Varsha Tiwari - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Varsha Tiwari

Medicinal Chemistry, May 5, 2023

: Tempol (TP) was introduced in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii and is an excellent catalyst ext... more : Tempol (TP) was introduced in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii and is an excellent catalyst extensively used in the synthesis and oxidation of various reagents. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TP) has also been explored against various disorders like inflammation, superoxide anion-influenced molecular linked behavioural modifications, radical capturing, cardioprotective, protective ocular damage, against skin burns, fibrocystic diseases, breast cancer prevention, respiratory infections, alopecia, and cerebral malaria, etc. This review article comprises five major aspects of TP namely (a) Approx. 25 different Synthesis schemes of TP (b) major reactions catalysed by TP (c) Therapeutic potential of TP. It also provides scientific information that supports the use of TP which may be proven as a “MIRACLE” drug for the treatment of numerous disorders namely in reducing the reactive oxygen species, superoxide mutases, vision disorders, cancer as well as in covid. It also possesses a significant role in minimising side effects in combination therapy. This review will be beneficial to researchers, healthcare, and academic professionals for further research.

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, Jul 31, 2023

: All over the world, cancer death and prevalence are increasing. Breast cancer (BC) is the major... more : All over the world, cancer death and prevalence are increasing. Breast cancer (BC) is the major cause of cancer mortality (15%) which makes it the most common cancer in women. BC is defined as the furious progression and quick division of breast cells. Novel nanotechnology-based approaches helped in improving survival rate, metastatic BC is still facing obstacles to treat with an expected overall 23% survival rate. This paper represents epidemiology, classification (non-invasive, invasive and metastatic), risk factors (genetic and non-genetic) and treatment challenges of breast cancer in brief. This review paper focus on the importance of nanotechnology-based nanoformulations for treatment of BC. This review aims to deliver elementary insight and understanding of the novel nanoformulations in BC treatment and to explain to the readers for enduring designing novel nanomedicine. Later, we elaborate on several types of nanoformulations used in tumor therapeutics such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanomaterials and many others. Potential research opportunities for clinical application and current challenges related to nanoformulations utility for the treatment of BC are also highlighted in this review. The role of artificial intelligence is elaborated in detail. We also confer the existing challenges and perspectives of nanoformulations in effective tumor management, with emphasis on the various patented nanoformulations approved or progression of clinical trials retrieved from various search engines.

Separations, Jun 19, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Current Drug Therapy, Jul 19, 2023

Background: Herbal medications have been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine to red... more Background: Herbal medications have been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine to reduce fertility in several regions. Among them, Sida acuta (S. acuta) is a traditional herb having antifertility effects with other broad medicinal properties. In this work, it was studied for its effect on fertility in female rats. Objective: The purpose of this research was to conduct effectiveness and safety investigations on S. acuta root, an antifertility plant widely used in Asian countries. Methods: Fertile albino Wistar female rats (200-250 gm) were used for antifertility investigations. The animals were separated into four groups, each with six members, and treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the methanolic extract in combination with Ethinyl Estradiol (0.3mg/kg body weight) as per schedule. They all took place for seven days. On the 8th day, every positive rat was decapitated under ether anesthesia, and the uterus and surrounding tissues were taken from it for fast weight measurement. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids as secondary metabolites. RP-HPLC analysis was used to determine the concentration of colchicine in S. acuta roots extract, and it was found to have a retention period of 7.35 minutes. The female Wistar rats treated with S. acuta root study showed that the litter weight of the experimental group with MESA (200) was 42.13±0.77 and MESA (400) was 18.53±0.94 lower than the control group 61.5±0.29 which reveals that there was a decrease in litter weight, indicating the potential antifertility activity of the experimental group. It was shown that the extract was more effective in reducing the number of litters born (50 percent) and causing considerable anti-implantation activity (3.29) than the control in postcoital testing. The uterotrophic response was less pronounced than that elicited by ethinylestradiol alone when the extract was administered simultaneously (P<0.01). The estrogenic activity of the extract was, therefore, low at the contraceptive dosage level when taken alone. Both ethinylestradiol and these compounds, on the other hand, showed considerable antiestrogenic properties. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of S. acuta root showed significant antifertility effects and was found to be safe when used at the effective dosages found in this research.

