Vahur Ööpik - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Vahur Ööpik
võistlustel alati pealtvaatajana kohal ja teadustaja ei jätnud kunagi teatamata, et pealtvaatajat... more võistlustel alati pealtvaatajana kohal ja teadustaja ei jätnud kunagi teatamata, et pealtvaatajate hulgas viibib ka sajandialguse elukutseliste maailmameister Gustav Vahar. Eraldi raamatuid on kirjutatud aga selle ajastu kolmest kuulsaimast eestlasest Georg Lurichist, Georg Hackenschmidtist ja Aleksander Abergist. Nende eluteed lõppesid kaugel kodumaast ja nad kõik puhkavad kahjuks võõramaa mullas. Raske on anda objektiivset hinnangut, kes oli neist tugevaim. Sellele vastuse saamiseks on otstarbekas kasutada G. Hackenschmidti "valemit", mille ta avaldas 1902. aastal ühes Saksa spordilehes. Ta kirjutas, et jätab Lurichi sõpradele õiguse pidada paremaks teda, minu sõpradele aga jäägu õigus pidada paremaks mind. See "valem" on võrdsete vastaste puhul rakendatav ka tänapäeval. Georg Lurichi (1876-1920) fenomen seisnes mitte üksnes selles, et tal õnnestus ära käia nii tõstesportlase kui ka maadleja elutee nõnda tulemuslikult, et ta omandas mõlemal alal maailmameistri tiitleid, vaid ka selles, et ta oli ebatavaliselt intelligentne isiksus (valdas vähemalt kümmet keelt), kes jõudis teha imetlemisväärselt palju maadluskunsti arendamiseks ning tervete eluviiside propageerimiseks nii oma kodumaal kui ka väljaspool seda. Tema mälestuse jäädvustamiseks alustati 1956. aastal G. Lurichi mälestusvõistluste korraldamist, mis on populaarsed tänapäevani. Need toimuvad rahvusvaheliste võistlustena igal aastal ning leidsid 2005. aastal aset juba 50. korda. Georg Hackenschmidt (1877-1968) on samuti üks väljapaistvamaid ja kütkestavamaid isiksusi meie maadluse ajaloos mitte üksnes Eestis, vaid kogu maailmas. Erakordseks teeb teda samuti tema lai haare-sportlasena ühtaegu fenomenaalne tõstesportlane ja maadleja, mitmekordne maailmameister ja paljude maailmarekordite püstitaja, vaimuinimesena aga silmapaistev kehakultuuri-ja terviseteoreetik ning fi losoof. Georg Hackenschmidti võitude hulka kuulub ka esimene Euroopa meistritiitel, mille ta tõi Eestile 1898. aastal Viinis toimunud võistlustel. Alates 1969. aastast peetakse Georg Hackenschmidti mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses tema sünnilinnas Tartus. Aleksander Aberg (1881-1920) oli G. Lurichi väljapaistev õpilane ja kaaslane maadlusmatil, jäädes lähedasteks sõpradeks nende traagilise surmani Armaviris. A. Aberg võitis oma kuulsusrikka karjääri jooksul üle 5000 matši, nende hulgas kõiki tolleaegseid maailmakuulsusi. Tema mälestuseks peetakse Harjumaa maadlusentusiastide eestvõtmisel aastaid Aleksander Abergi mälestusvõistlusi noortele. Peale nende võrsus eestlaste hulgast veel terve hulk elukutselisi maadlejaid, kes leidsid tunnustust nii Venemaal kui ka kogu maailmas. Silmapaistvamad neist olid Gustav Vahar (Vaher), Jaan Jaago ja ka Juhan Tigane. Jaan Jaago (1887-1949), Tartumaalt Luunjast pärit seitsmekordse profi maailmameistri saavutused ja mälestused on kahe raamatuna kirja pannud Heino Kermes. Jaan Jaago siirdus 1921. aastal Saksamaale, kus tegutses spordiorganisaatorina ja treenerina. Suri 1949. aastal Berliinis, 1950. aastal maeti tema põrm ümber Tallinna Metsakalmistule. Alates 1978. aastast korraldatakse tema kodukohas Luunjas noortele tema mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses. Karl Veimann (1888-1970) tuli esmakordselt elukutseliste maailmameistriks 1924. aastal Münchenis keskkaalus ja kaitses seda tiitlit ka järgmisel aastal. Töötas spordiinstruktorina Berliinis, kus ta ka suri. Jaan Jaago ja Karl Veimann olid meie viimased tuntud elukutselised maadlejad. Üle poole sajandi kestnud tsirkusemaadluse buum hääbus seejärel täielikult, andes teed olümpiaturniiridele, MM-ja EM-võistlustele ning paljudele teistele jõukatsumistele. Ka amatööride maadlusturniiridel jätkus eestlaste edu. Venemaa mitmekordseteks maadlusmeistriteks tulid August Kanastik (1882-1945), Tõnu Võimula (1871-1955) jt. Kaasaegsete olümpiamängude medaliarve avas 1912. aastal Stockholmis Viljandimaalt Mustlast pärit talupoeg Martin Klein (1884-1947), kes võitis hõbemedali. Ajalooline maadlusmatš medaliheitluses soomlase Asikaineniga kestis 11 tundi ja 40 minutit. Kuigi sellest maratonkohtumisest tuli võitjana välja eestlane, polnud ta järgmisel päeval enam võimeline kuldmedali eest maadlema. Alates 1962. aastast korraldatakse Mustla kehakultuurikollektiivi eestvõtmisel iga-aastaseid Martin Kleini mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses. Eestile on maadluses olümpiakuldasid toonud aga viis maadlejat.
