Vilas Tonapi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Vilas Tonapi
Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences, 2017
Millets are a major source of staple food for human, forage for the livestock, and industrial raw... more Millets are a major source of staple food for human, forage for the livestock, and industrial raw material. These are grown in semi-arid climate due to their ability to grow and complete their life cycle in less than 400mm rainfall. They have huge potential to enhance livelihood of the resource poor farmers in dryland and rainfed agriculture using location-specific improved production technology, trait-specific production, millets supply chain management, buyback arrangements, value-addition of millets, refinement and commercialization of technologies and entrepreneurship development, market development for domestic and export purposes, policy advocacy and creation of awareness, which needs to be implemented at grass-root level with diversified approach. Some issues related to millets are; low remuneration, low adoption of production technologies, biotic and abiotic stress, and lack of policy support unlike other cereals need to be addressed strategically. It requires synergy among technologies, marketing systems, input supplies, credit, policies and institutions to achieve the goal of enhancing farmers’ livelihood in resource-poor areas.
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2020
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2019
to study the influence of gamma radiation doses generated from 60 Cosource of Gamma chamber 5000 ... more to study the influence of gamma radiation doses generated from 60 Cosource of Gamma chamber 5000 on seed quality parameters of sorghum varieties. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design (CRD) with factorial concept with eighteen treatments in combination of three sorghum cultivars (CSH14-Kharif hybrid, C43-Kharif parental line and CSV29R-Rabi variety) and six gamma dose (T0-Control, T1-250 Gy, T2-500 Gy, T3-750 Gy, T4-1000 Gy and T5-2000 Gy) with four replications. Seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage, field emergence, speed of germination, root length, shoot length and seed vigour index were evaluated immediately after irradiation and up to nine months under storage at ambient conditions. Marked significance of interaction effects was recorded for various seed quality parameters studied immediately after exposing the seed to selected doses of gamma rays. The results indicated that gamma doses up to 750 Gy were found to exercise positive influence in enhancing all the germination, seedling and biochemical parameters. However, this gamma radiation differed significantly in their response and registered variable values for seed quality parameters. The doses beyond 750 Gy had detrimental effect by interfering with various seed quality attributes. The analysis of bimonthly data at four intervals on seed storage potential up to nine months indicated significant influence of storage period on all the seed quality parameters including seed health. Marked decline in germination percentage, seedling dimensions and corresponding vigour index was noticed over a period of nine months. Among germination and seedling traits studied, vigour index and root and shoot length were the most sensitive seed quality parameters affected by ageing due to storage under ambient conditions, which registered higher reduction at the end of nine months. These traits can serve as reliable parameters for assessing seed quality under the influence of gamma radiation.
Millets and Millet Technology, 2021
ICAR—India Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) Hyderabad has been instrumental in developing val... more ICAR—India Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) Hyderabad has been instrumental in developing value chain on Millets, resurrecting Millets from being becoming museum crops through demand creation measures. Various innovative interventions include, first being farm level backward integration converting domestic cultivation to commercial cultivation for meeting health conscious urban consumer needs. Second, novel intervention was diversification of processing technologies through developing and retrofitting more than 50 machineries suitability to millets from milling, to many semi-processed technologies such as baking, cold extrusion, hot extrusion, flaking, popping, puffing, fermentation, and malting was standardized. More than 200 recipes were developed to suit various regional pallet and circulated among users in local languages. The prototype of various machinery are now being upscaled. The shelf life of processed products were enhanced from less than a month to 8 months thus offering consumers wide and convenient food options to choose for enhancing millet consumption and paving way for commercialization of millet foods. Third, intervention is nutritional evaluation of millets and their value-added products and clinical trials were conducted to substantiate the health benefits through empirical data ably supported by NIN. Thus, the data generated helps in the labeling of the products for commercialization. The key to commercialize the millets lies in creating USP (unique selling proposition) for flagging it as healthy and convenient option. A Successful and sustainable and replicable value chain model has been furnished through innovations by bringing interventions at on-farm level, processing diversification, nutritional evaluation, market building, entrepreneurship development and creating awareness, assuring sustainable food and nutritional security which are beneficial to not only the poor dryland farmer but also health conscious urban consumers.