Research Square (Research Square), Apr 12, 2023

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

From both a medical and monetary perspective, antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Using too m... more From both a medical and monetary perspective, antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Using too many anti-infection medications at once or not using them correctly causes this. The spread of resistance genes from one bacterial species or group to another exacerbates the problem. Despite the fact that there are evaluations of the literature concerning the antibacterial properties of EOs, there are not many reviews that center on synergism verified by quantitative microbiological investigation following brief treatment. Current issues with EO antibacterial complexes are discussed in this chapter. The leakage of cytoplasmic materials (DNA, RNA, and proteins), as well as the impact on proton motive force, are all discussed in relation to the impact of antimicrobials on cell wall, membrane integrity and permeability. The antimicrobial effects of terpenoids and terpene derivatives such monoterpene, diterpene, sesquiterpene, and meroterpene are also covered.

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Sep 1, 2023

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Jul 27, 2023

Background: Drug distribution to the eye is still tricky because of the eye’s intricate structure... more Background: Drug distribution to the eye is still tricky because of the eye’s intricate structure. Systemic delivery, as opposed to more traditional methods like eye drops and ointments, is more effective but higher doses can be harmful. Objective: The use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) as a method of drug delivery has been the subject of research since the 1990s. Since SLNPs are derived from naturally occurring lipids, they pose no health risks to the user. To raise the eye's absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, SLNs can promote corneal absorption and improve the ocular bioavailability of SLNPs. Methods: To address problems related to ocular drug delivery, many forms of Nano formulation were developed. Some of the methods developed are, emulsification and ultra-sonication, High-speed stirring and ultra-sonication, Thin layer hydration, Adapted melt-emulsification, and ultrasonication techniques, hot o/w micro-emulsion techniques, etc. Results: Nanostructured lipid carriers are described in this review in terms of their ocular penetration mechanism, structural characteristic, manufacturing process, characterization, and advantages over other nanocarriers. Conclusion: Recent developments in ocular formulations with nanostructured bases, such as surface-modified attempts have been made to increase ocular bioavailability in both the anterior and posterior chambers by incorporating cationic chemicals into a wide variety of polymeric systems.

Nanomedicine

Aim: Our study developed a prednisolone acetate polymeric micelles (PM) system for ocular inflamm... more Aim: Our study developed a prednisolone acetate polymeric micelles (PM) system for ocular inflammation related to allergic uveitis. Methods: For PM development, a thin-film hydration procedure was used. Irritation, in vitro, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, micelle size, entrapment efficiency and histology within the eye were all calculated for PM. Results: The optimized in situ gel (A4) showed superior ex vivo transcorneal permeation with zero-order kinetics. Conclusion: The developed formulation could be a promising candidate for treating anterior uveitis via topical application to the anterior segment of the eye.

Current Drug Research Reviews

Background: Dermatophytosis is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. Many drugs are ... more Background: Dermatophytosis is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. Many drugs are available in the market for the treatment of dermatophytosis, but they have had limited success due to the stratum corneum barrier, antifungal resistance, drug permeation, drug retention in skin layers, etc. Thus, there is a constant need for new topical compounds that are effective against dermatophytosis. Berberine-hydrochloride is an attractive candidate to become an antifungal drug, and by using nanotechnology, it achieves deeper penetration in skin layers with enhanced permeability through the stratum corneum. Methods: In this study, we developed an oleic acid-containing berberine-hydrochloride-loaded transethosomal gel for effective treatment of dermatophytosis by Trichophyton rubrum. Berberine- hydrochloride-loaded transethosomal gels were fabricated using the hot homogenization method, followed by the incorporation of transethosomes into the gel-based system using carbopol 934. T...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

