Vito CALDERARO - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Vito CALDERARO

IEEE Systems Journal, 2022

2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2016

Currently, lithium batteries are characterized by higher energy density but they require an accur... more Currently, lithium batteries are characterized by higher energy density but they require an accurate charge and discharge profile to increase its lifetime, and it is not easily to be obtained feeding urban railway systems. On the other hand, supercapacitors are powerful components, which can deliver very high power pulse for both traction and braking phases. The hybridization of these energy storage systems allows obtaining the advantages of the two different technologies improving overall performance but it needs an accurate sizing and energy management. This paper describes a methodology for designing hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) for urban railway applications integrating lithium batteries and supercapacitors. The sizing procedure takes into the account both the energy management strategy and power limitations of the two storage technologies. The effectiveness of the hybrid ESS is shown on a real case study presenting catenary-less zones. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

Power systems are facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through t... more Power systems are facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through the growing penetration level of renewable sources, and demand due to the spread diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs). In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) is becoming technologically attractive but problems of economic and ecological sustainability are still evident. For these reasons, II-Life battery modules are a possible solution for supporting power systems: they are a promising prospect for the modernization process. We propose a method to size an ESS of exhausted plug-in EV battery packs for grid support applications. The method estimates the residual value of cycles for II-Life battery modules, the decrease in the supplied power due to the battery ageing and the number of EV battery packs to meet service requirements. Then, an economic assessment is presented to compare them with an equivalent I-Life storage system.

Power systems are facing increasing strain due to the worldwide diffusion of electric vehicles (E... more Power systems are facing increasing strain due to the worldwide diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs). The need for charging stations (CSs) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in urban and private parking areas (PAs) is becoming a relevant issue. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) could be an effective solution to reduce the peak power request by CSs in PAs to the grid. Moreover, II-Life battery modules are a potential approach for cutting costs and implementing sustainable solutions. We propose a method to size ESSs coupled to CSs by using II-Life battery modules. Our methodology is based on the estimation of the residual cycles and the decrease in the supplied power due to the battery aging for defining the number of EV battery packs required for an ESS use case. Then, economic evaluations are presented to compare II-Life with the equivalent I-Life storage system.

2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017

The increasing penetration of distributed generation in LV distribution systems brings new challe... more The increasing penetration of distributed generation in LV distribution systems brings new challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs). For instance, the unpredictable generation of photovoltaic (PV) units may increase the effort of DSO in maintaining the demand/supply balance in the network. To this end, co-located energy storage systems (ESSs) can be a precious resource for improving the operation of PV units and increasing self-consumption of solar energy. On the other hand, DSO can take advantage of these assets by envisaging an ancillary service for improving voltage profiles based on the ability of ESSs to shift local demand/generation from a period to another period in time. To identify a fair remuneration for customers involved in providing the proposed ancillary service, we assess the opportunity cost of the forgone alternative: the cost of not self-consume solar energy. The proposal is tested on a typical LV Italian distribution network considering different scenarios and policies.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2018

2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2016

Many distribution utilities are facing with the challenge to integrate increasing amounts of phot... more Many distribution utilities are facing with the challenge to integrate increasing amounts of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can be used for supporting producers and distribution system operators to give more flexibility to the network in terms of dispatching capability of PV, load shifting, peak shaving, ancillary services. This paper proposes to support locally voltage profiles by means of PV with co-located BESS in order to maximize, as much as possible, the active power production reducing the exchange of reactive power. If BESSs are not able to support voltage profiles, the modulation of the PV production is taken into account. Long-term analysis is performed on a real Italian test MV network taking into account the capability curves of power-electronic PV and BESS interfaces.