![Research paper thumbnail of Stability analysis for seed longevity in landraces of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/107113786/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The), 2020
Seed longevity in sorghum is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. F... more Seed longevity in sorghum is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. Forty-six local landraces representing nine genetic races of sorghum were evaluated under accelerated aging and natural storage conditions to study the genotype-environment interactions and the stability of landraces for seed longevity. Genotype-environment interactions were highly significant indicating the influence of storage conditions on seed longevity. The stability of landraces was estimated using mean (xi), regression coefficient (bi) and regression deviation (S2di). Environmental indices for the seed longevity traits were high in E1 (fresh seed) followed by E2 (accelerated aged seeds), E3 (stored seeds for 12 months) and E4 (stored seeds for 24 months). Seven sorghum landraces viz., IC-345729 (Bicolor), IC-347571 (Caudatum), IC-347577 (Durra), IC-345244 (Durra), IC-415803 (Durra), IC-415822 (Durra bicolor) and IC-415829 (Guinea bicolor) were stable for seed longevity. These genot...
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021
The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and ch... more The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and chemical quality of the grain, which causes a reduction in grain size, blackening, and making them unfit for human consumption. Therefore, the breeding for grain mold resistance has become a necessity. Pedigree breeding has been widely used across the globe to tackle the problem of grain mold. In the present study, a population breeding approach was employed to develop genotypes resistant to grain mold. The complex genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) make the task of identifying stable grain mold-resistant lines with good grain yield (GY) challenging. In this study, the performance of the 33 population breeding derivatives selected from the four-location evaluation of 150 genotypes in 2017 was in turn evaluated over four locations during the rainy season of 2018. The Genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to analyze a significant GEI observe...
Millet crops primarily constitute a diverse group of small grains. These are categorized under Co... more Millet crops primarily constitute a diverse group of small grains. These are categorized under Coarse Cereals in India. Millets are classified in to major millets and minor millets or small millets. Millets are important crops for dryland farmers; they are highly nutritious and are a climatecompliant crop. But due to drudgery in preparation, overall millet consumption in India has declined over the years. In order to revive the demand of millets in India, there is need to bring all the stakeholders in production to consumption system value chain. The ICAR-IIMR (formerly DSR) has made attempts to innovate technologies that enable in developing sorghum/millet based value added products through NAIP subproject, ‘Creation of Demand throughPCS MilletsValueChain’. In view of decreasing millets consumption, efforts have been made to integrate all the stakeholders to bring them on a common platform so as to create demand for millet cultivation which is popularly known as value chain mode fr...
Journal of Progressive Agriculture, 2016
Influence of five gamma radiation doses generated from Co60 source of Gamma chamber 5000 in combi... more Influence of five gamma radiation doses generated from Co60 source of Gamma chamber 5000 in combination with control on seed quality parameters of sorghum parents line and variety C43, CSH14 and CSV 29 was studied. Seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage, field emergence, speed of germination, peak value of germination and coefficient of velocity of germination, root, shoot, seedling length, vigour index, electrical conductivity, seed moisture and seed health were evaluated immediately after irradiation and up to nine months under storage at ambient conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Design with factorial concept. Marked significance of interaction effects was recorded for various seed quality parameters studied immediately after exposing the seed to selected doses of gamma rays. The results indicated that gamma doses up to 2000 Gy were found to exercise positive influence in enhancing all the germination, seedling and biochemical paramet...
Parentage: ICSA 38 x SSV 84 Medium duration hybrid: 120 days;Days to 50% fl owering: 80 to 88 day... more Parentage: ICSA 38 x SSV 84 Medium duration hybrid: 120 days;Days to 50% fl owering: 80 to 88 days;Plant height: 280–350 cm;High stalk yield (44–52 t ha-1): 29% higher than SSV 84 and CSV 19SS. ; High ethanol yield (1250–1320 L ha-1):43% higher than SSV 84 and 34% 8% higher than CSV 19SS. High CCS (3.2–4.0 t ha-1): 33% higher than SSV 84.