Sesquiterpenes (C 15 terpenoids) are the class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units (... more Sesquiterpenes (C 15 terpenoids) are the class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units (C₅H 8) with the molecular formula of C₁₅H₂₄. Several families of plant sources are found to be principal producers of sesquiterpene volatiles including the Lamiaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, and Gingeraceae. Several highly functionalized, non-volatile sesquiterpenes of plant origin have demonstrated highly specific biological activity and have therefore been investigated for their clinical potential. Examples of sesquiterpene include α-Zingiberene (Zingiber officinalis), α-Farnesene (Eucalyptus globules) [1-3]. Similarly, examples of sesquiterpene lactone include Tenulin (Helenium amarum), Thapsigargin (Thapsia garganica), Artemisinin (Artemisia annua), Germacranolide (Geranium macrorrhizum), Eudesmanolide (Magnolia obovata), matricarin (Achillea vermacularis) and Guaianolide (Guaiacum officinale), etc [4]. Sesquiterpenols are derived from Sesquiterpenes by the addition of a hydroxyl (-OH) group. Examples: Farnesol (Santalum spicatum), α-Bisabolol (Matricaria recutita), Patchoulol (patchouli cablin), Nerolidol (Melaleuca quinquenervia) [5]. 9.1.1 Classification of Sesquiterpenoids Sesquiterpenoids are grouped into four classes such as acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic as summarized in Table 9.1. Examples include α-Farnesene (Eucalyptus globules), α-bisabolene in black pepper (Piper nigrum) and β-caryophyllene in ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), and Santalene (Santalum album), etc [7,8]. Table 9.1 Classification of Sesquiterpenoids.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The volatile organic compositions known as Essential Oil (EOs) are extracted from aromatic plants... more The volatile organic compositions known as Essential Oil (EOs) are extracted from aromatic plants. Synthetic antioxidants, namely BHA and BHT are hazardous to health, there is raising interest in EOs as herbal antioxidants. Hence, incorporating EOs to food ingredients directly or through packaged foods as well as edible coatings might be a viable solution to stop autoxidation lead to enhance its shelf life. Different evaluating EOs' antioxidant effectiveness is important because many commonly used "tests" are invalid and produce inconsistent results that might bias future research. This chapter emphasis the role of oxidative stress as well as ROS on human health at cellular, molecular level.It also emphasis on numerous reactive oxygen species, generation of ROS, positive and negative effects of free radicals as well as antioxidant potential of EOs. This chapter also includes the chemistry and Antioxidant (direct and indirect) potential of EO's, different methods of its evaluation along with the few examples of EOs have been reviewed thoroughly.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

Cancer is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) report... more Cancer is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) reported 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths globally in the year 2012 and over 70% of new cancer cases have been estimated during the next twenty years [1-3]. Cancer is mainly characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that finally leads to metastasis. The uncontrolled proliferation of a normal cell leads to genetic instabilities and alterations within the cells and tissues that transform normal cells into malignant cells [4]. There are three stages involved in cancer development such as initiation, progression, and metastasis. In case of initiation, the genetic materials of the cells are changed which makes the normal cells into cancerous cells. While the promotion step involves a lengthy and reversible process in which the actively proliferating preneoplastic cells accumulate. Similarly, progression is the phase between a preneoplastic lesion and the development of invasive cancer. Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body through the bloodstream [5,6]. Hanahan and Weinberg reported the hallmark of cancer such as proliferative signal, growth suppressors, cell death, immortality, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Several types of cancer are reported in the case of human beings including lung cancer, liver cancer, ovary cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreas cancer, and rectum cancer [6]. Out of these, lung cancer is observed as major cancer in the case of males and breast cancer in the case of the female patient. Conventionally, several medicaments of synthetic type are available for the treatment of different types of cancer. But these drugs exhibit various side effects [7, 8]. To minimize these problems, safer alternatives such as medicinal agents from natural sources are required. So, the essential oils with suitable bioactivities are collected from plant materials [9, 10]. Essential oils are mainly used in aromatherapy and also used to enhance the immunity of cancer patients during the treatment of cancer (Fig. 6.1). Due to technological advancements, recently essential oils are incorporated in microspheres, 1 nano-emulsions, nano-encapsulation to elicit the site-specific and target oriented delivery of drugs for displaying multiple benefits in cancer treatment [11, 12]. Fig. 6.1. Therapeutic potentials of essential oils for prevention and treatment of different types of cancer. 6.1. Essential oils Essential oils are the plant's secondary metabolites. The name essential oil is termed essential because it consists of the essence of the plant's fragrance. These oils are aromatic, hydrophobic, and volatile liquids that are obtained from plant materials (root, seed, flowers, bark, leaves, peel, or fruit) through steam or hydro-distillation methods [13]. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils because these oils are easily evaporated at normal temperatures. The diverse biological potentials of essential oils depend on the presence of several chemical constituents and their structures in the oils. Based on their chemical compositions, essential oils are generally classified as oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons [14]. The oxygenated compounds include esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and oxides. Whereas hydrocarbons are composed of a specific chemical class called terpenes. Monoterpenes contain 90% of essential oils in their overall constituents [15, 16]. 6.1.1. Types of Essential oils Essential oils contain varying numbers of isoprene units (C 5 H 8). Depending on the presence of the number of isoprene units, terpenes are categorized into monoterpenes (C 10) and sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), sesterterpenes (C 25), triterpenes (C 30), etc (Table 6.1). The general molecular formula of all naturally occurring terpene is (C 5 H 8) n [17].