2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016

In this paper, we propose a validation procedure of energy consumption patterns implemented in a ... more In this paper, we propose a validation procedure of energy consumption patterns implemented in a steady-state railway system software simulator by using experimental measured data. The software tool is able to evaluate the energy supplied by the feeding line to move a metro vehicle implementing different speed profiles. In particular, we suggest a simply methodology aimed to calibrate the metro system models by minimizing the mean squared error (MSE) between the estimate values of the model parameters and the real ones. The optimization problem we formulated, takes into account the equality constraints between the measured energy consumption at specific instants, and that computed by the software simulator. The effectiveness of this energy validation procedure is showed on a real case study comparing the energy consumption of metro vehicle implementing eco-drive speed profiles. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

2016 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), 2016

This paper presents the results of the research activities carried out by the power system resear... more This paper presents the results of the research activities carried out by the power system research groups of the University of Salerno and University of Naples “Federico II”, as part of the National Research Project “SCADA”. In detail, a software tool for the smart grid representation integrated with a state estimation (SE) function for a SCADA system has been developed. The tool is based on web-server applications whereas the SE function uses lognormal distributions for bus voltages, taking into account the correlation among the variables. The architecture and the human machine interface (HMI) are shown and simulations on a test network are presented. The results are encouraging and useful for technicians and engineers.

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

The paper propose an energy management strategy for high efficiency battery-based substation (Aux... more The paper propose an energy management strategy for high efficiency battery-based substation (Auxiliary Battery Substation - ABS) able to power weak railways in areas without energy supply from the grid. The proposed control algorithm makes the ABS able to sustain part of the peak current absorbed during traction by high performance trains operating on traditional 3 kV DC rail networks. The proposed solution also, according to the state of charge and of the line voltage, allows the ABS system to recover the train's braking energy making it available to the next train departure. Several simulations are performed on a real Italian 3 kV railway system feeding a new generation high speed train, where the ABS supports existing supply system. The simulation results show that the ABS and its control allow the use of high performance trains even on 3 kV traditional lines not properly powerful.

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

International Review of Electrical Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Microgrids could increase reliability locally through the establishment of a specific im... more ABSTRACT Microgrids could increase reliability locally through the establishment of a specific improvement plan that integrates distributed power generation and other smart technologies. In this paper we propose a solution method for an optimal generation rescheduling problem in microgrids in order to determinate a stable equilibrium state following outages. The presented approach, focused on MV distribution systems, takes into account uncertainty modeled by Fuzzy Numbers due to both the load profiles and the power production from renewable energy sources. The method has been tested on 69-bus radial distribution systems considering two outage cases to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method. The obtained encouraging results are presented and discussed.

IEEE Systems Journal, 2016

Microgrids represent a smart solution to increase power system reliability through the developmen... more Microgrids represent a smart solution to increase power system reliability through the development of self-supplied islands that integrate distributed power generation and other smart technologies. In this paper, we formulate and solve an optimal generation rescheduling and load shedding problem in microgrids to determine a stable equilibrium state following outages. To address this problem, focused on MV distribution systems, we use a new methodology based on the use of fuzzy numbers is proposed. The approach allows representing the sources of uncertainty in the data or approximations made during the computation and considering many possible scenarios in case of outages. In order to demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed method, several simulations have been carried out on a 69-bus radial distribution system, and results have been compared with those obtained by using a stochastic optimization approach. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015

This paper reports on the quantification of the variable effects of the integration of demand res... more This paper reports on the quantification of the variable effects of the integration of demand response resources (DRRs) in a power system with integrated renewable energy sources (RESs) and utility-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) with the various sources of uncertainty explicitly represented. We deploy a stochastic simulation approach based on Monte Carlo techniques to emulate the transmission-constrained hourly day ahead markets (DAMs) over longer term periods. Salient characteristics of the approach are the ability to represent the spatial and temporal correlation of the loads and the renewable resources, the ability to explicitly represent the payback characteristics of DRRs and the deployment of effective strategies to provide computational tractability for large-scale grids. We illustrate the application of the approach to a modified version of the WECC 240 bus-system to perform various study cases to evaluate the economics, emissions and reliability metrics. The studies illustrate the strong capabilities of the approach and provide insights into the impacts of deepening penetration of DRRs under different intensity levels.

