V. Kaltsatos - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by V. Kaltsatos

Research paper thumbnail of Six month target animal safety study of spironolactone and benazepril hydrochloride combination (Cardalis (R)) for oral administration in dogs

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Research paper thumbnail of Rationale of a Combination of Spironolactone and Benazepril for Treatment of Heart Failure in Dog

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Research paper thumbnail of Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery: review and perspectives

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2001

Intramammary infections (IMIs) represent a major feature in bovine pathology. The treatment of IM... more Intramammary infections (IMIs) represent a major feature in bovine pathology. The treatment of IMIs concern antimicrobial substances. Therapeutic strategies involve administration of immediate release formulations during lactation with or without long-acting formulations during the dry period. Current treatments are not very successful and cure rates are poor, especially towards Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for chronic infections and huge economic losses. New strategies have recently been investigated. These include particular immunomodulators like lysostaphin or cytokines, and novel formulations (e.g. liposomes, microparticles or nanoparticles) that allow uptake of the active component by phagocytes and thus prolong an enhanced antibacterial activity.

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Research paper thumbnail of Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts (BODI®) for the treatment of external ocular infections in dogs

Journal of Controlled Release, 2002

In the case of external ocular diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) ... more In the case of external ocular diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and superficial corneal ulcers, topical administration of eyedrops containing an antibacterial agent is often prescribed. Numerous daily instillations of eyedrops over several days are required for successful treatment, often leading to bad compliance. In addition, the reflex lachrymation following instillation promotes rapid elimination of the drug from the corneal surface. To overcome the disadvantage of repeated instillations, a soluble bioadhesive ophthalmic drug insert (BODI) to be placed in the lower cul de sac of the eye was developed. The clinical efficacy, after deposition of one insert and a classical eyedrop treatment (Tiacil), Virbac Laboratories), was investigated in dogs presenting conjunctivitis, superficial corneal ulcer or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Similar total clinical recovery results were obtained after 3 and 7 days for both treatments. BODI can therefore advantageously be prescribed for the treatment of external ophthalmic diseases, by reducing the treatment to a single application and therefore improving compliance compared to classical eyedrop treatment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Keeping the drug in your eye

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Research paper thumbnail of Bioequivalence study of two long-acting formulations of oxytetracycline following intramuscular administration in the sheep

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Research paper thumbnail of Specifications for the design of dosage forms : Report of an SFSTP commission

The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequ... more The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequisite to quality control. This document must be presented as a contract between the different persons involved in the project and be capable of evolving during the different development phases. It must enable the formulation scientist to clearly define the objectives and key points of the new dosage form development. Early data necessary to elaborate these specifications are of scientific, economic, commercial, industrial, regulatory and environmental natures. Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'un cahier des charges galenique apparait comme une necessite dans la maitrise de la qualite. Ce document doit etre contractuel, refletant les points de vue des differents acteurs du developpement, et evolutif en s'adaptant aux differentes phases de mise au point. Il doit permettre aux galenistes de mieux definir les objectifs et les ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Cahier des charges en conception galénique. Rapport d'une commission SFSTP

Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'u... more Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'un cahier des charges galenique apparait comme une necessite dans la maitrise de la qualite. Ce document doit etre contractuel, refletant les points de vue des differents acteurs du developpement, et evolutif, en s'adaptant aux differentes phases de mise au point. Il doit permettre aux galenistes de mieux definir les objectifs et les points clefs du developpement de la nouvelle forme pharmaceutique. Les donnees d'entree pour l'etablissement de ce cahier des charges doivent etre scientifiques, economiques, commerciales, industrielles, technico-reglementaires et environnementales. The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequisite to quality control. This document must be presented as a contract between the different persons involved in the project and be capable of evolving during the different development phases. It must enab...

