus I; terminal articles with bidenticulate setae (Fig. 5G, H); in some setae, pair of 'basal guards' (Fig. 6G). Cirrus III anterior ramus is lon [...]
Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus po... more Figure 3. Four dendrograms depicting the hierarchical relationship between the nine Chthamalus populations. A, Pearson's correlation coefficient with UPGMA amalgamation. B, modified Morisita's similarity coefficient with farthest neighbour amalgamation. C, squared Euclidean distance with minimum variance amalgamation. D, Manhattan distance with nearest neighbour amalgamation.
Figure 2. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Southward (1976: plate II). A, conical spines foun... more Figure 2. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Southward (1976: plate II). A, conical spines found at the base of the anterior ramus of cirrus I. B, D, denticulate setae on cirrus II.
Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution, 2019
The effect of food supplement to Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) nests during the nestling period... more The effect of food supplement to Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) nests during the nestling period (from hatching to fledging) was studied in two nesting colonies in Israel – Alona and Jerusalem. Our hypothesis, based on diminishing returns considerations, was that food supplement will have a greater effect on fledgling success in the food-limited, urban colony of Jerusalem, than in the rural colony of Alona. Indeed, food supplement had a significantly positive effect on breeding success in both colonies. However, and contrary to our prediction, the decrease in chick mortality between supplemented and control nests in Jerusalem was not larger than in Alona (actually it was numerically smaller, albeit not significantly so). This implies either that additional factors, possibly urbanization associated, other than food limitation, might be responsible for the difference in nesting success of Lesser Kestrels between Alona and Jerusalem, and/or that the amount or the nutritional quality o...
Figure 6. Chthamalus sp. from Praia, Cape Verde. Cirri. A, cirrus I. B, cirrus II. C, cirrus III.... more Figure 6. Chthamalus sp. from Praia, Cape Verde. Cirri. A, cirrus I. B, cirrus II. C, cirrus III. D, cirrus IV. E, cirrus VI and penis. F, spines on anterior ramus of cirrus I. G, terminal articles of cirrus II. H, enlargement of setae of cirrus II; arrows indicate basal guards.
Figure 10. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Pilsbry (1916: fig. 84, p. 303). A, terminal arti... more Figure 10. Chthamalus stellatus reproduced from Pilsbry (1916: fig. 84, p. 303). A, terminal article with denticulate setae of cirrus II. B, mandibular palpus. C, maxillule. D, mandible.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2017
Gamla Nature Reserve once held the largest colony of nesting and roosting Griffon Vultures (Gyps ... more Gamla Nature Reserve once held the largest colony of nesting and roosting Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in Israel, with 45 to 57 pairs nesting at the colony during our study years (1998-2002), and up to 140 individuals roosting on the canyon's cliffs. Nevertheless, the fledging success there was very low: only 34% of breeding attempts (nest with eggs laid) resulted in fledged young during our study. Poisoning and hunting were the main causes of mortality, but in addition, a shortage of appropriate nesting places may also have been an important limiting factor. Fledging percentage was correlated with nest-site use and ''attractiveness'': nest sites with greater fledging percentage also had more breeding attempts and were inhabited earlier in the nesting season. The main physical characteristic that enhanced breeding success was the type of nest site; nests in caves were more successful and were used for more breeding attempts than nests that were exposed from above. The influence of microclimatic conditions on nesting success was emphasized by the differences in the intensity of parental care, particularly activities associated with thermoregulation, between parents at the different types of nest sites. Parents at exposed nests invested substantially more time in thermoregulation (i.e., brooding or shading the young), an investment that was negatively correlated with breeding success.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2017
Resumen Recientemente en Israel, docenas de individuos de Circaetus gallicus, especie considerada... more Resumen Recientemente en Israel, docenas de individuos de Circaetus gallicus, especie considerada tipicamente como no gregaria durante la epoca reproductiva, han sido observados agrupandose durante el verano en campos agricolas siendo cultivados. Estos trabajos incluyen el arado profundo, que expone un gran numero de roedores. Esta nueva fuente de alimentos ha alterado los habitos sociales y troficos de C. gallicus, que usualmente es una rapaz territorial, cuya dieta principal son reptiles, especialmente las serpientes. Las aguilas se agrupan en estos campos en grandes numeros y se alimentan de los roedores. Nuestras observaciones mostraron que este fenomeno ocurre principalmente en campos de trigo y que la densidad de C. gallicus en estos campos esta positivamente correlacionada con la densidad de roedores. Este nuevo fenomeno tiene implicaciones importantes para la conservacion de rapaces y demuestra el servicio ecologico que C. gallicus proporciona en el control biologico de roed...