2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015

Recently, new standards and incentives are spreading the installation of energy storage systems (... more Recently, new standards and incentives are spreading the installation of energy storage systems (ESSs) to promote, inter alia, the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration. ESSs can be used for supporting producers and distribution system operators to give more flexibility to the grid in terms of dispatching capability of RES, load shifting, peak shaving, ancillary services. This paper proposes a local voltage control method based on the capability of ESSs to exchange power with the network in order to maximize, as much as possible, the active power production avoiding the disconnection of generators when voltage limits are violated. The method is applied to a real Italian test MV network and the obtained results are encouraging.

2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015

The integration of distributed PV units in LV distribution networks with co-located energy storag... more The integration of distributed PV units in LV distribution networks with co-located energy storage systems (ESSs) allows increasing the amount of consumed local electrical energy while significantly raising the PV penetration. The installation of ESSs may in addition promote the self-consumption of energy and reduce the mismatch between the demand and the PV power generation making such power source dispatchable. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed by varying residential load profiles, sizes and locations of PV units and ESSs in order to assess the impact that a local and independent control of co-located PV units and ESSs have on the grid. Time series unbalanced power flow simulations are carried out considering different scenarios on a typical LV Italian distribution network. The results are evaluated in terms of benefits on voltage profiles pointing out a significantly reduction of voltage problems on the network at each penetration level.

Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, 2012

A fuzzy controller for improving Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of Variable Speed Wind Turbi... more A fuzzy controller for improving Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of Variable Speed Wind Turbines (WTs) equipped with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. The controller is designed in order to compensate the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) by regulating the reactive and active power generated by WTs. The performances of the controller are evaluated in some case studies considering a different number of wind farms in different locations. Simulations, carried out on a real 37-bus Italian weak distribution system, confirmed that the proposed controller can enhance the FRT capability in many cases.

IEEE Systems Journal, 2022

2016 International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), 2016

Currently, lithium batteries are characterized by higher energy density but they require an accur... more Currently, lithium batteries are characterized by higher energy density but they require an accurate charge and discharge profile to increase its lifetime, and it is not easily to be obtained feeding urban railway systems. On the other hand, supercapacitors are powerful components, which can deliver very high power pulse for both traction and braking phases. The hybridization of these energy storage systems allows obtaining the advantages of the two different technologies improving overall performance but it needs an accurate sizing and energy management. This paper describes a methodology for designing hybrid energy storage systems (ESS) for urban railway applications integrating lithium batteries and supercapacitors. The sizing procedure takes into the account both the energy management strategy and power limitations of the two storage technologies. The effectiveness of the hybrid ESS is shown on a real case study presenting catenary-less zones. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

Power systems are facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through t... more Power systems are facing increasing stress due to modernization changes in both supply, through the growing penetration level of renewable sources, and demand due to the spread diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs). In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) is becoming technologically attractive but problems of economic and ecological sustainability are still evident. For these reasons, II-Life battery modules are a possible solution for supporting power systems: they are a promising prospect for the modernization process. We propose a method to size an ESS of exhausted plug-in EV battery packs for grid support applications. The method estimates the residual value of cycles for II-Life battery modules, the decrease in the supplied power due to the battery ageing and the number of EV battery packs to meet service requirements. Then, an economic assessment is presented to compare them with an equivalent I-Life storage system.

Power systems are facing increasing strain due to the worldwide diffusion of electric vehicles (E... more Power systems are facing increasing strain due to the worldwide diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs). The need for charging stations (CSs) for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in urban and private parking areas (PAs) is becoming a relevant issue. In this scenario, the use of energy storage systems (ESSs) could be an effective solution to reduce the peak power request by CSs in PAs to the grid. Moreover, II-Life battery modules are a potential approach for cutting costs and implementing sustainable solutions. We propose a method to size ESSs coupled to CSs by using II-Life battery modules. Our methodology is based on the estimation of the residual cycles and the decrease in the supplied power due to the battery aging for defining the number of EV battery packs required for an ESS use case. Then, economic evaluations are presented to compare II-Life with the equivalent I-Life storage system.