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The green chemistry approach is also termed a sustainable technology that involves the design, sy... more The green chemistry approach is also termed a sustainable technology that involves the design, synthesis, processing, and use of chemical substances by reducing or eliminating chemical hazards [1]. This technique focuses on atom economy, the use of safer solvents or chemicals, the use of raw materials from renewable resources, the consumption of energy, and the decomposition of the chemical substances into non-toxic materials which are ecofriendly [2]. Several green techniques used in chemical synthesis include microwave irradiated organic synthesis (MIOS), ultrasound-induced synthesis (UIS), photo-catalysis, ball milling, and grinding techniques. To meet the requirement for environmentally friendly processes and products, green chemistry triggers chemical research for the processing of renewable feedstock to generate bioactive molecules [3]. The concept of the green chemistry approach was introduced to design the environmentally benign synthetic protocols for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds that have a significant impact in several fields such as the use of green solvents, solvent-free organic synthesis, sustainable catalytic reagents, reduced energy consumption, improved atom economy, optimized reaction yields, use of alternate energy source, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), ionic liquids, high-efficiency, and time-saving reactions, etc (Fig. 2.1) [4].

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The use of terpenes as green solvents in extraction is explored in this chapter along with introd... more The use of terpenes as green solvents in extraction is explored in this chapter along with introduction to the solubility as well as environmentally friendly green solvents. In contrast with conventional solvents, the physical and chemical characteristics of such solvents have also been discussed. Apart from it applications with examples of EOs have been covered in this chapter along with challenges and future prospects of EOs as green solvents. Various green solvents used in Extraction of Bioactive Components, Multicomponent Synthesis, Catalytic Coupling Reaction and Biobased-solvents are included in this chapter.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

A potential source of herbal drugs and other therapies is herbal goods. Essential oil (EO) may po... more A potential source of herbal drugs and other therapies is herbal goods. Essential oil (EO) may possess therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 due to numerous therapeutic properties, including antiviral activity. Due to its lipophilicity, EO can quickly penetrate through viral capsid results in burst. Moreover, EO typically possesses active constituents triggers numerous targets on virus predominantly entrance, translation and replication. They also have additional advantageous therapeutic effects on host's respiratory system shows anti-inflammatory, immunological modulation, bronchiectasis and mucolytic affect.This Chapter summarizes the potential essential oils which could be promising drugs forCOVID-19 eradication. EO imparts many advantages as promising volatileantiviral molecules may be potential drug targets for the management of COVID-19, either alone/combination with other drugs. The aim of the currentreview is to shed light on the effective EO against viruses and its proposedpotential against SARS-CoV-2.

Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal

Medicinal Chemistry, May 5, 2023

: Tempol (TP) was introduced in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii and is an excellent catalyst ext... more : Tempol (TP) was introduced in 1960 by Lebedev and Kazarnovskii and is an excellent catalyst extensively used in the synthesis and oxidation of various reagents. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TP) has also been explored against various disorders like inflammation, superoxide anion-influenced molecular linked behavioural modifications, radical capturing, cardioprotective, protective ocular damage, against skin burns, fibrocystic diseases, breast cancer prevention, respiratory infections, alopecia, and cerebral malaria, etc. This review article comprises five major aspects of TP namely (a) Approx. 25 different Synthesis schemes of TP (b) major reactions catalysed by TP (c) Therapeutic potential of TP. It also provides scientific information that supports the use of TP which may be proven as a “MIRACLE” drug for the treatment of numerous disorders namely in reducing the reactive oxygen species, superoxide mutases, vision disorders, cancer as well as in covid. It also possesses a significant role in minimising side effects in combination therapy. This review will be beneficial to researchers, healthcare, and academic professionals for further research.

Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, Jul 31, 2023

: All over the world, cancer death and prevalence are increasing. Breast cancer (BC) is the major... more : All over the world, cancer death and prevalence are increasing. Breast cancer (BC) is the major cause of cancer mortality (15%) which makes it the most common cancer in women. BC is defined as the furious progression and quick division of breast cells. Novel nanotechnology-based approaches helped in improving survival rate, metastatic BC is still facing obstacles to treat with an expected overall 23% survival rate. This paper represents epidemiology, classification (non-invasive, invasive and metastatic), risk factors (genetic and non-genetic) and treatment challenges of breast cancer in brief. This review paper focus on the importance of nanotechnology-based nanoformulations for treatment of BC. This review aims to deliver elementary insight and understanding of the novel nanoformulations in BC treatment and to explain to the readers for enduring designing novel nanomedicine. Later, we elaborate on several types of nanoformulations used in tumor therapeutics such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanomaterials and many others. Potential research opportunities for clinical application and current challenges related to nanoformulations utility for the treatment of BC are also highlighted in this review. The role of artificial intelligence is elaborated in detail. We also confer the existing challenges and perspectives of nanoformulations in effective tumor management, with emphasis on the various patented nanoformulations approved or progression of clinical trials retrieved from various search engines.

Separations, Jun 19, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

Current Drug Therapy, Jul 19, 2023

Background: Herbal medications have been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine to red... more Background: Herbal medications have been used for centuries in traditional Indian medicine to reduce fertility in several regions. Among them, Sida acuta (S. acuta) is a traditional herb having antifertility effects with other broad medicinal properties. In this work, it was studied for its effect on fertility in female rats. Objective: The purpose of this research was to conduct effectiveness and safety investigations on S. acuta root, an antifertility plant widely used in Asian countries. Methods: Fertile albino Wistar female rats (200-250 gm) were used for antifertility investigations. The animals were separated into four groups, each with six members, and treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the methanolic extract in combination with Ethinyl Estradiol (0.3mg/kg body weight) as per schedule. They all took place for seven days. On the 8th day, every positive rat was decapitated under ether anesthesia, and the uterus and surrounding tissues were taken from it for fast weight measurement. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and flavonoids as secondary metabolites. RP-HPLC analysis was used to determine the concentration of colchicine in S. acuta roots extract, and it was found to have a retention period of 7.35 minutes. The female Wistar rats treated with S. acuta root study showed that the litter weight of the experimental group with MESA (200) was 42.13±0.77 and MESA (400) was 18.53±0.94 lower than the control group 61.5±0.29 which reveals that there was a decrease in litter weight, indicating the potential antifertility activity of the experimental group. It was shown that the extract was more effective in reducing the number of litters born (50 percent) and causing considerable anti-implantation activity (3.29) than the control in postcoital testing. The uterotrophic response was less pronounced than that elicited by ethinylestradiol alone when the extract was administered simultaneously (P<0.01). The estrogenic activity of the extract was, therefore, low at the contraceptive dosage level when taken alone. Both ethinylestradiol and these compounds, on the other hand, showed considerable antiestrogenic properties. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of S. acuta root showed significant antifertility effects and was found to be safe when used at the effective dosages found in this research.