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2018
Ready-to-eat snack products using extrusion technology were prepared with multi millet based comp... more Ready-to-eat snack products using extrusion technology were prepared with multi millet based composite formulations. Sorghum fine semolina, finger millet fine semolina, Foxtail millet Fine semolina, Pear millet fine semolina, corn, Bengal gram flour and rice flour blends in various proportions were studied. Pre-conditioning was done to prepare the flours for extrusion cooking and moisture content was adjusted for 21-23% for all the formulations. Extrusion cooking was carried out using a twin screw extruder at optimized extrusion parameters viz., temperature: 110˚C and 140°C for two different heating zones, die diameter: 2 mm, screw speed: 26 hz and cutter speed: 8 hz and feeder speed is 13hz. Physical properties of the extrudate viz., mass flow rate, bulk density, tap density, expansion ratio, moisture retention and nutrient analysis along with storage stability with two different packaging of the products were also analyzed. The organoleptic qualities of extruded samples were analy...
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions i... more Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions in India, where other cereals are hard to grow. Pearl millet cultivars, hybrids, and OPVs (open pollinated varieties) are tested and released by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet (AICRP-PM) across three zones (A1, A, and B) that are classified based on rainfall pattern. Except in locations with extreme weather conditions, hybrids dominate pearl millet growing areas, which can be attributed to hybrid vigor and the active role of the private sector. The importance of OPVs cannot be ruled out, owing to wider adaptation, lower input cost, and timely seed availability to subsidiary farmers cultivating this crop. This study was conducted to scrutinize the presently used test locations for evaluation of pearl millet OPVs across India, identify the best OPVs across locations, and determine the variation in grain Fe and Zn contents across locations in these regions. Six va...
Journal of Phytopathology, 2021
A new leaf blight disease of browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa) was noticed during rainy season ... more A new leaf blight disease of browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa) was noticed during rainy season (Kharif) 2018 at small millet experimental field, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru, India. To assess the disease severity, an intensive roving survey was conducted during the 2019 cropping season. Based on the morphological characterization, the causal agent of leaf blight disease was identified as Bipolaris spp. Further sequencing and combined gene analysis of ITS (internal transcribed spacer of rDNA), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase) and LSU (large subunit) of all the nine isolates confirmed the pathogen as B. setariae. Pathogenicity study showed that all the isolates were pathogenic and caused leaf blight symptoms on browntop millet. The B. setariae isolates showed marked variability with respect to disease incidence on browntop millet (cv. Dundu korale) under artificial inoculation conditions. However, the host range ...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2021
Recombination breeding is limited in finger millet due to tiny florets and irregular anthesis. In... more Recombination breeding is limited in finger millet due to tiny florets and irregular anthesis. Induced mutagenesis using gamma irradiation was attempted to improve grain yield and related traits in three elite cultivars (GPU28, GPU 67 and MR 6). Mean performance and estimates of BLUP and BLUE of 61 mutants showed variability among the mutants for grain yield in comparison to parental genotypes. Grain yield being a complex trait and influenced by high G × E interaction recorded low heritability estimate sand therefore BLUP provided more reliable estimates for grain yield. Stability analysis was conducted using GGE biplot techniques and also by plotting the trait means with their respective coefficient of variation values(CVs). From mean performance and stability analysis, the mutants GPU28-2212, GPU28-2086, GPU28-2082 derived from GPU 28 variety, GPU67-3358, GPU67-3359, GPU67-2094 from GPU67 variety and MR6-3393 from MR6 variety were superior for grain yield and related traits. Combi...