2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, 2017

The increasing penetration of distributed generation in LV distribution systems brings new challe... more The increasing penetration of distributed generation in LV distribution systems brings new challenges for distribution system operators (DSOs). For instance, the unpredictable generation of photovoltaic (PV) units may increase the effort of DSO in maintaining the demand/supply balance in the network. To this end, co-located energy storage systems (ESSs) can be a precious resource for improving the operation of PV units and increasing self-consumption of solar energy. On the other hand, DSO can take advantage of these assets by envisaging an ancillary service for improving voltage profiles based on the ability of ESSs to shift local demand/generation from a period to another period in time. To identify a fair remuneration for customers involved in providing the proposed ancillary service, we assess the opportunity cost of the forgone alternative: the cost of not self-consume solar energy. The proposal is tested on a typical LV Italian distribution network considering different scenarios and policies.

Electric Power Systems Research, 2018

2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), 2016

Many distribution utilities are facing with the challenge to integrate increasing amounts of phot... more Many distribution utilities are facing with the challenge to integrate increasing amounts of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) can be used for supporting producers and distribution system operators to give more flexibility to the network in terms of dispatching capability of PV, load shifting, peak shaving, ancillary services. This paper proposes to support locally voltage profiles by means of PV with co-located BESS in order to maximize, as much as possible, the active power production reducing the exchange of reactive power. If BESSs are not able to support voltage profiles, the modulation of the PV production is taken into account. Long-term analysis is performed on a real Italian test MV network taking into account the capability curves of power-electronic PV and BESS interfaces.

2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC), 2016

In this paper, we propose a validation procedure of energy consumption patterns implemented in a ... more In this paper, we propose a validation procedure of energy consumption patterns implemented in a steady-state railway system software simulator by using experimental measured data. The software tool is able to evaluate the energy supplied by the feeding line to move a metro vehicle implementing different speed profiles. In particular, we suggest a simply methodology aimed to calibrate the metro system models by minimizing the mean squared error (MSE) between the estimate values of the model parameters and the real ones. The optimization problem we formulated, takes into account the equality constraints between the measured energy consumption at specific instants, and that computed by the software simulator. The effectiveness of this energy validation procedure is showed on a real case study comparing the energy consumption of metro vehicle implementing eco-drive speed profiles. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

2016 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), 2016

This paper presents the results of the research activities carried out by the power system resear... more This paper presents the results of the research activities carried out by the power system research groups of the University of Salerno and University of Naples “Federico II”, as part of the National Research Project “SCADA”. In detail, a software tool for the smart grid representation integrated with a state estimation (SE) function for a SCADA system has been developed. The tool is based on web-server applications whereas the SE function uses lognormal distributions for bus voltages, taking into account the correlation among the variables. The architecture and the human machine interface (HMI) are shown and simulations on a test network are presented. The results are encouraging and useful for technicians and engineers.

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

The paper propose an energy management strategy for high efficiency battery-based substation (Aux... more The paper propose an energy management strategy for high efficiency battery-based substation (Auxiliary Battery Substation - ABS) able to power weak railways in areas without energy supply from the grid. The proposed control algorithm makes the ABS able to sustain part of the peak current absorbed during traction by high performance trains operating on traditional 3 kV DC rail networks. The proposed solution also, according to the state of charge and of the line voltage, allows the ABS system to recover the train's braking energy making it available to the next train departure. Several simulations are performed on a real Italian 3 kV railway system feeding a new generation high speed train, where the ABS supports existing supply system. The simulation results show that the ABS and its control allow the use of high performance trains even on 3 kV traditional lines not properly powerful.

