Shashikant Vaidya - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Shashikant Vaidya

European Respiratory Journal, Sep 1, 2011

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by obligate intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tub... more Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by obligate intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has created a health problem worldwide. Incidence of Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis creates the scenario dangerous, which is resistant to both the first line drugs namely Rifampicin and ionized. Mutation in rpoB and inhA confers resistance to rifampicin and ionized respectively. In the present study we studied the relationship between rpoB mutations and minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rifampicin in Multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Total 20 MDR strains were selected for the study. The mutations in the rpoB gene were identified by sequencing the PCR products. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rifampicin, was determined by Absolute Concentration method. Mutations conferring resistance to Rifampicin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs in the defined region of 81 base pair of rpoB gene. The most frequent mutation found in Rifampicin resistant strain is at position 532, 526 and 516. Mutation occurring at this position results in high level of Rifampicin resistance. Mutation at 511, 518 and 522 is associated with low level of Rifampicin resistance.

Medicines

Objectives: Regulatory clinical Phase I studies are aimed at establishing the human safety of an ... more Objectives: Regulatory clinical Phase I studies are aimed at establishing the human safety of an active pharmaceutical agent to be later marketed as a drug. Since homeopathic medicines are prepared by a potentizing method using alcohol, past a certain dilution, their toxicity/infectivity is assumed to be unlikely. We aimed to develop a bridge study between homeopathic pathogenetic trials and clinical trials. The primary purpose was to evaluate the safety of a nosode, developed from clinical samples of a COVID-19 patient. The secondary objectives were to explore whether a nosode developed for a specific clinical purpose, such as use during an epidemic, may elicit laboratory signals worthy of further exploration. Methods: An open-label study was designed to evaluate the safety and immune response of the Coronavirus nosode BiosimCovex, given orally on three consecutive days to ten healthy volunteers. Clinical examinations, laboratory safety and immune parameters were established. Inter...

International journal of applied research, 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a ... more Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a long and expensive process, it becomes predominant to reexamine drugs that were formerly deemed effective against TB and increase the permeability of the Mycobacterial cell wall. One such drug is Isoxyl (ISO). Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. To minimize the probability of emergence of drug resistance, to increase the activity, particularly the bactericidal activity of the agents. Current use of drug combinations in the therapy of TB is aimed at designing the most efficient short-course regimens. It is reported the use of a murine macrophage continuous cell line J774 as a model for testing the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antimicrobial agents. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO. To assess cytotoxic reaction to macrophage cell line by various c...

International journal of applied research, 2018

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important clinical entities, making urine, the most frequent s... more Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important clinical entities, making urine, the most frequent sample received for culture in clinical microbiology laboratory's daily workload. Traditionally conventional media like Blood agar (BA) and MacConkey agar (MAC) are being used in combination by most of the laboratories in developing countries. Moreover, they are unsuitable as an ideal primary isolation medium and chromogenic agar medium like HiCrome UTI Agar is a differential medium recommended for it. The present study was undertaken to validate the usefulness of HiCrome UTI agar as a primary urine culture medium for its rate of isolation and presumptive identification of uropathogens in comparison to BA and MAC Agar in a Nair Hospital, in Mumbai. Patients included were randomly selected 3300 subjects who were married pregnant and non-pregnant women reporting to ANC clinic of the hospital of age group of 18 to 40 years. Collection, Transportation, Processing of urine, microscopic examination and Urine culture was carried out by standard methods. HiChrome UTI agar, BA and MAC agar were used simultaneously. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of test isolates (200 gram negative and 52 gram positive) bacteria were done, which were separately collected from Hichrome UTI, BA and MAC agar, to check the susceptibility pattern of isolates, isolated from different agar. Both HiCrome UTI agar and BA supported more than 75 % bacterial growth, while MAC agar supported 52.30% growths. For presumptive identification of bacterial species, of 259 bacterial isolates, 99.40% could be differentially identified on HiCrome UTI agar against 49.0% and 81.0% on BA and MAC agar respectively. Comparative results of three culture media for their rate of isolation of polymicrobial growth of uropathogens showed that HiCrome UTI agar supported 100% bacterial growth, while BA and MAC agar supported 40% bacterial growth each. Susceptibility pattern of all the isolates collected from HiCrome UTI, BA & MAC agar was found to be similar. Cost of HiCrome UTI agar per test per urine sample was found to be less than traditional identification methods. Hence, the study shows that HiCrome UTI agar is an excellent and time saving media for the reliable identification of most of the uropathogens and differentiation of mixed bacterial cultures in primary culture plate as compared to conventional culture system.