Paris : Éd. revue EP.S, 2008
Journal of sports science & medicine
Canadian journal of sport sciences = Journal canadien des sciences du sport, 1992
In Wistar rats a 10-hr swim caused an immediate increase of 3-methylhistidine and free tyrosine c... more In Wistar rats a 10-hr swim caused an immediate increase of 3-methylhistidine and free tyrosine content in the white portion of quadriceps muscle. In the red portion the elevated levels of these amino acids were observed within 6 to 48 hrs of postexercise recovery. The glycogen depletion was substantially higher in the red portion of the muscle, indicating that the most active were oxidative-glycolytic fibres during the exercise. In conclusion, during exercise the most active muscle fibres do not contribute to the mobilization of protein resources. In a later part of postexercise recovery, catabolic changes occur in most active fibres, constituting, reasonably, a part of enhanced protein turnover.
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 ... more Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers, are on the rise worldwide and are often associated with a lack of physical activity (PA). Globally, the levels of PA among individuals are below WHO recommendations. A lack of PA can increase morbidity and mortality, worsen the quality of life and increase the economic burden on individuals and society. In response to this trend, numerous organisations came together under one umbrella in Hamburg, Germany, in April 2021 and signed the ‘Hamburg Declaration’. This represented an international commitment to take all necessary actions to increase PA and improve the health of individuals to entire communities. Individuals and organisations are working together as the ‘Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity’ to drive long-term individual and population-wide behaviour change by collaborating with all stakeholders in the community: activ...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2013
The major physiological adaptations that occur during heat acclimation (HA) are well documented. ... more The major physiological adaptations that occur during heat acclimation (HA) are well documented. However, no studies have provided compelling evidence about the effect of HA on arterial elastic properties. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in large artery elasticity (LAE) and small artery elasticity (SAE) concomitant with HA and to determine the potential relationships among changes in arterial elasticity, baseline aerobic fitness level, and improvement in endurance capacity (EC). During 10-day HA, the subjects (n = 21) exercised daily on a treadmill for 110 min at an intensity of 55%–60% of peak oxygen uptake in a climatic chamber preset to 42 °C and 18% relative humidity. EC was tested in the heat before and after HA. Arterial elasticity was assessed by diastolic pulse wave analysis (HDI/Pulse Wave CR-2000) at baseline and after HA. Blood samples were drawn at baseline. After HA, there was a 17% increase in LAE (from 21.19 ± 4.72 mL·mm Hg−1 × 10 to 24.77 ± 5.91 mL·m...
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2016
The aim of the study was to determine the acute effect of passive heat exposure (PHE) on arterial... more The aim of the study was to determine the acute effect of passive heat exposure (PHE) on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammatory parameters. Subjects were studied in thermoneutral conditions before and after PHE in a climatic chamber. Pulse wave analysis was used for assessment of central hemodynamic and arterial stiffness parameters. Venous blood samples were obtained to measure OxS and inflammatory parameters. Rectal temperature increased after PHE exposure compared to baseline: 37.01°C±0.19°C and 36.4°C±0.31°C, respectively (P<0.001). There was a 17% (P<0.05) decrease in large artery elasticity index (from 24.68±5.53 to 20.42±2.65mL/mmHg*10), which was predicted upon normothermic value (r=-0.878, P<0.01). However, no significant changes were found in others arterial stiffness parameters. A 30% (P<0.05) increase occurred in blood IL-6 concentration (from 0.43±0.15 to 0.56±0.23pg/mL), but OxS parameters remained significantly unchanged. This study de...
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2008
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic r... more The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to exercise and performance in a 1500-m competitive run in trained female middle-distance runners in field conditions. Seventeen athletes (mean (± SD) aged 18.6 ± 2.5 years, VO2max 55.2 ± 7.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) competed in two 1500-m races following ingestion of 0.4 g·kg(-1) body mass of sodium citrate (CIT) and placebo (PLC - 1.0% solution of NaCl). The two substances, CIT and PLC were administered in 800 ml of solution in a randomly assigned double-blind crossover manner. Capillary blood samples were analysed for lactate, glucose, haemoglobin and haematocrit before administering the solutions (baseline) as well as before and after both 1500-m races. The athletes' times for trials CIT and PLC were 321.4 ± 26.4 and 317.4 ± 22.5 s, respectively (p > 0.05). A greater relative increase in plasma volume after administering the experimental solution, an increased body mass (by ...
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2008
The purpose of the study was to assess the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid bo... more The purpose of the study was to assess the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid body mass loss (RBML) on muscle performance and metabolic response to exercise in combat sports athletes. Seventeen male athletes (20.8 ± 1.0 years; mean ± SD) reduced their body mass by 5.1 ± 1.1% within 3 days. The RBML was achieved by a gradual reduction of energy and fluid intake and mild sauna procedures. A battery of tests was performed before (Test 1) and immediately after (Test 2) RBML. The test battery included the measurement of the peak torque of knee extensors for three different speeds, assessment of total work (Wtot) performed during a 3-min intermittent intensity knee extension exercise and measurements of blood metabolites (ammonia, lactate, glucose and urea). Absolute peak torque was lower in Test 2 compared with Test 1 at angular velocities of 1.57 rad·s(-1) (218.6 ± 40.9 vs. 234.4 ± 42.2 N·m; p = 0.013) and 3.14 rad·s(-1) (100.3 ± 27.8 vs. 111.7 ± 26.2 N·m; p = 0.008). T...