Research Square (Research Square), Apr 12, 2023

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

From both a medical and monetary perspective, antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Using too m... more From both a medical and monetary perspective, antibiotic resistance is a major issue. Using too many anti-infection medications at once or not using them correctly causes this. The spread of resistance genes from one bacterial species or group to another exacerbates the problem. Despite the fact that there are evaluations of the literature concerning the antibacterial properties of EOs, there are not many reviews that center on synergism verified by quantitative microbiological investigation following brief treatment. Current issues with EO antibacterial complexes are discussed in this chapter. The leakage of cytoplasmic materials (DNA, RNA, and proteins), as well as the impact on proton motive force, are all discussed in relation to the impact of antimicrobials on cell wall, membrane integrity and permeability. The antimicrobial effects of terpenoids and terpene derivatives such monoterpene, diterpene, sesquiterpene, and meroterpene are also covered.

Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Sep 1, 2023

Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Jul 27, 2023

Background: Drug distribution to the eye is still tricky because of the eye’s intricate structure... more Background: Drug distribution to the eye is still tricky because of the eye’s intricate structure. Systemic delivery, as opposed to more traditional methods like eye drops and ointments, is more effective but higher doses can be harmful. Objective: The use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs) as a method of drug delivery has been the subject of research since the 1990s. Since SLNPs are derived from naturally occurring lipids, they pose no health risks to the user. To raise the eye's absorption of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, SLNs can promote corneal absorption and improve the ocular bioavailability of SLNPs. Methods: To address problems related to ocular drug delivery, many forms of Nano formulation were developed. Some of the methods developed are, emulsification and ultra-sonication, High-speed stirring and ultra-sonication, Thin layer hydration, Adapted melt-emulsification, and ultrasonication techniques, hot o/w micro-emulsion techniques, etc. Results: Nanostructured lipid carriers are described in this review in terms of their ocular penetration mechanism, structural characteristic, manufacturing process, characterization, and advantages over other nanocarriers. Conclusion: Recent developments in ocular formulations with nanostructured bases, such as surface-modified attempts have been made to increase ocular bioavailability in both the anterior and posterior chambers by incorporating cationic chemicals into a wide variety of polymeric systems.

Nanomedicine

Aim: Our study developed a prednisolone acetate polymeric micelles (PM) system for ocular inflamm... more Aim: Our study developed a prednisolone acetate polymeric micelles (PM) system for ocular inflammation related to allergic uveitis. Methods: For PM development, a thin-film hydration procedure was used. Irritation, in vitro, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, micelle size, entrapment efficiency and histology within the eye were all calculated for PM. Results: The optimized in situ gel (A4) showed superior ex vivo transcorneal permeation with zero-order kinetics. Conclusion: The developed formulation could be a promising candidate for treating anterior uveitis via topical application to the anterior segment of the eye.

Current Drug Research Reviews

Background: Dermatophytosis is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. Many drugs are ... more Background: Dermatophytosis is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. Many drugs are available in the market for the treatment of dermatophytosis, but they have had limited success due to the stratum corneum barrier, antifungal resistance, drug permeation, drug retention in skin layers, etc. Thus, there is a constant need for new topical compounds that are effective against dermatophytosis. Berberine-hydrochloride is an attractive candidate to become an antifungal drug, and by using nanotechnology, it achieves deeper penetration in skin layers with enhanced permeability through the stratum corneum. Methods: In this study, we developed an oleic acid-containing berberine-hydrochloride-loaded transethosomal gel for effective treatment of dermatophytosis by Trichophyton rubrum. Berberine- hydrochloride-loaded transethosomal gels were fabricated using the hot homogenization method, followed by the incorporation of transethosomes into the gel-based system using carbopol 934. T...