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Research paper thumbnail of The efficacy of an oral treatment with paromomycin against an experimental infection with Giardia in calves

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Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of permethrin, dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen on adult fleas, flea eggs collection, and flea egg development following transplantation of mature female fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) from cats to dogs

Veterinary Parasitology, 2012

A novel spot-on formulation combining permethrin, pyriproxifen and dinotefuran (Vectra 3D™ spot-o... more A novel spot-on formulation combining permethrin, pyriproxifen and dinotefuran (Vectra 3D™ spot-on solution for dogs) was evaluated in adult Beagle dogs in a study to determine adulticidal efficacy, egg laying inhibition and viability of Ctenocephalides felis felis eggs (development and emergence of fleas from the collected eggs). Prior to treatment sixteen dogs were checked for their ability to keep fleas 24 hours after infestation and were allocated to treatment groups: 8 dogs served as untreated controls, and 8 dogs were treated once with the tested formulation. The spot on was administered respecting the laboratory recommendations at a dosage of 65-126 mg/kg of permethrin; 8.9-17.4 mg/kg of dinotefuran and 0.8-1.5mg/kg of pyriproxyfen. Each dog was infested with 100 adult cat fleas ready to lay eggs after 72 hours spent feeding on cats. Dogs were infested 24 hours after treatment and then weekly during 63 days. Eggs were collected and counted 24 hours after each infestation and dogs were combed 48 hours after each infestation. Fleas were counted and removed. Collected eggs were placed in incubator to study their development in larvae and into newly emerged adults. A single treatment provided 99.7% adulticidal efficacy on fleas within 48 hours after treatment and controlled re-infestations for up to 30 days (efficacy >96.20%, p<0.05). The egg laying inhibition was over 92.3% for up to 29 days (p<0.05). The adult emergence inhibition remained 100% during 8 weeks after treatment and was 99.8% nine weeks after treatment (p<0.001).

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Research paper thumbnail of Ocular Availability of Gentamicin in Small Animals After Topical Administration of a Conventional Eye Drop Solution and a Novel Long Acting Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Insert

Pharmaceutical Research, 1995

Purpose. Gentamicin eye drop solutions have a short precorneal residence time. The present study ... more Purpose. Gentamicin eye drop solutions have a short precorneal residence time. The present study investigates the effect of gentamicin using a new long acting delivery Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Insert (BODI) in healthy dogs and rabbits and compares the results with a conventional regimen using an eye drop solution.

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Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of dinotefuran, permethrin and pyriproxyfen combination spot-on on dogs against Phlebotomus perniciosus and Ctenocephalides canis

Parasitology Research, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Spironolactone on Survival in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Mitral Regurgitation Caused by Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2010

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Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Soluble Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI®) for Prolonged Release of Gentamicin: Lachrymal Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Tolerance

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1998

The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI... more The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI) for prolonged release of gentamicin sulfate (GS) in tears. The BODIs (length 5.0 mm, diameter 2.0 mm, weight 20.5 mg, average GS content 5.0 mg) were prepared by extrusion of a mixture based on hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), ethylcellulose (EC) and carbomer. Two methods were tested to prolong the release of GS in tears: (1) preliminary treatment of GS and (2) use of a less hydrophilic polymer than HPC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), as a vehicle constituent. The preliminary treatment consisted of the formation of a GS/cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) solid dispersion (ratio GS/CAP: 10/6) made in acetonic medium, and in the coating of GS/EC granules (GS/EC ratio: 10/0.5) with an aqueous dispersion of CAP, to form a GS/EC/CAP coprecipitate (GS/EC/CAP ratio: 10/0.5/6). Inserts containing GS/CAP solid dispersion, GS/EC/CAP coprecipitate and HPMC resulted in improved time of efficacy (t(eff)) (43.8, 23.3, and 33.1 h, respectively), when compared to inserts containing GS without preliminary treatment (t(eff) = 11.9 h). A high irritation level was observed for inserts containing the GS/EC/CAP and HPMC. A relation between t(eff) and irritation score was established, emphasizing the importance of irritability as a factor during the evaluation of the potential of these systems.

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Research paper thumbnail of Long-acting soluble bioadhesive ophthalmic drug insert (BODI) containing gentamicin for veterinary use: optimization and clinical investigation

Journal of Controlled Release, 1995

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Research paper thumbnail of Cephradin-plaga microspheres for sustained delivery to cattle

Journal of microencapsulation, 1999

In the field of controlled drug delivery, most of the reported work is aimed at introducing new s... more In the field of controlled drug delivery, most of the reported work is aimed at introducing new systems, or at providing basic information on the critical parameters which affect release profiles in vitro and occasionally in vivo. The situation is totally different when one wants to ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Labile conjugation of a hydrophilic drug to PLA oligomers to modify a drug delivery system: cephradin in a PLAGA matrix