International journal of applied research, 2018

UTI is twice more common in pregnant women than age matched non-pregnants. UTI may occur with or ... more UTI is twice more common in pregnant women than age matched non-pregnants. UTI may occur with or without symptoms; the latter is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The prevalence of ASB in non-pregnant women rises with age at the rate of 1% for each decade of life. However, UTI in married non pregnant women have not been adequately studied in developing countries. This study is therefore aimed at finding out the incidence of ASB in married non pregnant women. This study was carried out over a period of two years in the Department of Microbiology in association with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital. Total patients included were randomly selected 300 married, non-Pregnant women reporting to ANC clinic of the hospital of age group of 18 to 40 year. Collection, transportation, microscopic examination and antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out by standard procedures. In the nonpregnant women, the maj...

International journal of applied research, 2017

Typhoid is a severe, infectious and life-threatening disease. Typhoid disease mainly hit on child... more Typhoid is a severe, infectious and life-threatening disease. Typhoid disease mainly hit on children who are in school-going age. It is not very common in adults and older people. In developing countries, facilities for isolation and culture are often not available especially in smaller hospitals and diagnosis relies upon the clinical features of the disease and detection of agglutinating antibodies to Salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi by the Widal test. A total of 1461 blood samples received in the lab over a period of two years were tested by conventional rapid slide agglutination using commercially available antigens. In the present study the prevalence of seropositivity was 24.36%. With 59% of the samples from males and 41% from females and maximum positive cases were from males 13.27%. Most of the positive cases in the present study were from the age group of 05-10 years 39.01%. Amongst all antigen, O antigen was found to be maximum positive antigen i.e18.75%. The eleva...

Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 2021

European Respiratory Journal, 2020

International journal of scientific research, 2017

INTRODUCTION: Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almos... more INTRODUCTION: Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. is corresponded to a belief among physicians that antimicrobial agents are widely effective and fairly harmless and in their search for security in treatment they prescribe antibiotic combinations because of a general feeling that if one antibiotic is good, two should be better and three should cure almost everybody of almost every (1) ailment.

International journal of applied research, 2018

Calibrated platinum loop had come into general use in determining CFU in urine and found that it ... more Calibrated platinum loop had come into general use in determining CFU in urine and found that it was comparable to the pour plate technique in determining the number of organisms present in urine. But later the it was considered only semiquantitative and not very reliable. Several other screening methods have been advocated for use in detecting bacteriuria like paper strips, nitrate reductase, TTC test, BACTEC automated screening system and catalase test have been developed by rapid screening of urine for bacteriuria. However, scanty information regarding this subject was found in the literature, particularly in relation to the possibility of compromising the sensitivity or specificity of the method by using urine volumes less than 50 μl. Hence, in this study, we carried out a comparative study of microscopic examination of un-centrifuged urine applied with a calibrated loop (10 μl) and stained with Grams staining, applied as a drop (50 μl) and examined as wet film, chemical tests o...

International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2016

Multi drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has become more prevalent in recent years and second... more Multi drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has become more prevalent in recent years and second line drugs are not as effective as the standard therapy and are more toxic and expensive. There is an urgent need for new antitubercular drugs. The components of the cell envelope of Mycobacteria have been the subject of intense research for a number of years because of the fact that enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathways including mycolic acids, offer attractive and selective targets for the developments of novel antimycobacterial agents. The mechanisms of action of various mycolic acid inhibitors like Isoniazide ( INH) and Ethionamide (ETH) have been studied intensively. Recently, mycolic acid inhibitors like Thiolactomycin (TLM), Triclosan (TRC) and Isoxyl (ISO) have been reported to have potent activity against MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO in vitro against M. tuberculosis strains in comparison to other mycolic acid inhibitors. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration pattern of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis to mycolic acid synthesis inhibitors namely TRC, TLM, ISO, INH And ETH were determined by agar dilution method. . Total 10 MDR strains and 10 susceptible strains of Mycobacterum tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) along with standard strain of M. tuberculosis H37Rv were included in the study. This study shows promising activity of ISO against various strains of M.tuberculosis in comparison to other mycolic acid inhibitors. Hence more study on this compound will be beneficial in drug development process.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Jan 20, 2015