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2013
Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) attained in upper body sprint performance test are considered... more Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) attained in upper body sprint performance test are considered important factors for competitive success in wrestling. This study aimed to determine whether acute caffeine ingestion would better maintain PP and MP across a simulated competition day in wrestling. In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study, 14 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo or 5 mg/kg caffeine and completed four 6-min upper body intermittent sprint performance tests with 30-min recovery periods between consecutive tests. PP and MP were recorded during and blood lactate concentration was measured before and after each test. Ratings of perceived fatigue (RPF) and exertion (RPE) were recorded before and after each test, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was monitored across the whole testing period. Mean power decreased across four tests in both trials (p < .05), but the reduction in PP (from 277.2 ± 34.6 W to 257.3 ± 45.1 W; p < .05) only occurred in caffeine tria...
Zabala, M, Requena, B, Sanchez-Munoz, C, Gonzalez-Badillo, JJ, Garcõ´a, I, Oopik, V, and Paasuke,... more Zabala, M, Requena, B, Sanchez-Munoz, C, Gonzalez-Badillo, JJ, Garcõ´a, I, Oopik, V, and Paasuke, M. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a laboratory-simulated BMX cycling qualification series. J Strength Cond Res 22(5): 1645-1653, 2008—The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO32) ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2014
Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temper... more Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temperate conditions. These effects are related to both peripheral markers of heats stress and alterations in CNS functioning. Repeated-exposure to heat stress results in physiological adaptations, and therefore improvement in exercise capacity and cognitive functioning are observed. The objective of the current study was to clarify the factors contributing to time perception under heat stress and examine the effect of heat acclimation. 20 young healthy male subjects completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (at 60% VO2peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C) following a 10-day heat acclimation program. Core temperature (TC) and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived fatigue and exertion were obtained continuously during the exercise, and blood samples of hormones were taken before, during and after the exercise test for estimating the prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise-heat stress. Interval production task was performed before, during and after the exercise test. Lower rate of rise in core temperature, heart rate, hormone response and subjective ratings indicated that the subjects had successfully acclimated. Before heat acclimation, significant distortions in produced intervals occurred after 60minutes of exercise relative to pre-trial coefficients, indicating speeded temporal processing. However, this effect was absent after in acclimated subjects. Blood prolactin concentration predicted temporal performance in both conditions. Heat acclimation slows down the increase in physiological measures, and improvement in temporal processing is also evident. The results are explained within the internal clock model in terms of the pacemaker-accumulator functioning.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014
Background. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on the par... more Background. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on the parameters of oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in resting conditions and on the response pattern of these parameters to exhausting endurance exercise in the heat. Methods. Parameters of OxS and inflammation were measured in young men in non-heat-acclimated status (NHAS) and after a 10-day HA program (i.e., in heat-acclimated status; HAS) both at baseline and after an endurance capacity (EC) test in the heat. Results. As a result of HA, EC increased from 88.62 ± 27.51 to 161.95 ± 47.80 minutes ( < 0.001). HA increased OxS level: total peroxide concentration rose from 219.38 ± 105.18 to 272.57 ± 133.39 mol/L ( < 0.05) and oxidative stress index (OSI) from 14.97 ± 8.24 to 20.46 ± 11.13% ( < 0.05). In NHAS, the EC test increased OxS level: total peroxide concentration rose from 219.38 ± 105.18 to 278.51 ± 125.76 mol/L ( < 0.001) and OSI from 14.97 ± 8.24 to 19.31 ± 9.37% ( < 0.01). However, in HAS, the EC test reduced OSI from 20.46 ± 11.13 to 16.83 ± 8.89% ( < 0.05). The value of log high-sensitive C-reactive protein increased from −0.32 ± 0.32 to −0.12 ± 0.34 mg/L ( < 0.05) in NHAS and from −0.31 ± 0.47 to 0.28 ± 0.46 mg/L ( < 0.001) in HAS. Conclusion. HA increases OxS level. However, several beneficial adaptive effects of HA on acute exhaustive exercise-induced changes in OxS and inflammation parameters occur in a hot environment.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014
Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temper... more Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temperate conditions. These effects are related to both peripheral markers of heats stress and alterations in CNS functioning. Repeated-exposure to heat stress results in physiological adaptations, and therefore improvement in exercise capacity and cognitive functioning are observed. The objective of the current study was to clarify the factors contributing to time perception under heat stress and examine the effect of heat acclimation. 20 young healthy male subjects completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (at 60% VO2peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C) following a 10-day heat acclimation program. Core temperature (TC) and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived fatigue and exertion were obtained continuously during the exercise, and blood samples of hormones were taken before, during and after the exercise test for estimating the prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise-heat stress. Interval production task was performed before, during and after the exercise test. Lower rate of rise in core temperature, heart rate, hormone response and subjective ratings indicated that the subjects had successfully acclimated. Before heat acclimation, significant distortions in produced intervals occurred after 60minutes of exercise relative to pre-trial coefficients, indicating speeded temporal processing. However, this effect was absent after in acclimated subjects. Blood prolactin concentration predicted temporal performance in both conditions. Heat acclimation slows down the increase in physiological measures, and improvement in temporal processing is also evident. The results are explained within the internal clock model in terms of the pacemaker-accumulator functioning.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014
Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits s... more Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits severe acidosis. This study aimed to determine whether sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion would help to better maintain peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) output across four consecutive UBISP tests simulating wrestling matches of a competition-day. In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover manner, 11 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo (PLC) or CIT (900 mg kg(-1)) within a 17-h supplementation period. Thereafter they completed four (T1-T4) 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods. Compared with PLC, CIT supplementation resulted in a persistent increase (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in blood HCO3 (-) concentration and pH: pre-T1 25.6 % and 0.08 units, post-T4 39.1 % and 0.14 units, respectively. Post-T1 blood lactate concentration in CIT (16.1 ± 3.8 mmol L(-1)) was higher (P = 0.037) than that in PLC (13.7 ± 2.3 mmol L(-1)). Decrease in plasma volume across the supplementation period and UBISP tests was greater (P = 0.03) in PLC (-6.91 ± 4.37 %) than in CIT (-1.51 ± 4.34 %). There was an overall decrease (P = 0.028) in ratings of perceived exertion in CIT compared with PLC, but no between-trial difference (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) in PP or MP in any UBISP test occurred. In trained wrestlers, CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, counteracts reduction in plasma volume, increases post-test blood lactate concentration and reduces perceived exertion, but does not improve PP or MP attained in consecutive UBISP tests simulating four wrestling matches of a competition-day.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2013
We assessed the urinary indexes of hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic prec... more We assessed the urinary indexes of hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic precompetition situation at the time of official weigh-in (OWI). A total of 51 of 89 wrestlers competing in the Estonian Championship in 2009 donated a urine sample. Questionnaire responses revealed that 27 wrestlers (body mass losers (BMLs)) reduced body mass before the competition, whereas 24 wrestlers (those who do not lose body mass (n-BMLs)) did not. In 42 wrestlers, values of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 and urine osmolality ≥700 mOsmol·kg(-1) revealed a hypohydrated status. The prevalence of hypohydration in the BMLs (96%) was higher than in the n-BMLs (67%) (χ(2) = 7.68; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). The prevalence of serious hypohydration (urine specific gravity &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1.030) was 5.3 times greater (χ(2) = 8.32; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the BMLs than in the n-BMLs. In the BMLs, the extent of body mass gain during the 16-h recovery (2.5 ± 1.2 kg) was associated (r = 0.764; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) with self-reported precompetition body mass loss (4.3 ± 2.0 kg) and exceeded the body mass gain observed in the n-BMLs (0.7 ± 1.2 kg; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). We conclude that hypohydration is prevalent among Greco-Roman wrestlers at the time of OWI. The prevalence of hypohydration and serious hypohydration is especially high among wrestlers who are accustomed to reducing body mass before competition. These results suggest that an effective rehydration strategy is needed for Olympic-style wrestlers, and that changes in wrestling rules should be considered to reduce the prevalence of harmful body mass management behaviours.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014
Dietary supplements inducing alkalosis have been shown to be ergogenic during intense endurance e... more Dietary supplements inducing alkalosis have been shown to be ergogenic during intense endurance exercise in temperate environments, but there is lack of data regarding the efficacy of these substances in the heat. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion on 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment. Sixteen non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males (age 25.8 ± 4.4 years, VO2peak 56.9 ± 4.7 mL kg min) completed two 5,000-m self-paced treadmill runs with preceding CIT or placebo (wheat flour; PLC) ingestion in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner in a climatic chamber (air temperature 32 °C, relative humidity 50 %). CIT ingestion (500 mg kg(-1) body mass) compared to PLC induced increases in water retention, body mass and plasma volume (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Pre- and post-exercise blood HCO3 (-) concentration, base excess and pH were higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) in CIT compared to PLC trial. Rectal temperature, body heat storage, heat storage rate, heart rate and 5,000-m running time (18.92 ± 2.05 min in CIT, 19.11 ± 2.38 min in PLC; 66 % likelihood of benefit, d = -0.09) were similar (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) in the two trials. Post-exercise blood lactate concentration was higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) in CIT (11.05 ± 3.22 mmol L(-1)) compared to PLC trial (8.22 ± 2.64 mmol L(-1)). Ratings of perceived exertion, fatigue and thermal sensation did not differ in the two trials (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Acute CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, water retention, plasma volume expansion and an increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration, but does not improve 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment in non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males.
Nutrition Research, 2001
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCTG) supplement... more The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCTG) supplementation on energy metabolism and endurance performance capacity in well-trained runners. Seven men (age 19.4Ϯ1.7 years, maximal O 2 uptake 67.5Ϯ4.8 ml ⅐ min -1 ⅐ kg -1 ) were tested before and after MCTG as well as placebo consumption daily for 7 days. The energy and nutrient intake of the subjects did not differ in MCTG and placebo trial. The running time to exhaustion after dietary intervention was respectively 3916Ϯ1225 s in placebo trial and 3498Ϯ559 s in MCTG trial. The concentration of -hydroxybutyric acid in plasma was the highest (1.029Ϯ0.67 mmol ⅐ l -1 ) in post-test samples after MCTG supplementation, significantly differing from the pre-test concentration in the same trial as well as from that observed in post-test blood after placebo treatment. These results suggest that daily MCTG supplementation increases the availability of ketone bodies for oxidation in working muscle during high intensity endurance exercise, but does not improve endurance performance capacity.