Journal of …, 2000

The physical entrapment of a hydrophilic drug within degradable microspheres is generally difficu... more The physical entrapment of a hydrophilic drug within degradable microspheres is generally difficult because of poor entrapment yield and/or fast release, depending on the microsphere fabrication method. In order to counter the effects of drug hydrophilicity, it is proposed to ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Optimized release of dexamethasone and gentamicin from a soluble ocular insert for the treatment of external ophthalmic infections

Journal of controlled …, 1998

In the case of external ophthalmic infections, repeated instillations of antibiotics are required... more In the case of external ophthalmic infections, repeated instillations of antibiotics are required to reach therapeutic level, above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An additional administration of a corticosteroid is often needed, in order to limit the precorneal damages caused by the infection. However, repeated administration of a corticosteroid can increase intraocular pressure and thus lead to glaucoma. To overcome the disadvantages of separated and repeated instillations of two products and to avoid the side effects of dexamethasone, a soluble insert containing gentamicin sulfate and dexamethasone phosphate was developed. The new system ensures the concomitant release of the two drugs during the first 10 h of treatment, followed by an adequate concentration of gentamicin sulfate, above the MIC of 4.0 microgram ml-1, during 50 h, due to a combination of gentamicin sulfate with cellulose acetate phthalate, which reduces the solubility of gentamicin.

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Research paper thumbnail of Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of GIT disease in pigs

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Research paper thumbnail of Salivary fluoride concentrations following applications of bioadhesive tablets and mouthrinses

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2000

Presence of elevated fluoride concentration in saliva is important for the prevention of caries. ... more Presence of elevated fluoride concentration in saliva is important for the prevention of caries. In the present study, we developed an intra-oral bioadhesive tablet aimed at delivering F(-) in the mouth over a prolonged period of time. Various tablet formulations were tested in vivo for their tolerance and adhesiveness. Two formulations were selected for further studies on salivary fluoride clearance. For comparison, mouthrinses with increasing F(-) concentrations were also examined. Results indicate that a bioadhesive tablet located on the upper gingiva is able to sustain salivary F(-) concentrations for about 10h without major side effects. Mouthrinses with high F(-) concentration were able to prolong salivary fluoride retention for more than 6h.

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Research paper thumbnail of Six month target animal safety study of spironolactone and benazepril hydrochloride combination (Cardalis (R)) for oral administration in dogs

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Rationale of a Combination of Spironolactone and Benazepril for Treatment of Heart Failure in Dog

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Bovine mastitis and intramammary drug delivery: review and perspectives

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 2001

Intramammary infections (IMIs) represent a major feature in bovine pathology. The treatment of IM... more Intramammary infections (IMIs) represent a major feature in bovine pathology. The treatment of IMIs concern antimicrobial substances. Therapeutic strategies involve administration of immediate release formulations during lactation with or without long-acting formulations during the dry period. Current treatments are not very successful and cure rates are poor, especially towards Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for chronic infections and huge economic losses. New strategies have recently been investigated. These include particular immunomodulators like lysostaphin or cytokines, and novel formulations (e.g. liposomes, microparticles or nanoparticles) that allow uptake of the active component by phagocytes and thus prolong an enhanced antibacterial activity.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Clinical evaluation of bioadhesive ophthalmic drug inserts (BODI®) for the treatment of external ocular infections in dogs

Journal of Controlled Release, 2002

In the case of external ocular diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) ... more In the case of external ocular diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and superficial corneal ulcers, topical administration of eyedrops containing an antibacterial agent is often prescribed. Numerous daily instillations of eyedrops over several days are required for successful treatment, often leading to bad compliance. In addition, the reflex lachrymation following instillation promotes rapid elimination of the drug from the corneal surface. To overcome the disadvantage of repeated instillations, a soluble bioadhesive ophthalmic drug insert (BODI) to be placed in the lower cul de sac of the eye was developed. The clinical efficacy, after deposition of one insert and a classical eyedrop treatment (Tiacil), Virbac Laboratories), was investigated in dogs presenting conjunctivitis, superficial corneal ulcer or keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Similar total clinical recovery results were obtained after 3 and 7 days for both treatments. BODI can therefore advantageously be prescribed for the treatment of external ophthalmic diseases, by reducing the treatment to a single application and therefore improving compliance compared to classical eyedrop treatment.