Nanotechnology has now advanced into a phase where application of nanoparticles in various domain... more Nanotechnology has now advanced into a phase where application of nanoparticles in various domains of science and technology is being cited. At the same time employment of biosynthetic methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, have drawn pronounced attention of researchers. And is now, being looked forward as a simple and viable alternative against conventional physical and chemical methods. Under the biological realm range of entities from unicellular microbes to multicellular plant structures are reported to synthesize nanoparticles. This review, attempts to consolidate the substantial data reported and to generalize the methodologies & mechanisms employed for the synthesis of nanoparticles using various microbes and plant extracts; and, highlight key factors that lead to maximum production of size and shape controlled nanoparticles with these bio-reduction processes.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a ... more Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a long and expensive process, it becomes predominant to reexamine drugs that were formerly deemed effective against TB and increase the permeability of the Mycobacterial cell wall. One such drug is Isoxyl (ISO). Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. To minimize the probability of emergence of drug resistance, to increase the activity, particularly the bactericidal activity of the agents. Current use of drug combinations in the therapy of TB is aimed at designing the most efficient short-course regimens. It is reported the use of a murine macrophage continuous cell line J774 as a model for testing the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antimicrobial agents. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO. To assess cytotoxic reaction to macrophage cell line by various c...

Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms... more Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first month of life. While most infection-related deaths in the neonatal period occur in low-and middle-income countries, there precise data have been lacking. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and causative organisms for neonatal sepsis among infants and evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern of the organisms isolated. Total 228 clinically suspected cases were studied. Samples collected for culture were Blood, Umbilical swab and Skin swab. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms was carried out by standard procedure. The male to female ratio in the study was not statistical significant. It was observed that babies died in low birth weight had maximum percentage of septicemia followed by very low birth weight, high risk low birth weight and normal birth weight. Male to female ratio showed significant difference with...

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, 2021

Introduction Nosodes, the homeopathic preparations sourced from biological materials including cl... more Introduction Nosodes, the homeopathic preparations sourced from biological materials including clinical samples, cultures of organisms, and diseased tissues have been in use against the source-specific infections as well as other diseases. The nosodes have demonstrated some efficacy in managing epidemics, such as influenza, dengue, and leptospirosis. This article presents the need and process of development of nosodes from the SARS-CoV-2 to explore its prophylactic and therapeutic potentials against certain related viral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A clinical sample of SARS-Cov-2 positive patient, based on the cycle threshold (CT) value of the qRT-PCR, heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2, and spike glycoprotein all were processed for making nosodes as per the method described in Homoeopathy Pharmacopoeia of India. Molecular tests, such as qRT- PCR and sterility tests were performed to establish the live organisms, RNA material, and the absence of contamination. RESULT Three variants of ...

This study was carried out to examine Food Insecurity (FI) in a low-income population in Ohio, Am... more This study was carried out to examine Food Insecurity (FI) in a low-income population in Ohio, America. The study involved screening of 351 participants-who were over 18 years of age, Ohio residents, living in Allen, Hancock or Seneca counties. The study assessed different parameters such as race, financial status, education, family structure, food expenditure and health. Statistical tools were used for data analysis. Participants were divided into 12 income groups according to monthly household income, highest participants were found in income group 500-999 category (36.66%) and lowest in 3500-3999 category (1.87%). The highest amount of participants were found in food insecurity score group (FIS) 5 (20.23%), while lowest in FI groups 1 and 2 (1.95%). As income increased, FI index in total participants decreased including males and females. The Black/ African American population was highest with food insecurity observed in FIS group 10 (3.77%) Caucasian population was highest with ...