Plant Disease, 2021
Browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf), which is native to the United States, was recentl... more Browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf), which is native to the United States, was recently introduced into India as one of the small millet crop. In September 2018, leaf blight symptoms were observed on cv. Dundu Korale on the adaxial side of the leaves in a field at Bangalore, India (13.0784oN, 77.5793oE). Initial lesions were brown with small yellow halo that ranged from 1 to 5 mm and eventually enlarged exhibiting light brown centers. Afterwards, spots coalesced and leaves were blighted. About 75% of the plants were infected in the field of 0.5 ha. Samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves were collected, and nine isolates were recovered from culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Single conidial isolation was performed. Colonies were grey to olive green with regular margins at 7 days when cultured on PDA at 27 ± 1oC and 16 h light and 8 h dark cycles. Conidiophores were single or in clusters from 4.92 to 6.04 μm in width. Conidia were fusoid, cylindrical to slightly curved ranging from 38.50 to 130 μm in length and from 8.30 to 17 μm in width, with 4 to 10 distosepta (n =100). Hilum was flat to inconspicuous or slightly protruded. Based on the morphology, the pathogen was identified as a Bipolaris species according to the genus standard descriptions of Helminthosporium (Alcorn 1988). Misra and Prakash (1972) reported that Helminthosporium setariae causing leaf spot on browntop millet in India, but they did not provide any morphological or molecular evidence of identification. For molecular identification, the genomic DNA of isolate BTMH3 was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GPD) were amplified using the pairs of primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and GPD1/GPD2 (Berbee et al. 1999), respectively. BLAST analysis of ITS (MT750301; 562 matching base pairs) and GPD (MT896702; 562 matching base pairs) sequences showed 99.82% of identity with sequences of Bipolaris setariae (Sawada) Shoemaker type strain CBS 141.31 (ITS: EF452444 and GPD: EF513206). Pathogenicity was proved by spraying 10 healthy 20-day-old browntop millet plants with conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml). Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Plants were covered with transparent polythene bags in a greenhouse at 28 ± 2oC and high relative humidity of 90%. Symptoms were observed at five days post inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected areas using the same protocol as before, whereas the control plants were symptomless. The re-isolated pathogen was confirmed as B. setariae based on morphological characters and PCR assay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight on browntop millet caused by B. setariae in the southern peninsular region of India. Disease specimen was deposited in Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (HCIO), New Delhi, India with accession number 52209. Grain yield losses caused by leaf blight on browntop millet remain to be determined, however our findings indicate that cultivar cv. Dundu Korale is susceptible to B. setariae.
Current Advances in Agricultural Sciences, 2017
Millets are a major source of staple food for human, forage for the livestock, and industrial raw... more Millets are a major source of staple food for human, forage for the livestock, and industrial raw material. These are grown in semi-arid climate due to their ability to grow and complete their life cycle in less than 400mm rainfall. They have huge potential to enhance livelihood of the resource poor farmers in dryland and rainfed agriculture using location-specific improved production technology, trait-specific production, millets supply chain management, buyback arrangements, value-addition of millets, refinement and commercialization of technologies and entrepreneurship development, market development for domestic and export purposes, policy advocacy and creation of awareness, which needs to be implemented at grass-root level with diversified approach. Some issues related to millets are; low remuneration, low adoption of production technologies, biotic and abiotic stress, and lack of policy support unlike other cereals need to be addressed strategically. It requires synergy among technologies, marketing systems, input supplies, credit, policies and institutions to achieve the goal of enhancing farmers’ livelihood in resource-poor areas.
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 2020
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2019
to study the influence of gamma radiation doses generated from 60 Cosource of Gamma chamber 5000 ... more to study the influence of gamma radiation doses generated from 60 Cosource of Gamma chamber 5000 on seed quality parameters of sorghum varieties. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design (CRD) with factorial concept with eighteen treatments in combination of three sorghum cultivars (CSH14-Kharif hybrid, C43-Kharif parental line and CSV29R-Rabi variety) and six gamma dose (T0-Control, T1-250 Gy, T2-500 Gy, T3-750 Gy, T4-1000 Gy and T5-2000 Gy) with four replications. Seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage, field emergence, speed of germination, root length, shoot length and seed vigour index were evaluated immediately after irradiation and up to nine months under storage at ambient conditions. Marked significance of interaction effects was recorded for various seed quality parameters studied immediately after exposing the seed to selected doses of gamma rays. The results indicated that gamma doses up to 750 Gy were found to exercise positive influence in enhancing all the germination, seedling and biochemical parameters. However, this gamma radiation differed significantly in their response and registered variable values for seed quality parameters. The doses beyond 750 Gy had detrimental effect by interfering with various seed quality attributes. The analysis of bimonthly data at four intervals on seed storage potential up to nine months indicated significant influence of storage period on all the seed quality parameters including seed health. Marked decline in germination percentage, seedling dimensions and corresponding vigour index was noticed over a period of nine months. Among germination and seedling traits studied, vigour index and root and shoot length were the most sensitive seed quality parameters affected by ageing due to storage under ambient conditions, which registered higher reduction at the end of nine months. These traits can serve as reliable parameters for assessing seed quality under the influence of gamma radiation.