võistlustel alati pealtvaatajana kohal ja teadustaja ei jätnud kunagi teatamata, et pealtvaatajat... more võistlustel alati pealtvaatajana kohal ja teadustaja ei jätnud kunagi teatamata, et pealtvaatajate hulgas viibib ka sajandialguse elukutseliste maailmameister Gustav Vahar. Eraldi raamatuid on kirjutatud aga selle ajastu kolmest kuulsaimast eestlasest Georg Lurichist, Georg Hackenschmidtist ja Aleksander Abergist. Nende eluteed lõppesid kaugel kodumaast ja nad kõik puhkavad kahjuks võõramaa mullas. Raske on anda objektiivset hinnangut, kes oli neist tugevaim. Sellele vastuse saamiseks on otstarbekas kasutada G. Hackenschmidti "valemit", mille ta avaldas 1902. aastal ühes Saksa spordilehes. Ta kirjutas, et jätab Lurichi sõpradele õiguse pidada paremaks teda, minu sõpradele aga jäägu õigus pidada paremaks mind. See "valem" on võrdsete vastaste puhul rakendatav ka tänapäeval. Georg Lurichi (1876-1920) fenomen seisnes mitte üksnes selles, et tal õnnestus ära käia nii tõstesportlase kui ka maadleja elutee nõnda tulemuslikult, et ta omandas mõlemal alal maailmameistri tiitleid, vaid ka selles, et ta oli ebatavaliselt intelligentne isiksus (valdas vähemalt kümmet keelt), kes jõudis teha imetlemisväärselt palju maadluskunsti arendamiseks ning tervete eluviiside propageerimiseks nii oma kodumaal kui ka väljaspool seda. Tema mälestuse jäädvustamiseks alustati 1956. aastal G. Lurichi mälestusvõistluste korraldamist, mis on populaarsed tänapäevani. Need toimuvad rahvusvaheliste võistlustena igal aastal ning leidsid 2005. aastal aset juba 50. korda. Georg Hackenschmidt (1877-1968) on samuti üks väljapaistvamaid ja kütkestavamaid isiksusi meie maadluse ajaloos mitte üksnes Eestis, vaid kogu maailmas. Erakordseks teeb teda samuti tema lai haare-sportlasena ühtaegu fenomenaalne tõstesportlane ja maadleja, mitmekordne maailmameister ja paljude maailmarekordite püstitaja, vaimuinimesena aga silmapaistev kehakultuuri-ja terviseteoreetik ning fi losoof. Georg Hackenschmidti võitude hulka kuulub ka esimene Euroopa meistritiitel, mille ta tõi Eestile 1898. aastal Viinis toimunud võistlustel. Alates 1969. aastast peetakse Georg Hackenschmidti mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses tema sünnilinnas Tartus. Aleksander Aberg (1881-1920) oli G. Lurichi väljapaistev õpilane ja kaaslane maadlusmatil, jäädes lähedasteks sõpradeks nende traagilise surmani Armaviris. A. Aberg võitis oma kuulsusrikka karjääri jooksul üle 5000 matši, nende hulgas kõiki tolleaegseid maailmakuulsusi. Tema mälestuseks peetakse Harjumaa maadlusentusiastide eestvõtmisel aastaid Aleksander Abergi mälestusvõistlusi noortele. Peale nende võrsus eestlaste hulgast veel terve hulk elukutselisi maadlejaid, kes leidsid tunnustust nii Venemaal kui ka kogu maailmas. Silmapaistvamad neist olid Gustav Vahar (Vaher), Jaan Jaago ja ka Juhan Tigane. Jaan Jaago (1887-1949), Tartumaalt Luunjast pärit seitsmekordse profi maailmameistri saavutused ja mälestused on kahe raamatuna kirja pannud Heino Kermes. Jaan Jaago siirdus 1921. aastal Saksamaale, kus tegutses spordiorganisaatorina ja treenerina. Suri 1949. aastal Berliinis, 1950. aastal maeti tema põrm ümber Tallinna Metsakalmistule. Alates 1978. aastast korraldatakse tema kodukohas Luunjas noortele tema mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses. Karl Veimann (1888-1970) tuli esmakordselt elukutseliste maailmameistriks 1924. aastal Münchenis keskkaalus ja kaitses seda tiitlit ka järgmisel aastal. Töötas spordiinstruktorina Berliinis, kus ta ka suri. Jaan Jaago ja Karl Veimann olid meie viimased tuntud elukutselised maadlejad. Üle poole sajandi kestnud tsirkusemaadluse buum hääbus seejärel täielikult, andes teed olümpiaturniiridele, MM-ja EM-võistlustele ning paljudele teistele jõukatsumistele. Ka amatööride maadlusturniiridel jätkus eestlaste edu. Venemaa mitmekordseteks maadlusmeistriteks tulid August Kanastik (1882-1945), Tõnu Võimula (1871-1955) jt. Kaasaegsete olümpiamängude medaliarve avas 1912. aastal Stockholmis Viljandimaalt Mustlast pärit talupoeg Martin Klein (1884-1947), kes võitis hõbemedali. Ajalooline maadlusmatš medaliheitluses soomlase Asikaineniga kestis 11 tundi ja 40 minutit. Kuigi sellest maratonkohtumisest tuli võitjana välja eestlane, polnud ta järgmisel päeval enam võimeline kuldmedali eest maadlema. Alates 1962. aastast korraldatakse Mustla kehakultuurikollektiivi eestvõtmisel iga-aastaseid Martin Kleini mälestusvõistlusi kreeka-rooma maadluses. Eestile on maadluses olümpiakuldasid toonud aga viis maadlejat.
Paris : Éd. revue EP.S, 2008
Journal of sports science & medicine
Canadian journal of sport sciences = Journal canadien des sciences du sport, 1992
In Wistar rats a 10-hr swim caused an immediate increase of 3-methylhistidine and free tyrosine c... more In Wistar rats a 10-hr swim caused an immediate increase of 3-methylhistidine and free tyrosine content in the white portion of quadriceps muscle. In the red portion the elevated levels of these amino acids were observed within 6 to 48 hrs of postexercise recovery. The glycogen depletion was substantially higher in the red portion of the muscle, indicating that the most active were oxidative-glycolytic fibres during the exercise. In conclusion, during exercise the most active muscle fibres do not contribute to the mobilization of protein resources. In a later part of postexercise recovery, catabolic changes occur in most active fibres, constituting, reasonably, a part of enhanced protein turnover.