International journal of applied research, 2020

The relationship between food in security (FI) and health is often bidirectional. A cross-section... more The relationship between food in security (FI) and health is often bidirectional. A cross-sectional FI study was conducted to examine negative health indicators and FI in Ohio, USA. This study involved screening of; 514 subjects over 18 years of age, all Ohio resident slivingin Allen, Hancock or Seneca Counties. The study was assessed indifferent parameters such as age, sex, race, financial status, family structure, food expenditure and health of the participants. The statistical Package for Social Sciences tool was used for data analysis of the total population with Food Insecurity Score (FIS), the highest participants were found in group five (20.23%), while lowest was in FIS group one and two (1.95%). Distribution of participants based on FI score was similar in both genders. There was no significant difference between the two groups that were observed. Also, no significant difference between health groups were observed. The highest population with self-reported diabetes belonged...

Context: Prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an alarming public health pr... more Context: Prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an alarming public health problem. Delay in diagnosis hinders effective treatment. Molecular methods have led to the development of rapid and reliable diagnostic and drug susceptibility tests (DST). Aim: To Compare Line Probe Assay (LPA) and Conventional Method of DST for the Diagnosis of MDR-TB. Methods and Material: Total 105 sputum samples were collected from clinically suspected TB patients and screened for TB using Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining. Further all samples were cultured on Media. DNA was extracted from the NALC-NaOH decontaminated sputum samples and was subjected to LPA. DST of culture positive samples was performed against Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) by the Proportional method. Results: Out of 105 sputum samples, 82% were found to be positive for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) by initial ZN staining. 80% were found to be culture positive and 95% were LPA positive. DST detected lesser (18%) samples po...

European Respiratory Journal, Sep 1, 2011

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by obligate intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tub... more Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by obligate intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has created a health problem worldwide. Incidence of Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis creates the scenario dangerous, which is resistant to both the first line drugs namely Rifampicin and ionized. Mutation in rpoB and inhA confers resistance to rifampicin and ionized respectively. In the present study we studied the relationship between rpoB mutations and minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rifampicin in Multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Total 20 MDR strains were selected for the study. The mutations in the rpoB gene were identified by sequencing the PCR products. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Rifampicin, was determined by Absolute Concentration method. Mutations conferring resistance to Rifampicin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs in the defined region of 81 base pair of rpoB gene. The most frequent mutation found in Rifampicin resistant strain is at position 532, 526 and 516. Mutation occurring at this position results in high level of Rifampicin resistance. Mutation at 511, 518 and 522 is associated with low level of Rifampicin resistance.

Medicines

Objectives: Regulatory clinical Phase I studies are aimed at establishing the human safety of an ... more Objectives: Regulatory clinical Phase I studies are aimed at establishing the human safety of an active pharmaceutical agent to be later marketed as a drug. Since homeopathic medicines are prepared by a potentizing method using alcohol, past a certain dilution, their toxicity/infectivity is assumed to be unlikely. We aimed to develop a bridge study between homeopathic pathogenetic trials and clinical trials. The primary purpose was to evaluate the safety of a nosode, developed from clinical samples of a COVID-19 patient. The secondary objectives were to explore whether a nosode developed for a specific clinical purpose, such as use during an epidemic, may elicit laboratory signals worthy of further exploration. Methods: An open-label study was designed to evaluate the safety and immune response of the Coronavirus nosode BiosimCovex, given orally on three consecutive days to ten healthy volunteers. Clinical examinations, laboratory safety and immune parameters were established. Inter...

International journal of applied research, 2016

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a ... more Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a long and expensive process, it becomes predominant to reexamine drugs that were formerly deemed effective against TB and increase the permeability of the Mycobacterial cell wall. One such drug is Isoxyl (ISO). Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. To minimize the probability of emergence of drug resistance, to increase the activity, particularly the bactericidal activity of the agents. Current use of drug combinations in the therapy of TB is aimed at designing the most efficient short-course regimens. It is reported the use of a murine macrophage continuous cell line J774 as a model for testing the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antimicrobial agents. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO. To assess cytotoxic reaction to macrophage cell line by various c...