Millets and Millet Technology, 2021
ICAR—India Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) Hyderabad has been instrumental in developing val... more ICAR—India Institute of Millets Research (IIMR) Hyderabad has been instrumental in developing value chain on Millets, resurrecting Millets from being becoming museum crops through demand creation measures. Various innovative interventions include, first being farm level backward integration converting domestic cultivation to commercial cultivation for meeting health conscious urban consumer needs. Second, novel intervention was diversification of processing technologies through developing and retrofitting more than 50 machineries suitability to millets from milling, to many semi-processed technologies such as baking, cold extrusion, hot extrusion, flaking, popping, puffing, fermentation, and malting was standardized. More than 200 recipes were developed to suit various regional pallet and circulated among users in local languages. The prototype of various machinery are now being upscaled. The shelf life of processed products were enhanced from less than a month to 8 months thus offering consumers wide and convenient food options to choose for enhancing millet consumption and paving way for commercialization of millet foods. Third, intervention is nutritional evaluation of millets and their value-added products and clinical trials were conducted to substantiate the health benefits through empirical data ably supported by NIN. Thus, the data generated helps in the labeling of the products for commercialization. The key to commercialize the millets lies in creating USP (unique selling proposition) for flagging it as healthy and convenient option. A Successful and sustainable and replicable value chain model has been furnished through innovations by bringing interventions at on-farm level, processing diversification, nutritional evaluation, market building, entrepreneurship development and creating awareness, assuring sustainable food and nutritional security which are beneficial to not only the poor dryland farmer but also health conscious urban consumers.
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (The), 2020
Seed longevity in sorghum is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. F... more Seed longevity in sorghum is a major determinant in seed production and germplasm preservation. Forty-six local landraces representing nine genetic races of sorghum were evaluated under accelerated aging and natural storage conditions to study the genotype-environment interactions and the stability of landraces for seed longevity. Genotype-environment interactions were highly significant indicating the influence of storage conditions on seed longevity. The stability of landraces was estimated using mean (xi), regression coefficient (bi) and regression deviation (S2di). Environmental indices for the seed longevity traits were high in E1 (fresh seed) followed by E2 (accelerated aged seeds), E3 (stored seeds for 12 months) and E4 (stored seeds for 24 months). Seven sorghum landraces viz., IC-345729 (Bicolor), IC-347571 (Caudatum), IC-347577 (Durra), IC-345244 (Durra), IC-415803 (Durra), IC-415822 (Durra bicolor) and IC-415829 (Guinea bicolor) were stable for seed longevity. These genot...
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021
The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and ch... more The infection caused by grain mold in rainy season grown sorghum deteriorates the physical and chemical quality of the grain, which causes a reduction in grain size, blackening, and making them unfit for human consumption. Therefore, the breeding for grain mold resistance has become a necessity. Pedigree breeding has been widely used across the globe to tackle the problem of grain mold. In the present study, a population breeding approach was employed to develop genotypes resistant to grain mold. The complex genotype × environment interactions (GEIs) make the task of identifying stable grain mold-resistant lines with good grain yield (GY) challenging. In this study, the performance of the 33 population breeding derivatives selected from the four-location evaluation of 150 genotypes in 2017 was in turn evaluated over four locations during the rainy season of 2018. The Genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis was used to analyze a significant GEI observe...