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2020
The intertidal barnacle Chthamalus stellatus has a broad distribution, occurring in the Mediterra... more The intertidal barnacle Chthamalus stellatus has a broad distribution, occurring in the Mediterranean, the east Atlantic shores and east Atlantic Macaronesian Islands (Madeira, the Canaries and the Azores). Traditionally, based on morphological characters, Chthamalus of the Cape Verde Islands were also regarded as C. stellatus. However, using a mitochondrial gene and two nuclear genes, we found that although Chthamalus from Cape Verde is morphologically similar to C. stellatus, there are genetic differences between the two that are larger than those found between different species of Chthamalus. We thus claim that these genetic differences justify the assignment of the Cape Verde populations as an evolutionarily significant unit and a sister clade to C. stellatus. We also show that the connection between taxonomic units that are close to each other lies not only in the resemblance between DNA sequences. We have found that numerous point mutations characterizing the Cape Verde Chtham...
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1999
The allele frequency distributions of three STR loci amplified by PCR have been studied in four I... more The allele frequency distributions of three STR loci amplified by PCR have been studied in four Israeli communities: Ashkenazi Jews and three non-Ashkenazi groups, namely Moroccan, Yemenite, and Ethiopian Jews. The loci analyzed were CSF1PO, TPOX, and HUMTHO1. The typing was performed in sequencing polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions that could separate alleles with differences of a single base. The population data were analyzed with respect to Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium and found that all loci meet the H-W expectations. No-ticeable differences were encountered between the four Jewish ethnic groups studied hereby indicating the importance of establishing a local database to be used in human identity testing in these different Israeli Jewish groups.
Theoretical Population Biology, 1983
... Referring to kin selection arguments, they used evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) consider... more ... Referring to kin selection arguments, they used evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) considerations to find the optimal rate of migration. ... 160 UZI MOTRO 2. THE MODEL This model deals with a migration strategy in which the decision of whether to migrate or to stay near the ...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010
Social foragers can use either a ‘producer’ strategy, which involves searching for food, or a ‘sc... more Social foragers can use either a ‘producer’ strategy, which involves searching for food, or a ‘scrounger’ strategy, which involves joining others' food discoveries. While producers rely on personal information and past experience, we may ask whether the tendency to forage as a producer is related to being a better learner. To answer this question, we hand-raised house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) nestlings that upon independence were given an individual-learning task that required them to associate colour signal and food presence. Following the testing phase, all fledglings were released into a shared aviary, and their social-foraging tendencies were measured. We found a significant positive correlation between individual's performance in the individual-learning task and subsequent tendency to use searching (producing) behaviour. Individual-learning score was negatively correlated with initial fear of the test apparatus and with body weight. However, the correlation between...
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2011
In frequency-dependent games, strategy choice may be innate or learned. While experimental eviden... more In frequency-dependent games, strategy choice may be innate or learned. While experimental evidence in the producer–scrounger game suggests that learned strategy choice may be common, a recent theoretical analysis demonstrated that learning by only some individuals prevents learning from evolving in others. Here, however, we model learning explicitly, and demonstrate that learning can easily evolve in the whole population. We used an agent-based evolutionary simulation of the producer–scrounger game to test the success of two general learning rules for strategy choice. We found that learning was eventually acquired by all individuals under a sufficient degree of environmental fluctuation, and when players were phenotypically asymmetric. In the absence of sufficient environmental change or phenotypic asymmetries, the correct target for learning seems to be confounded by game dynamics, and innate strategy choice is likely to be fixed in the population. The results demonstrate that und...
Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2010
Journal of Molecular Evolution, 1993
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2012
A sexual assault case resulted in a pregnancy, which was subsequently aborted. The alleged father... more A sexual assault case resulted in a pregnancy, which was subsequently aborted. The alleged father of the fetus was unknown. Maternal and fetal types were obtained using the 11-locus AmpF'STR Ò SGM Plus Ò kit. The national DNA database was searched for the paternal obligatory alleles and detected two suspects who could not be excluded as father of the male fetus. Additional typing using the AmpF'STR Ò Minifiler Ô kit, containing three additional autosomal loci, was not sufficient to exclude either suspect. Subsequent typing using the PowerPlex Ò 16, containing four additional loci, and Y-Filer Ô kits resulted in excluding one suspect. Searching a database for paternal obligatory alleles can be fruitful, but is fraught with possible false positive results so that finding a match must be taken as only preliminary evidence.