2015 International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 2015

International Review of Electrical Engineering, 2013

ABSTRACT Microgrids could increase reliability locally through the establishment of a specific im... more ABSTRACT Microgrids could increase reliability locally through the establishment of a specific improvement plan that integrates distributed power generation and other smart technologies. In this paper we propose a solution method for an optimal generation rescheduling problem in microgrids in order to determinate a stable equilibrium state following outages. The presented approach, focused on MV distribution systems, takes into account uncertainty modeled by Fuzzy Numbers due to both the load profiles and the power production from renewable energy sources. The method has been tested on 69-bus radial distribution systems considering two outage cases to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method. The obtained encouraging results are presented and discussed.

IEEE Systems Journal, 2016

Microgrids represent a smart solution to increase power system reliability through the developmen... more Microgrids represent a smart solution to increase power system reliability through the development of self-supplied islands that integrate distributed power generation and other smart technologies. In this paper, we formulate and solve an optimal generation rescheduling and load shedding problem in microgrids to determine a stable equilibrium state following outages. To address this problem, focused on MV distribution systems, we use a new methodology based on the use of fuzzy numbers is proposed. The approach allows representing the sources of uncertainty in the data or approximations made during the computation and considering many possible scenarios in case of outages. In order to demonstrate the performance and the effectiveness of the proposed method, several simulations have been carried out on a 69-bus radial distribution system, and results have been compared with those obtained by using a stochastic optimization approach. The encouraging results are presented and discussed.

2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015

This paper reports on the quantification of the variable effects of the integration of demand res... more This paper reports on the quantification of the variable effects of the integration of demand response resources (DRRs) in a power system with integrated renewable energy sources (RESs) and utility-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) with the various sources of uncertainty explicitly represented. We deploy a stochastic simulation approach based on Monte Carlo techniques to emulate the transmission-constrained hourly day ahead markets (DAMs) over longer term periods. Salient characteristics of the approach are the ability to represent the spatial and temporal correlation of the loads and the renewable resources, the ability to explicitly represent the payback characteristics of DRRs and the deployment of effective strategies to provide computational tractability for large-scale grids. We illustrate the application of the approach to a modified version of the WECC 240 bus-system to perform various study cases to evaluate the economics, emissions and reliability metrics. The studies illustrate the strong capabilities of the approach and provide insights into the impacts of deepening penetration of DRRs under different intensity levels.

2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015

Recently, new standards and incentives are spreading the installation of energy storage systems (... more Recently, new standards and incentives are spreading the installation of energy storage systems (ESSs) to promote, inter alia, the renewable energy sources (RES) penetration. ESSs can be used for supporting producers and distribution system operators to give more flexibility to the grid in terms of dispatching capability of RES, load shifting, peak shaving, ancillary services. This paper proposes a local voltage control method based on the capability of ESSs to exchange power with the network in order to maximize, as much as possible, the active power production avoiding the disconnection of generators when voltage limits are violated. The method is applied to a real Italian test MV network and the obtained results are encouraging.

2015 IEEE Eindhoven PowerTech, 2015

The integration of distributed PV units in LV distribution networks with co-located energy storag... more The integration of distributed PV units in LV distribution networks with co-located energy storage systems (ESSs) allows increasing the amount of consumed local electrical energy while significantly raising the PV penetration. The installation of ESSs may in addition promote the self-consumption of energy and reduce the mismatch between the demand and the PV power generation making such power source dispatchable. A Monte Carlo simulation is performed by varying residential load profiles, sizes and locations of PV units and ESSs in order to assess the impact that a local and independent control of co-located PV units and ESSs have on the grid. Time series unbalanced power flow simulations are carried out considering different scenarios on a typical LV Italian distribution network. The results are evaluated in terms of benefits on voltage profiles pointing out a significantly reduction of voltage problems on the network at each penetration level.

Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing, 2012

A fuzzy controller for improving Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of Variable Speed Wind Turbi... more A fuzzy controller for improving Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capability of Variable Speed Wind Turbines (WTs) equipped with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. The controller is designed in order to compensate the voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) by regulating the reactive and active power generated by WTs. The performances of the controller are evaluated in some case studies considering a different number of wind farms in different locations. Simulations, carried out on a real 37-bus Italian weak distribution system, confirmed that the proposed controller can enhance the FRT capability in many cases.