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Research paper thumbnail of Keeping the drug in your eye

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Research paper thumbnail of Bioequivalence study of two long-acting formulations of oxytetracycline following intramuscular administration in the sheep

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Specifications for the design of dosage forms : Report of an SFSTP commission

The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequ... more The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequisite to quality control. This document must be presented as a contract between the different persons involved in the project and be capable of evolving during the different development phases. It must enable the formulation scientist to clearly define the objectives and key points of the new dosage form development. Early data necessary to elaborate these specifications are of scientific, economic, commercial, industrial, regulatory and environmental natures. Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'un cahier des charges galenique apparait comme une necessite dans la maitrise de la qualite. Ce document doit etre contractuel, refletant les points de vue des differents acteurs du developpement, et evolutif en s'adaptant aux differentes phases de mise au point. Il doit permettre aux galenistes de mieux definir les objectifs et les ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Cahier des charges en conception galénique. Rapport d'une commission SFSTP

Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'u... more Dans le cadre du developpement d'une nouvelle forme pharmaceutique, l'elaboration d'un cahier des charges galenique apparait comme une necessite dans la maitrise de la qualite. Ce document doit etre contractuel, refletant les points de vue des differents acteurs du developpement, et evolutif, en s'adaptant aux differentes phases de mise au point. Il doit permettre aux galenistes de mieux definir les objectifs et les points clefs du developpement de la nouvelle forme pharmaceutique. Les donnees d'entree pour l'etablissement de ce cahier des charges doivent etre scientifiques, economiques, commerciales, industrielles, technico-reglementaires et environnementales. The need to elaborate specifications for the development of new dosage forms appears as a prerequisite to quality control. This document must be presented as a contract between the different persons involved in the project and be capable of evolving during the different development phases. It must enab...

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Research paper thumbnail of The efficacy of an oral treatment with paromomycin against an experimental infection with Giardia in calves

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of permethrin, dinotefuran and pyriproxyfen on adult fleas, flea eggs collection, and flea egg development following transplantation of mature female fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) from cats to dogs

Veterinary Parasitology, 2012

A novel spot-on formulation combining permethrin, pyriproxifen and dinotefuran (Vectra 3D™ spot-o... more A novel spot-on formulation combining permethrin, pyriproxifen and dinotefuran (Vectra 3D™ spot-on solution for dogs) was evaluated in adult Beagle dogs in a study to determine adulticidal efficacy, egg laying inhibition and viability of Ctenocephalides felis felis eggs (development and emergence of fleas from the collected eggs). Prior to treatment sixteen dogs were checked for their ability to keep fleas 24 hours after infestation and were allocated to treatment groups: 8 dogs served as untreated controls, and 8 dogs were treated once with the tested formulation. The spot on was administered respecting the laboratory recommendations at a dosage of 65-126 mg/kg of permethrin; 8.9-17.4 mg/kg of dinotefuran and 0.8-1.5mg/kg of pyriproxyfen. Each dog was infested with 100 adult cat fleas ready to lay eggs after 72 hours spent feeding on cats. Dogs were infested 24 hours after treatment and then weekly during 63 days. Eggs were collected and counted 24 hours after each infestation and dogs were combed 48 hours after each infestation. Fleas were counted and removed. Collected eggs were placed in incubator to study their development in larvae and into newly emerged adults. A single treatment provided 99.7% adulticidal efficacy on fleas within 48 hours after treatment and controlled re-infestations for up to 30 days (efficacy >96.20%, p<0.05). The egg laying inhibition was over 92.3% for up to 29 days (p<0.05). The adult emergence inhibition remained 100% during 8 weeks after treatment and was 99.8% nine weeks after treatment (p<0.001).

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Research paper thumbnail of Ocular Availability of Gentamicin in Small Animals After Topical Administration of a Conventional Eye Drop Solution and a Novel Long Acting Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Insert

Pharmaceutical Research, 1995

Purpose. Gentamicin eye drop solutions have a short precorneal residence time. The present study ... more Purpose. Gentamicin eye drop solutions have a short precorneal residence time. The present study investigates the effect of gentamicin using a new long acting delivery Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Insert (BODI) in healthy dogs and rabbits and compares the results with a conventional regimen using an eye drop solution.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of dinotefuran, permethrin and pyriproxyfen combination spot-on on dogs against Phlebotomus perniciosus and Ctenocephalides canis

Parasitology Research, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Spironolactone on Survival in Dogs with Naturally Occurring Mitral Regurgitation Caused by Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2010