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

Sesquiterpenes (C 15 terpenoids) are the class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units (... more Sesquiterpenes (C 15 terpenoids) are the class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units (C₅H 8) with the molecular formula of C₁₅H₂₄. Several families of plant sources are found to be principal producers of sesquiterpene volatiles including the Lamiaceae, Geraniaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Asteraceae, Cannabaceae, and Gingeraceae. Several highly functionalized, non-volatile sesquiterpenes of plant origin have demonstrated highly specific biological activity and have therefore been investigated for their clinical potential. Examples of sesquiterpene include α-Zingiberene (Zingiber officinalis), α-Farnesene (Eucalyptus globules) [1-3]. Similarly, examples of sesquiterpene lactone include Tenulin (Helenium amarum), Thapsigargin (Thapsia garganica), Artemisinin (Artemisia annua), Germacranolide (Geranium macrorrhizum), Eudesmanolide (Magnolia obovata), matricarin (Achillea vermacularis) and Guaianolide (Guaiacum officinale), etc [4]. Sesquiterpenols are derived from Sesquiterpenes by the addition of a hydroxyl (-OH) group. Examples: Farnesol (Santalum spicatum), α-Bisabolol (Matricaria recutita), Patchoulol (patchouli cablin), Nerolidol (Melaleuca quinquenervia) [5]. 9.1.1 Classification of Sesquiterpenoids Sesquiterpenoids are grouped into four classes such as acyclic, monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic as summarized in Table 9.1. Examples include α-Farnesene (Eucalyptus globules), α-bisabolene in black pepper (Piper nigrum) and β-caryophyllene in ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), and Santalene (Santalum album), etc [7,8]. Table 9.1 Classification of Sesquiterpenoids.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The volatile organic compositions known as Essential Oil (EOs) are extracted from aromatic plants... more The volatile organic compositions known as Essential Oil (EOs) are extracted from aromatic plants. Synthetic antioxidants, namely BHA and BHT are hazardous to health, there is raising interest in EOs as herbal antioxidants. Hence, incorporating EOs to food ingredients directly or through packaged foods as well as edible coatings might be a viable solution to stop autoxidation lead to enhance its shelf life. Different evaluating EOs' antioxidant effectiveness is important because many commonly used "tests" are invalid and produce inconsistent results that might bias future research. This chapter emphasis the role of oxidative stress as well as ROS on human health at cellular, molecular level.It also emphasis on numerous reactive oxygen species, generation of ROS, positive and negative effects of free radicals as well as antioxidant potential of EOs. This chapter also includes the chemistry and Antioxidant (direct and indirect) potential of EO's, different methods of its evaluation along with the few examples of EOs have been reviewed thoroughly.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

Cancer is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) report... more Cancer is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) reported 14.1 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million deaths globally in the year 2012 and over 70% of new cancer cases have been estimated during the next twenty years [1-3]. Cancer is mainly characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that finally leads to metastasis. The uncontrolled proliferation of a normal cell leads to genetic instabilities and alterations within the cells and tissues that transform normal cells into malignant cells [4]. There are three stages involved in cancer development such as initiation, progression, and metastasis. In case of initiation, the genetic materials of the cells are changed which makes the normal cells into cancerous cells. While the promotion step involves a lengthy and reversible process in which the actively proliferating preneoplastic cells accumulate. Similarly, progression is the phase between a preneoplastic lesion and the development of invasive cancer. Metastasis involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body through the bloodstream [5,6]. Hanahan and Weinberg reported the hallmark of cancer such as proliferative signal, growth suppressors, cell death, immortality, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Several types of cancer are reported in the case of human beings including lung cancer, liver cancer, ovary cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, prostate cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, pancreas cancer, and rectum cancer [6]. Out of these, lung cancer is observed as major cancer in the case of males and breast cancer in the case of the female patient. Conventionally, several medicaments of synthetic type are available for the treatment of different types of cancer. But these drugs exhibit various side effects [7, 8]. To minimize these problems, safer alternatives such as medicinal agents from natural sources are required. So, the essential oils with suitable bioactivities are collected from plant materials [9, 10]. Essential oils are mainly used in aromatherapy and also used to enhance the immunity of cancer patients during the treatment of cancer (Fig. 6.1). Due to technological advancements, recently essential oils are incorporated in microspheres, 1 nano-emulsions, nano-encapsulation to elicit the site-specific and target oriented delivery of drugs for displaying multiple benefits in cancer treatment [11, 12]. Fig. 6.1. Therapeutic potentials of essential oils for prevention and treatment of different types of cancer. 6.1. Essential oils Essential oils are the plant's secondary metabolites. The name essential oil is termed essential because it consists of the essence of the plant's fragrance. These oils are aromatic, hydrophobic, and volatile liquids that are obtained from plant materials (root, seed, flowers, bark, leaves, peel, or fruit) through steam or hydro-distillation methods [13]. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils because these oils are easily evaporated at normal temperatures. The diverse biological potentials of essential oils depend on the presence of several chemical constituents and their structures in the oils. Based on their chemical compositions, essential oils are generally classified as oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons [14]. The oxygenated compounds include esters, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, phenols, and oxides. Whereas hydrocarbons are composed of a specific chemical class called terpenes. Monoterpenes contain 90% of essential oils in their overall constituents [15, 16]. 6.1.1. Types of Essential oils Essential oils contain varying numbers of isoprene units (C 5 H 8). Depending on the presence of the number of isoprene units, terpenes are categorized into monoterpenes (C 10) and sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), sesterterpenes (C 25), triterpenes (C 30), etc (Table 6.1). The general molecular formula of all naturally occurring terpene is (C 5 H 8) n [17].