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 ... more Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dementia, depression and cancers, are on the rise worldwide and are often associated with a lack of physical activity (PA). Globally, the levels of PA among individuals are below WHO recommendations. A lack of PA can increase morbidity and mortality, worsen the quality of life and increase the economic burden on individuals and society. In response to this trend, numerous organisations came together under one umbrella in Hamburg, Germany, in April 2021 and signed the ‘Hamburg Declaration’. This represented an international commitment to take all necessary actions to increase PA and improve the health of individuals to entire communities. Individuals and organisations are working together as the ‘Global Alliance for the Promotion of Physical Activity’ to drive long-term individual and population-wide behaviour change by collaborating with all stakeholders in the community: activ...
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2013
The major physiological adaptations that occur during heat acclimation (HA) are well documented. ... more The major physiological adaptations that occur during heat acclimation (HA) are well documented. However, no studies have provided compelling evidence about the effect of HA on arterial elastic properties. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in large artery elasticity (LAE) and small artery elasticity (SAE) concomitant with HA and to determine the potential relationships among changes in arterial elasticity, baseline aerobic fitness level, and improvement in endurance capacity (EC). During 10-day HA, the subjects (n = 21) exercised daily on a treadmill for 110 min at an intensity of 55%–60% of peak oxygen uptake in a climatic chamber preset to 42 °C and 18% relative humidity. EC was tested in the heat before and after HA. Arterial elasticity was assessed by diastolic pulse wave analysis (HDI/Pulse Wave CR-2000) at baseline and after HA. Blood samples were drawn at baseline. After HA, there was a 17% increase in LAE (from 21.19 ± 4.72 mL·mm Hg−1 × 10 to 24.77 ± 5.91 mL·m...
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2016
The aim of the study was to determine the acute effect of passive heat exposure (PHE) on arterial... more The aim of the study was to determine the acute effect of passive heat exposure (PHE) on arterial stiffness, oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammatory parameters. Subjects were studied in thermoneutral conditions before and after PHE in a climatic chamber. Pulse wave analysis was used for assessment of central hemodynamic and arterial stiffness parameters. Venous blood samples were obtained to measure OxS and inflammatory parameters. Rectal temperature increased after PHE exposure compared to baseline: 37.01°C±0.19°C and 36.4°C±0.31°C, respectively (P<0.001). There was a 17% (P<0.05) decrease in large artery elasticity index (from 24.68±5.53 to 20.42±2.65mL/mmHg*10), which was predicted upon normothermic value (r=-0.878, P<0.01). However, no significant changes were found in others arterial stiffness parameters. A 30% (P<0.05) increase occurred in blood IL-6 concentration (from 0.43±0.15 to 0.56±0.23pg/mL), but OxS parameters remained significantly unchanged. This study de...
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2008
The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic r... more The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of sodium citrate ingestion on the metabolic response to exercise and performance in a 1500-m competitive run in trained female middle-distance runners in field conditions. Seventeen athletes (mean (± SD) aged 18.6 ± 2.5 years, VO2max 55.2 ± 7.6 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) competed in two 1500-m races following ingestion of 0.4 g·kg(-1) body mass of sodium citrate (CIT) and placebo (PLC - 1.0% solution of NaCl). The two substances, CIT and PLC were administered in 800 ml of solution in a randomly assigned double-blind crossover manner. Capillary blood samples were analysed for lactate, glucose, haemoglobin and haematocrit before administering the solutions (baseline) as well as before and after both 1500-m races. The athletes' times for trials CIT and PLC were 321.4 ± 26.4 and 317.4 ± 22.5 s, respectively (p > 0.05). A greater relative increase in plasma volume after administering the experimental solution, an increased body mass (by ...
Journal of sports science & medicine, 2008
The purpose of the study was to assess the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid bo... more The purpose of the study was to assess the acute effects of the self-selected regimen of rapid body mass loss (RBML) on muscle performance and metabolic response to exercise in combat sports athletes. Seventeen male athletes (20.8 ± 1.0 years; mean ± SD) reduced their body mass by 5.1 ± 1.1% within 3 days. The RBML was achieved by a gradual reduction of energy and fluid intake and mild sauna procedures. A battery of tests was performed before (Test 1) and immediately after (Test 2) RBML. The test battery included the measurement of the peak torque of knee extensors for three different speeds, assessment of total work (Wtot) performed during a 3-min intermittent intensity knee extension exercise and measurements of blood metabolites (ammonia, lactate, glucose and urea). Absolute peak torque was lower in Test 2 compared with Test 1 at angular velocities of 1.57 rad·s(-1) (218.6 ± 40.9 vs. 234.4 ± 42.2 N·m; p = 0.013) and 3.14 rad·s(-1) (100.3 ± 27.8 vs. 111.7 ± 26.2 N·m; p = 0.008). T...