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Soluble Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI®) for Prolonged Release of Gentamicin: Lachrymal Pharmacokinetics and Ocular Tolerance

Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1998

The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI... more The purpose of this investigation was the evaluation of Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Drug Inserts (BODI) for prolonged release of gentamicin sulfate (GS) in tears. The BODIs (length 5.0 mm, diameter 2.0 mm, weight 20.5 mg, average GS content 5.0 mg) were prepared by extrusion of a mixture based on hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), ethylcellulose (EC) and carbomer. Two methods were tested to prolong the release of GS in tears: (1) preliminary treatment of GS and (2) use of a less hydrophilic polymer than HPC, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), as a vehicle constituent. The preliminary treatment consisted of the formation of a GS/cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) solid dispersion (ratio GS/CAP: 10/6) made in acetonic medium, and in the coating of GS/EC granules (GS/EC ratio: 10/0.5) with an aqueous dispersion of CAP, to form a GS/EC/CAP coprecipitate (GS/EC/CAP ratio: 10/0.5/6). Inserts containing GS/CAP solid dispersion, GS/EC/CAP coprecipitate and HPMC resulted in improved time of efficacy (t(eff)) (43.8, 23.3, and 33.1 h, respectively), when compared to inserts containing GS without preliminary treatment (t(eff) = 11.9 h). A high irritation level was observed for inserts containing the GS/EC/CAP and HPMC. A relation between t(eff) and irritation score was established, emphasizing the importance of irritability as a factor during the evaluation of the potential of these systems.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Long-acting soluble bioadhesive ophthalmic drug insert (BODI) containing gentamicin for veterinary use: optimization and clinical investigation

Journal of Controlled Release, 1995

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Cephradin-plaga microspheres for sustained delivery to cattle

Journal of microencapsulation, 1999

In the field of controlled drug delivery, most of the reported work is aimed at introducing new s... more In the field of controlled drug delivery, most of the reported work is aimed at introducing new systems, or at providing basic information on the critical parameters which affect release profiles in vitro and occasionally in vivo. The situation is totally different when one wants to ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Labile conjugation of a hydrophilic drug to PLA oligomers to modify a drug delivery system: cephradin in a PLAGA matrix

Journal of …, 2000

The physical entrapment of a hydrophilic drug within degradable microspheres is generally difficu... more The physical entrapment of a hydrophilic drug within degradable microspheres is generally difficult because of poor entrapment yield and/or fast release, depending on the microsphere fabrication method. In order to counter the effects of drug hydrophilicity, it is proposed to ...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Optimized release of dexamethasone and gentamicin from a soluble ocular insert for the treatment of external ophthalmic infections

Journal of controlled …, 1998

In the case of external ophthalmic infections, repeated instillations of antibiotics are required... more In the case of external ophthalmic infections, repeated instillations of antibiotics are required to reach therapeutic level, above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). An additional administration of a corticosteroid is often needed, in order to limit the precorneal damages caused by the infection. However, repeated administration of a corticosteroid can increase intraocular pressure and thus lead to glaucoma. To overcome the disadvantages of separated and repeated instillations of two products and to avoid the side effects of dexamethasone, a soluble insert containing gentamicin sulfate and dexamethasone phosphate was developed. The new system ensures the concomitant release of the two drugs during the first 10 h of treatment, followed by an adequate concentration of gentamicin sulfate, above the MIC of 4.0 microgram ml-1, during 50 h, due to a combination of gentamicin sulfate with cellulose acetate phthalate, which reduces the solubility of gentamicin.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Determination of a dosage regimen of colistin by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modeling for treatment of GIT disease in pigs

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Salivary fluoride concentrations following applications of bioadhesive tablets and mouthrinses

European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2000

Presence of elevated fluoride concentration in saliva is important for the prevention of caries. ... more Presence of elevated fluoride concentration in saliva is important for the prevention of caries. In the present study, we developed an intra-oral bioadhesive tablet aimed at delivering F(-) in the mouth over a prolonged period of time. Various tablet formulations were tested in vivo for their tolerance and adhesiveness. Two formulations were selected for further studies on salivary fluoride clearance. For comparison, mouthrinses with increasing F(-) concentrations were also examined. Results indicate that a bioadhesive tablet located on the upper gingiva is able to sustain salivary F(-) concentrations for about 10h without major side effects. Mouthrinses with high F(-) concentration were able to prolong salivary fluoride retention for more than 6h.

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