International journal of applied research, 2018

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important clinical entities, making urine, the most frequent s... more Urinary tract infections (UTI) are important clinical entities, making urine, the most frequent sample received for culture in clinical microbiology laboratory's daily workload. Traditionally conventional media like Blood agar (BA) and MacConkey agar (MAC) are being used in combination by most of the laboratories in developing countries. Moreover, they are unsuitable as an ideal primary isolation medium and chromogenic agar medium like HiCrome UTI Agar is a differential medium recommended for it. The present study was undertaken to validate the usefulness of HiCrome UTI agar as a primary urine culture medium for its rate of isolation and presumptive identification of uropathogens in comparison to BA and MAC Agar in a Nair Hospital, in Mumbai. Patients included were randomly selected 3300 subjects who were married pregnant and non-pregnant women reporting to ANC clinic of the hospital of age group of 18 to 40 years. Collection, Transportation, Processing of urine, microscopic examination and Urine culture was carried out by standard methods. HiChrome UTI agar, BA and MAC agar were used simultaneously. Antibiotic sensitivity testing of test isolates (200 gram negative and 52 gram positive) bacteria were done, which were separately collected from Hichrome UTI, BA and MAC agar, to check the susceptibility pattern of isolates, isolated from different agar. Both HiCrome UTI agar and BA supported more than 75 % bacterial growth, while MAC agar supported 52.30% growths. For presumptive identification of bacterial species, of 259 bacterial isolates, 99.40% could be differentially identified on HiCrome UTI agar against 49.0% and 81.0% on BA and MAC agar respectively. Comparative results of three culture media for their rate of isolation of polymicrobial growth of uropathogens showed that HiCrome UTI agar supported 100% bacterial growth, while BA and MAC agar supported 40% bacterial growth each. Susceptibility pattern of all the isolates collected from HiCrome UTI, BA & MAC agar was found to be similar. Cost of HiCrome UTI agar per test per urine sample was found to be less than traditional identification methods. Hence, the study shows that HiCrome UTI agar is an excellent and time saving media for the reliable identification of most of the uropathogens and differentiation of mixed bacterial cultures in primary culture plate as compared to conventional culture system.

International journal of applied research, 2018

UTI is twice more common in pregnant women than age matched non-pregnants. UTI may occur with or ... more UTI is twice more common in pregnant women than age matched non-pregnants. UTI may occur with or without symptoms; the latter is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB). The prevalence of ASB in non-pregnant women rises with age at the rate of 1% for each decade of life. However, UTI in married non pregnant women have not been adequately studied in developing countries. This study is therefore aimed at finding out the incidence of ASB in married non pregnant women. This study was carried out over a period of two years in the Department of Microbiology in association with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of T. N. Medical College and B. Y. L. Nair Charitable Hospital. Total patients included were randomly selected 300 married, non-Pregnant women reporting to ANC clinic of the hospital of age group of 18 to 40 year. Collection, transportation, microscopic examination and antibiotic sensitivity testing was carried out by standard procedures. In the nonpregnant women, the maj...

International journal of applied research, 2017

Typhoid is a severe, infectious and life-threatening disease. Typhoid disease mainly hit on child... more Typhoid is a severe, infectious and life-threatening disease. Typhoid disease mainly hit on children who are in school-going age. It is not very common in adults and older people. In developing countries, facilities for isolation and culture are often not available especially in smaller hospitals and diagnosis relies upon the clinical features of the disease and detection of agglutinating antibodies to Salmonella typhi and salmonella paratyphi by the Widal test. A total of 1461 blood samples received in the lab over a period of two years were tested by conventional rapid slide agglutination using commercially available antigens. In the present study the prevalence of seropositivity was 24.36%. With 59% of the samples from males and 41% from females and maximum positive cases were from males 13.27%. Most of the positive cases in the present study were from the age group of 05-10 years 39.01%. Amongst all antigen, O antigen was found to be maximum positive antigen i.e18.75%. The eleva...

Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 2021

European Respiratory Journal, 2020

International journal of scientific research, 2017

INTRODUCTION: Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almos... more INTRODUCTION: Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. is corresponded to a belief among physicians that antimicrobial agents are widely effective and fairly harmless and in their search for security in treatment they prescribe antibiotic combinations because of a general feeling that if one antibiotic is good, two should be better and three should cure almost everybody of almost every (1) ailment.

International journal of applied research, 2018

Calibrated platinum loop had come into general use in determining CFU in urine and found that it ... more Calibrated platinum loop had come into general use in determining CFU in urine and found that it was comparable to the pour plate technique in determining the number of organisms present in urine. But later the it was considered only semiquantitative and not very reliable. Several other screening methods have been advocated for use in detecting bacteriuria like paper strips, nitrate reductase, TTC test, BACTEC automated screening system and catalase test have been developed by rapid screening of urine for bacteriuria. However, scanty information regarding this subject was found in the literature, particularly in relation to the possibility of compromising the sensitivity or specificity of the method by using urine volumes less than 50 μl. Hence, in this study, we carried out a comparative study of microscopic examination of un-centrifuged urine applied with a calibrated loop (10 μl) and stained with Grams staining, applied as a drop (50 μl) and examined as wet film, chemical tests o...

International Journal of Current Research and Academic Review, 2016

Multi drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has become more prevalent in recent years and second... more Multi drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) has become more prevalent in recent years and second line drugs are not as effective as the standard therapy and are more toxic and expensive. There is an urgent need for new antitubercular drugs. The components of the cell envelope of Mycobacteria have been the subject of intense research for a number of years because of the fact that enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathways including mycolic acids, offer attractive and selective targets for the developments of novel antimycobacterial agents. The mechanisms of action of various mycolic acid inhibitors like Isoniazide ( INH) and Ethionamide (ETH) have been studied intensively. Recently, mycolic acid inhibitors like Thiolactomycin (TLM), Triclosan (TRC) and Isoxyl (ISO) have been reported to have potent activity against MDR strains of M. tuberculosis. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO in vitro against M. tuberculosis strains in comparison to other mycolic acid inhibitors. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration pattern of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis to mycolic acid synthesis inhibitors namely TRC, TLM, ISO, INH And ETH were determined by agar dilution method. . Total 10 MDR strains and 10 susceptible strains of Mycobacterum tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) along with standard strain of M. tuberculosis H37Rv were included in the study. This study shows promising activity of ISO against various strains of M.tuberculosis in comparison to other mycolic acid inhibitors. Hence more study on this compound will be beneficial in drug development process.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, Jan 20, 2015

Nanotechnology has now advanced into a phase where application of nanoparticles in various domain... more Nanotechnology has now advanced into a phase where application of nanoparticles in various domains of science and technology is being cited. At the same time employment of biosynthetic methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, have drawn pronounced attention of researchers. And is now, being looked forward as a simple and viable alternative against conventional physical and chemical methods. Under the biological realm range of entities from unicellular microbes to multicellular plant structures are reported to synthesize nanoparticles. This review, attempts to consolidate the substantial data reported and to generalize the methodologies & mechanisms employed for the synthesis of nanoparticles using various microbes and plant extracts; and, highlight key factors that lead to maximum production of size and shape controlled nanoparticles with these bio-reduction processes.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a ... more Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in developing nations. As drug development is a long and expensive process, it becomes predominant to reexamine drugs that were formerly deemed effective against TB and increase the permeability of the Mycobacterial cell wall. One such drug is Isoxyl (ISO). Interest in the use of combination of antibiotics was started many years ago, almost as soon as two antibiotics were available. To minimize the probability of emergence of drug resistance, to increase the activity, particularly the bactericidal activity of the agents. Current use of drug combinations in the therapy of TB is aimed at designing the most efficient short-course regimens. It is reported the use of a murine macrophage continuous cell line J774 as a model for testing the susceptibility of mycobacteria to antimicrobial agents. Present study was conducted with the objective of determining the efficacy of ISO. To assess cytotoxic reaction to macrophage cell line by various c...

Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms... more Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacteremia characterized by systemic signs and symptoms of infection in the first month of life. While most infection-related deaths in the neonatal period occur in low-and middle-income countries, there precise data have been lacking. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and causative organisms for neonatal sepsis among infants and evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern of the organisms isolated. Total 228 clinically suspected cases were studied. Samples collected for culture were Blood, Umbilical swab and Skin swab. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms was carried out by standard procedure. The male to female ratio in the study was not statistical significant. It was observed that babies died in low birth weight had maximum percentage of septicemia followed by very low birth weight, high risk low birth weight and normal birth weight. Male to female ratio showed significant difference with...

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206, 2021

Introduction Nosodes, the homeopathic preparations sourced from biological materials including cl... more Introduction Nosodes, the homeopathic preparations sourced from biological materials including clinical samples, cultures of organisms, and diseased tissues have been in use against the source-specific infections as well as other diseases. The nosodes have demonstrated some efficacy in managing epidemics, such as influenza, dengue, and leptospirosis. This article presents the need and process of development of nosodes from the SARS-CoV-2 to explore its prophylactic and therapeutic potentials against certain related viral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A clinical sample of SARS-Cov-2 positive patient, based on the cycle threshold (CT) value of the qRT-PCR, heat-inactivated SARS-CoV-2, and spike glycoprotein all were processed for making nosodes as per the method described in Homoeopathy Pharmacopoeia of India. Molecular tests, such as qRT- PCR and sterility tests were performed to establish the live organisms, RNA material, and the absence of contamination. RESULT Three variants of ...

This study was carried out to examine Food Insecurity (FI) in a low-income population in Ohio, Am... more This study was carried out to examine Food Insecurity (FI) in a low-income population in Ohio, America. The study involved screening of 351 participants-who were over 18 years of age, Ohio residents, living in Allen, Hancock or Seneca counties. The study assessed different parameters such as race, financial status, education, family structure, food expenditure and health. Statistical tools were used for data analysis. Participants were divided into 12 income groups according to monthly household income, highest participants were found in income group 500-999 category (36.66%) and lowest in 3500-3999 category (1.87%). The highest amount of participants were found in food insecurity score group (FIS) 5 (20.23%), while lowest in FI groups 1 and 2 (1.95%). As income increased, FI index in total participants decreased including males and females. The Black/ African American population was highest with food insecurity observed in FIS group 10 (3.77%) Caucasian population was highest with ...

International journal of applied research, 2020

The relationship between food in security (FI) and health is often bidirectional. A cross-section... more The relationship between food in security (FI) and health is often bidirectional. A cross-sectional FI study was conducted to examine negative health indicators and FI in Ohio, USA. This study involved screening of; 514 subjects over 18 years of age, all Ohio resident slivingin Allen, Hancock or Seneca Counties. The study was assessed indifferent parameters such as age, sex, race, financial status, family structure, food expenditure and health of the participants. The statistical Package for Social Sciences tool was used for data analysis of the total population with Food Insecurity Score (FIS), the highest participants were found in group five (20.23%), while lowest was in FIS group one and two (1.95%). Distribution of participants based on FI score was similar in both genders. There was no significant difference between the two groups that were observed. Also, no significant difference between health groups were observed. The highest population with self-reported diabetes belonged...

Context: Prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an alarming public health pr... more Context: Prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is an alarming public health problem. Delay in diagnosis hinders effective treatment. Molecular methods have led to the development of rapid and reliable diagnostic and drug susceptibility tests (DST). Aim: To Compare Line Probe Assay (LPA) and Conventional Method of DST for the Diagnosis of MDR-TB. Methods and Material: Total 105 sputum samples were collected from clinically suspected TB patients and screened for TB using Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining. Further all samples were cultured on Media. DNA was extracted from the NALC-NaOH decontaminated sputum samples and was subjected to LPA. DST of culture positive samples was performed against Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) by the Proportional method. Results: Out of 105 sputum samples, 82% were found to be positive for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) by initial ZN staining. 80% were found to be culture positive and 95% were LPA positive. DST detected lesser (18%) samples po...