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2013
Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) attained in upper body sprint performance test are considered... more Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) attained in upper body sprint performance test are considered important factors for competitive success in wrestling. This study aimed to determine whether acute caffeine ingestion would better maintain PP and MP across a simulated competition day in wrestling. In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover study, 14 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo or 5 mg/kg caffeine and completed four 6-min upper body intermittent sprint performance tests with 30-min recovery periods between consecutive tests. PP and MP were recorded during and blood lactate concentration was measured before and after each test. Ratings of perceived fatigue (RPF) and exertion (RPE) were recorded before and after each test, respectively. Heart rate (HR) was monitored across the whole testing period. Mean power decreased across four tests in both trials (p < .05), but the reduction in PP (from 277.2 ± 34.6 W to 257.3 ± 45.1 W; p < .05) only occurred in caffeine tria...
Zabala, M, Requena, B, Sanchez-Munoz, C, Gonzalez-Badillo, JJ, Garcõ´a, I, Oopik, V, and Paasuke,... more Zabala, M, Requena, B, Sanchez-Munoz, C, Gonzalez-Badillo, JJ, Garcõ´a, I, Oopik, V, and Paasuke, M. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a laboratory-simulated BMX cycling qualification series. J Strength Cond Res 22(5): 1645-1653, 2008—The objective of this study was to examine the effect of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO32) ingestion on performance and perceptual responses in a
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2014
Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temper... more Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temperate conditions. These effects are related to both peripheral markers of heats stress and alterations in CNS functioning. Repeated-exposure to heat stress results in physiological adaptations, and therefore improvement in exercise capacity and cognitive functioning are observed. The objective of the current study was to clarify the factors contributing to time perception under heat stress and examine the effect of heat acclimation. 20 young healthy male subjects completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (at 60% VO2peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C) following a 10-day heat acclimation program. Core temperature (TC) and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived fatigue and exertion were obtained continuously during the exercise, and blood samples of hormones were taken before, during and after the exercise test for estimating the prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise-heat stress. Interval production task was performed before, during and after the exercise test. Lower rate of rise in core temperature, heart rate, hormone response and subjective ratings indicated that the subjects had successfully acclimated. Before heat acclimation, significant distortions in produced intervals occurred after 60minutes of exercise relative to pre-trial coefficients, indicating speeded temporal processing. However, this effect was absent after in acclimated subjects. Blood prolactin concentration predicted temporal performance in both conditions. Heat acclimation slows down the increase in physiological measures, and improvement in temporal processing is also evident. The results are explained within the internal clock model in terms of the pacemaker-accumulator functioning.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014
Background. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on the par... more Background. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on the parameters of oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in resting conditions and on the response pattern of these parameters to exhausting endurance exercise in the heat. Methods. Parameters of OxS and inflammation were measured in young men in non-heat-acclimated status (NHAS) and after a 10-day HA program (i.e., in heat-acclimated status; HAS) both at baseline and after an endurance capacity (EC) test in the heat. Results. As a result of HA, EC increased from 88.62 ± 27.51 to 161.95 ± 47.80 minutes ( < 0.001). HA increased OxS level: total peroxide concentration rose from 219.38 ± 105.18 to 272.57 ± 133.39 mol/L ( < 0.05) and oxidative stress index (OSI) from 14.97 ± 8.24 to 20.46 ± 11.13% ( < 0.05). In NHAS, the EC test increased OxS level: total peroxide concentration rose from 219.38 ± 105.18 to 278.51 ± 125.76 mol/L ( < 0.001) and OSI from 14.97 ± 8.24 to 19.31 ± 9.37% ( < 0.01). However, in HAS, the EC test reduced OSI from 20.46 ± 11.13 to 16.83 ± 8.89% ( < 0.05). The value of log high-sensitive C-reactive protein increased from −0.32 ± 0.32 to −0.12 ± 0.34 mg/L ( < 0.05) in NHAS and from −0.31 ± 0.47 to 0.28 ± 0.46 mg/L ( < 0.001) in HAS. Conclusion. HA increases OxS level. However, several beneficial adaptive effects of HA on acute exhaustive exercise-induced changes in OxS and inflammation parameters occur in a hot environment.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014
Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temper... more Cognitive performance is impaired during prolonged exercise in hot environment compared to temperate conditions. These effects are related to both peripheral markers of heats stress and alterations in CNS functioning. Repeated-exposure to heat stress results in physiological adaptations, and therefore improvement in exercise capacity and cognitive functioning are observed. The objective of the current study was to clarify the factors contributing to time perception under heat stress and examine the effect of heat acclimation. 20 young healthy male subjects completed three exercise tests on a treadmill: H1 (at 60% VO2peak until exhaustion at 42°C), N (at 22°C; duration equal to H1) and H2 (walk until exhaustion at 42°C) following a 10-day heat acclimation program. Core temperature (TC) and heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived fatigue and exertion were obtained continuously during the exercise, and blood samples of hormones were taken before, during and after the exercise test for estimating the prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol response to acute exercise-heat stress. Interval production task was performed before, during and after the exercise test. Lower rate of rise in core temperature, heart rate, hormone response and subjective ratings indicated that the subjects had successfully acclimated. Before heat acclimation, significant distortions in produced intervals occurred after 60minutes of exercise relative to pre-trial coefficients, indicating speeded temporal processing. However, this effect was absent after in acclimated subjects. Blood prolactin concentration predicted temporal performance in both conditions. Heat acclimation slows down the increase in physiological measures, and improvement in temporal processing is also evident. The results are explained within the internal clock model in terms of the pacemaker-accumulator functioning.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014
Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits s... more Similarly to a wrestling match, upper-body intermittent sprint performance (UBISP) test elicits severe acidosis. This study aimed to determine whether sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion would help to better maintain peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) output across four consecutive UBISP tests simulating wrestling matches of a competition-day. In a double-blind, counterbalanced, crossover manner, 11 trained wrestlers ingested either placebo (PLC) or CIT (900 mg kg(-1)) within a 17-h supplementation period. Thereafter they completed four (T1-T4) 6-min UBISP tests interspersed with 30-min recovery periods. Compared with PLC, CIT supplementation resulted in a persistent increase (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in blood HCO3 (-) concentration and pH: pre-T1 25.6 % and 0.08 units, post-T4 39.1 % and 0.14 units, respectively. Post-T1 blood lactate concentration in CIT (16.1 ± 3.8 mmol L(-1)) was higher (P = 0.037) than that in PLC (13.7 ± 2.3 mmol L(-1)). Decrease in plasma volume across the supplementation period and UBISP tests was greater (P = 0.03) in PLC (-6.91 ± 4.37 %) than in CIT (-1.51 ± 4.34 %). There was an overall decrease (P = 0.028) in ratings of perceived exertion in CIT compared with PLC, but no between-trial difference (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) in PP or MP in any UBISP test occurred. In trained wrestlers, CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, counteracts reduction in plasma volume, increases post-test blood lactate concentration and reduces perceived exertion, but does not improve PP or MP attained in consecutive UBISP tests simulating four wrestling matches of a competition-day.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 2013
We assessed the urinary indexes of hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic prec... more We assessed the urinary indexes of hydration status of Greco-Roman wrestlers in an authentic precompetition situation at the time of official weigh-in (OWI). A total of 51 of 89 wrestlers competing in the Estonian Championship in 2009 donated a urine sample. Questionnaire responses revealed that 27 wrestlers (body mass losers (BMLs)) reduced body mass before the competition, whereas 24 wrestlers (those who do not lose body mass (n-BMLs)) did not. In 42 wrestlers, values of urine specific gravity ≥1.020 and urine osmolality ≥700 mOsmol·kg(-1) revealed a hypohydrated status. The prevalence of hypohydration in the BMLs (96%) was higher than in the n-BMLs (67%) (χ(2) = 7.68; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). The prevalence of serious hypohydration (urine specific gravity &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;1.030) was 5.3 times greater (χ(2) = 8.32; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) in the BMLs than in the n-BMLs. In the BMLs, the extent of body mass gain during the 16-h recovery (2.5 ± 1.2 kg) was associated (r = 0.764; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05) with self-reported precompetition body mass loss (4.3 ± 2.0 kg) and exceeded the body mass gain observed in the n-BMLs (0.7 ± 1.2 kg; p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). We conclude that hypohydration is prevalent among Greco-Roman wrestlers at the time of OWI. The prevalence of hypohydration and serious hypohydration is especially high among wrestlers who are accustomed to reducing body mass before competition. These results suggest that an effective rehydration strategy is needed for Olympic-style wrestlers, and that changes in wrestling rules should be considered to reduce the prevalence of harmful body mass management behaviours.
European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2014
Dietary supplements inducing alkalosis have been shown to be ergogenic during intense endurance e... more Dietary supplements inducing alkalosis have been shown to be ergogenic during intense endurance exercise in temperate environments, but there is lack of data regarding the efficacy of these substances in the heat. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sodium citrate (CIT) ingestion on 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment. Sixteen non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males (age 25.8 ± 4.4 years, VO2peak 56.9 ± 4.7 mL kg min) completed two 5,000-m self-paced treadmill runs with preceding CIT or placebo (wheat flour; PLC) ingestion in a double-blind, randomized, crossover manner in a climatic chamber (air temperature 32 °C, relative humidity 50 %). CIT ingestion (500 mg kg(-1) body mass) compared to PLC induced increases in water retention, body mass and plasma volume (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Pre- and post-exercise blood HCO3 (-) concentration, base excess and pH were higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) in CIT compared to PLC trial. Rectal temperature, body heat storage, heat storage rate, heart rate and 5,000-m running time (18.92 ± 2.05 min in CIT, 19.11 ± 2.38 min in PLC; 66 % likelihood of benefit, d = -0.09) were similar (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05) in the two trials. Post-exercise blood lactate concentration was higher (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) in CIT (11.05 ± 3.22 mmol L(-1)) compared to PLC trial (8.22 ± 2.64 mmol L(-1)). Ratings of perceived exertion, fatigue and thermal sensation did not differ in the two trials (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 0.05). Acute CIT ingestion induces alkalosis, water retention, plasma volume expansion and an increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration, but does not improve 5,000-m running performance in a warm environment in non-heat-acclimated endurance-trained males.
Nutrition Research, 2001
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCTG) supplement... more The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of medium-chain triglyceride (MCTG) supplementation on energy metabolism and endurance performance capacity in well-trained runners. Seven men (age 19.4Ϯ1.7 years, maximal O 2 uptake 67.5Ϯ4.8 ml ⅐ min -1 ⅐ kg -1 ) were tested before and after MCTG as well as placebo consumption daily for 7 days. The energy and nutrient intake of the subjects did not differ in MCTG and placebo trial. The running time to exhaustion after dietary intervention was respectively 3916Ϯ1225 s in placebo trial and 3498Ϯ559 s in MCTG trial. The concentration of -hydroxybutyric acid in plasma was the highest (1.029Ϯ0.67 mmol ⅐ l -1 ) in post-test samples after MCTG supplementation, significantly differing from the pre-test concentration in the same trial as well as from that observed in post-test blood after placebo treatment. These results suggest that daily MCTG supplementation increases the availability of ketone bodies for oxidation in working muscle during high intensity endurance exercise, but does not improve endurance performance capacity.