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The green chemistry approach is also termed a sustainable technology that involves the design, sy... more The green chemistry approach is also termed a sustainable technology that involves the design, synthesis, processing, and use of chemical substances by reducing or eliminating chemical hazards [1]. This technique focuses on atom economy, the use of safer solvents or chemicals, the use of raw materials from renewable resources, the consumption of energy, and the decomposition of the chemical substances into non-toxic materials which are ecofriendly [2]. Several green techniques used in chemical synthesis include microwave irradiated organic synthesis (MIOS), ultrasound-induced synthesis (UIS), photo-catalysis, ball milling, and grinding techniques. To meet the requirement for environmentally friendly processes and products, green chemistry triggers chemical research for the processing of renewable feedstock to generate bioactive molecules [3]. The concept of the green chemistry approach was introduced to design the environmentally benign synthetic protocols for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds that have a significant impact in several fields such as the use of green solvents, solvent-free organic synthesis, sustainable catalytic reagents, reduced energy consumption, improved atom economy, optimized reaction yields, use of alternate energy source, multicomponent reactions (MCRs), ionic liquids, high-efficiency, and time-saving reactions, etc (Fig. 2.1) [4].

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

The use of terpenes as green solvents in extraction is explored in this chapter along with introd... more The use of terpenes as green solvents in extraction is explored in this chapter along with introduction to the solubility as well as environmentally friendly green solvents. In contrast with conventional solvents, the physical and chemical characteristics of such solvents have also been discussed. Apart from it applications with examples of EOs have been covered in this chapter along with challenges and future prospects of EOs as green solvents. Various green solvents used in Extraction of Bioactive Components, Multicomponent Synthesis, Catalytic Coupling Reaction and Biobased-solvents are included in this chapter.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 31, 2023

A potential source of herbal drugs and other therapies is herbal goods. Essential oil (EO) may po... more A potential source of herbal drugs and other therapies is herbal goods. Essential oil (EO) may possess therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 due to numerous therapeutic properties, including antiviral activity. Due to its lipophilicity, EO can quickly penetrate through viral capsid results in burst. Moreover, EO typically possesses active constituents triggers numerous targets on virus predominantly entrance, translation and replication. They also have additional advantageous therapeutic effects on host's respiratory system shows anti-inflammatory, immunological modulation, bronchiectasis and mucolytic affect.This Chapter summarizes the potential essential oils which could be promising drugs forCOVID-19 eradication. EO imparts many advantages as promising volatileantiviral molecules may be potential drug targets for the management of COVID-19, either alone/combination with other drugs. The aim of the currentreview is to shed light on the effective EO against viruses and its proposedpotential against SARS-CoV-2.

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