Millet crops primarily constitute a diverse group of small grains. These are categorized under Co... more Millet crops primarily constitute a diverse group of small grains. These are categorized under Coarse Cereals in India. Millets are classified in to major millets and minor millets or small millets. Millets are important crops for dryland farmers; they are highly nutritious and are a climatecompliant crop. But due to drudgery in preparation, overall millet consumption in India has declined over the years. In order to revive the demand of millets in India, there is need to bring all the stakeholders in production to consumption system value chain. The ICAR-IIMR (formerly DSR) has made attempts to innovate technologies that enable in developing sorghum/millet based value added products through NAIP subproject, ‘Creation of Demand throughPCS MilletsValueChain’. In view of decreasing millets consumption, efforts have been made to integrate all the stakeholders to bring them on a common platform so as to create demand for millet cultivation which is popularly known as value chain mode fr...
Journal of Progressive Agriculture, 2016
Influence of five gamma radiation doses generated from Co60 source of Gamma chamber 5000 in combi... more Influence of five gamma radiation doses generated from Co60 source of Gamma chamber 5000 in combination with control on seed quality parameters of sorghum parents line and variety C43, CSH14 and CSV 29 was studied. Seed quality parameters viz., germination percentage, field emergence, speed of germination, peak value of germination and coefficient of velocity of germination, root, shoot, seedling length, vigour index, electrical conductivity, seed moisture and seed health were evaluated immediately after irradiation and up to nine months under storage at ambient conditions. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomised Design with factorial concept. Marked significance of interaction effects was recorded for various seed quality parameters studied immediately after exposing the seed to selected doses of gamma rays. The results indicated that gamma doses up to 2000 Gy were found to exercise positive influence in enhancing all the germination, seedling and biochemical paramet...
Parentage: ICSA 38 x SSV 84 Medium duration hybrid: 120 days;Days to 50% fl owering: 80 to 88 day... more Parentage: ICSA 38 x SSV 84 Medium duration hybrid: 120 days;Days to 50% fl owering: 80 to 88 days;Plant height: 280–350 cm;High stalk yield (44–52 t ha-1): 29% higher than SSV 84 and CSV 19SS. ; High ethanol yield (1250–1320 L ha-1):43% higher than SSV 84 and 34% 8% higher than CSV 19SS. High CCS (3.2–4.0 t ha-1): 33% higher than SSV 84.
International Journal of Chemical Studies, 2018
Ready-to-eat snack products using extrusion technology were prepared with multi millet based comp... more Ready-to-eat snack products using extrusion technology were prepared with multi millet based composite formulations. Sorghum fine semolina, finger millet fine semolina, Foxtail millet Fine semolina, Pear millet fine semolina, corn, Bengal gram flour and rice flour blends in various proportions were studied. Pre-conditioning was done to prepare the flours for extrusion cooking and moisture content was adjusted for 21-23% for all the formulations. Extrusion cooking was carried out using a twin screw extruder at optimized extrusion parameters viz., temperature: 110˚C and 140°C for two different heating zones, die diameter: 2 mm, screw speed: 26 hz and cutter speed: 8 hz and feeder speed is 13hz. Physical properties of the extrudate viz., mass flow rate, bulk density, tap density, expansion ratio, moisture retention and nutrient analysis along with storage stability with two different packaging of the products were also analyzed. The organoleptic qualities of extruded samples were analy...
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021
Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions i... more Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is grown under both arid and semi-arid conditions in India, where other cereals are hard to grow. Pearl millet cultivars, hybrids, and OPVs (open pollinated varieties) are tested and released by the All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet (AICRP-PM) across three zones (A1, A, and B) that are classified based on rainfall pattern. Except in locations with extreme weather conditions, hybrids dominate pearl millet growing areas, which can be attributed to hybrid vigor and the active role of the private sector. The importance of OPVs cannot be ruled out, owing to wider adaptation, lower input cost, and timely seed availability to subsidiary farmers cultivating this crop. This study was conducted to scrutinize the presently used test locations for evaluation of pearl millet OPVs across India, identify the best OPVs across locations, and determine the variation in grain Fe and Zn contents across locations in these regions. Six va...
Journal of Phytopathology, 2021
A new leaf blight disease of browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa) was noticed during rainy season ... more A new leaf blight disease of browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa) was noticed during rainy season (Kharif) 2018 at small millet experimental field, University of Agricultural Sciences, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru, India. To assess the disease severity, an intensive roving survey was conducted during the 2019 cropping season. Based on the morphological characterization, the causal agent of leaf blight disease was identified as Bipolaris spp. Further sequencing and combined gene analysis of ITS (internal transcribed spacer of rDNA), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase) and LSU (large subunit) of all the nine isolates confirmed the pathogen as B. setariae. Pathogenicity study showed that all the isolates were pathogenic and caused leaf blight symptoms on browntop millet. The B. setariae isolates showed marked variability with respect to disease incidence on browntop millet (cv. Dundu korale) under artificial inoculation conditions. However, the host range ...
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 2021
Recombination breeding is limited in finger millet due to tiny florets and irregular anthesis. In... more Recombination breeding is limited in finger millet due to tiny florets and irregular anthesis. Induced mutagenesis using gamma irradiation was attempted to improve grain yield and related traits in three elite cultivars (GPU28, GPU 67 and MR 6). Mean performance and estimates of BLUP and BLUE of 61 mutants showed variability among the mutants for grain yield in comparison to parental genotypes. Grain yield being a complex trait and influenced by high G × E interaction recorded low heritability estimate sand therefore BLUP provided more reliable estimates for grain yield. Stability analysis was conducted using GGE biplot techniques and also by plotting the trait means with their respective coefficient of variation values(CVs). From mean performance and stability analysis, the mutants GPU28-2212, GPU28-2086, GPU28-2082 derived from GPU 28 variety, GPU67-3358, GPU67-3359, GPU67-2094 from GPU67 variety and MR6-3393 from MR6 variety were superior for grain yield and related traits. Combi...
Plant Disease, 2021
Browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf), which is native to the United States, was recentl... more Browntop millet (Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf), which is native to the United States, was recently introduced into India as one of the small millet crop. In September 2018, leaf blight symptoms were observed on cv. Dundu Korale on the adaxial side of the leaves in a field at Bangalore, India (13.0784oN, 77.5793oE). Initial lesions were brown with small yellow halo that ranged from 1 to 5 mm and eventually enlarged exhibiting light brown centers. Afterwards, spots coalesced and leaves were blighted. About 75% of the plants were infected in the field of 0.5 ha. Samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves were collected, and nine isolates were recovered from culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Single conidial isolation was performed. Colonies were grey to olive green with regular margins at 7 days when cultured on PDA at 27 ± 1oC and 16 h light and 8 h dark cycles. Conidiophores were single or in clusters from 4.92 to 6.04 μm in width. Conidia were fusoid, cylindrical to slightly curved ranging from 38.50 to 130 μm in length and from 8.30 to 17 μm in width, with 4 to 10 distosepta (n =100). Hilum was flat to inconspicuous or slightly protruded. Based on the morphology, the pathogen was identified as a Bipolaris species according to the genus standard descriptions of Helminthosporium (Alcorn 1988). Misra and Prakash (1972) reported that Helminthosporium setariae causing leaf spot on browntop millet in India, but they did not provide any morphological or molecular evidence of identification. For molecular identification, the genomic DNA of isolate BTMH3 was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (GPD) were amplified using the pairs of primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and GPD1/GPD2 (Berbee et al. 1999), respectively. BLAST analysis of ITS (MT750301; 562 matching base pairs) and GPD (MT896702; 562 matching base pairs) sequences showed 99.82% of identity with sequences of Bipolaris setariae (Sawada) Shoemaker type strain CBS 141.31 (ITS: EF452444 and GPD: EF513206). Pathogenicity was proved by spraying 10 healthy 20-day-old browntop millet plants with conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml). Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Plants were covered with transparent polythene bags in a greenhouse at 28 ± 2oC and high relative humidity of 90%. Symptoms were observed at five days post inoculation. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected areas using the same protocol as before, whereas the control plants were symptomless. The re-isolated pathogen was confirmed as B. setariae based on morphological characters and PCR assay. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight on browntop millet caused by B. setariae in the southern peninsular region of India. Disease specimen was deposited in Herbarium Cryptogamae Indiae Orientalis (HCIO), New Delhi, India with accession number 52209. Grain yield losses caused by leaf blight on browntop millet remain to be determined, however our findings indicate that cultivar cv. Dundu Korale is susceptible to B. setariae.