Veronica Grondona - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Veronica Grondona
Global Wealth Chains: Asset Strategies in the World Economy, 2022
In this chapter, Grondona and Burgos explore export mispricing in Argentina’s soybean sector. The... more In this chapter, Grondona and Burgos explore export mispricing in Argentina’s soybean sector. The key asset strategy here is mispricing internal trades. Argentinian law sanctions the “sixth method” in transfer pricing to counter the mispricing of internal transactions by firms, but regulatory intervention is weak. Grondona and Burgos show the presence of mispricing by comparing the price of internal transactions to the price of the same commodity on a recognized international exchange. By comparing the average prices of soybean exports reported in daily customs registrations with the daily price on the Gulf of Mexico, they demonstrate the systematic underpricing of food exports. With soybean exports accounting for 24 percent of all Argentinian exports the fiscal impact of export mispricing is profound. This is an example of a formally market global wealth chain that has evolved, with increasing market concentration, into a captive global wealth chain where firms execute asset strategies via related entities that span multiple jurisdictions.
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Documentos de Proyectos, Estudios e Investigaciones » Documentos de proyectos, 2021
En este documento, elaborado en el marco de las actividades de un proyecto conjunto de la Adminis... more En este documento, elaborado en el marco de las actividades de un proyecto conjunto de la Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos (AFIP) de la Argentina y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), se abordan los desafíos que plantea la tributación de la economía digital a nivel global y las alternativas para superarlos que se discuten en los foros multilaterales. Se exponen también experiencias internacionales en materia de tributación nacional a la economía digital. Finalmente, se describen los pasos que ha dado la Argentina en ese sentido y se analizan sus posibilidades de incorporar instrumentos de tributación directa a las empresas de servicios digitales del exterior en función de su marco normativo y de sus compromisos internacionales, con el objetivo de dotar al sistema tributario del país de una mayor equidad.
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SOuth Centre Research Paper, 2022
The taxation of the digitalized economy is the single most important topic in international tax n... more The taxation of the digitalized economy is the single most important topic in international tax negotiations today. The OECD has devised a “Two Pillar solution” to the problem. Pillar One is focusing on a reallocation of taxing rights to market jurisdictions, which are largely expected to be developing countries, and Pillar Two is instituting a global minimum tax. The Pillar One solution, known as Amount A, will be codified into a Multilateral Convention (MLC) and is expected to be placed before countries for signature in early 2023. The solution ushers in a new paradigm in the taxation of multinational enterprises but has immense complexity and likely minimal revenue gains for most developing countries. It will also require them to give up the right of unilateral tax measures on all out-of-scope companies, meaning they will only be able to tax the fewer than 100 companies likely to be in-scope, if at all. The decision to sign or not is thus a historic one, as it will lock developing countries into a constricted new framework, at a time when revenue needs are especially critical to recover the economies from COVID-19 in the context of a turbulent state of the global economy.
However, the United Nations too has a solution, known as Article 12B. This operates in a different manner and is a minor modification to the existing decentralized international tax system which is based on bilateral tax treaties, and which developing countries are more familiar with. It is also likely to generate far higher revenues than Amount A, and does not restrict any of their sovereign taxing rights. This Research Paper assesses the various implications for developing countries from adopting the OECD’s or the United Nations’s respective solutions and concludes with a possible global South response to the Two Pillar solution.
L'imposition de l'économie numérique est aujourd'hui le sujet le plus important des négociations fiscales au niveau international. L'OCDE a conçu une « solution reposant sur deux piliers » pour résoudre ce problème. Le premier pilier consiste à réattribuer des droits d’imposition aux pays sources, dont une grande partie devrait être constituée de pays en développement. Le deuxième consiste à instaurer un impôt minimum à l’échelle mondiale. Cette solution, connue sous le nom de « Montant A », doit être codifiée dans une convention multilatérale dont la signature est prévue au début de l’année 2023. Si elle a le mérite d’inaugurer un nouveau paradigme en matière d'imposition des entreprises multinationales, cette solution s’avère particulièrement complexe du point de vue de sa mise en oeuvre et les gains en matière de revenus seront probablement minimes pour la plupart des pays en développement, qui devront par ailleurs renoncer au droit qui est le leur de prendre des mesures fiscales unilatérales à l'égard des entreprises qui n’entrent pas dans le champ d'application de la convention. Cela signifie qu'ils pourront taxer, si tant est qu’ils puissent le faire, uniquement les entreprises susceptibles d’être concernées par la convention, soit moins d’une centaine. Ses pays sont donc placés devant un choix historique, qui peut les contraindre, s’ils signent la convention, à limiter leur pouvoir d’action, à un moment où les besoins en recettes sont particulièrement critiques pour redresser des économies mises à mal par la pandémie de COVID-19 dans un contexte économique mondial instable.
Une autre solution existe qui résulte de l’ajout, dans le Modèle de convention des Nations Unies, de l’article 12B, qui fonctionne d'une manière différente et constitue une modification mineure du système fiscal international décentralisé existant, qui repose sur des conventions fiscales bilatérales et que les pays en développement connaissent mieux. Elle est également susceptible de générer des revenus bien plus élevés que le montant A, et ne limite pas leur souveraineté en matière fiscale. Le présent document
de recherche évalue les diverses implications pour les pays en développement de l'adoption des solutions proposées respectivement par l'OCDE et les Nations Unies et conclut par une réponse possible à la solution reposant sur deux piliers pour l’ensemble des pays en développement.
La fiscalidad de la economía digital es el tema más importante de las negociaciones que se mantienen en la actualidad sobre fiscalidad internacional. La OCDE ha ideado una “solución de dos pilares” para el problema. El Pilar 1 se centra en una redistribución de la potestad tributaria en las jurisdicciones de mercado, que previsiblemente serán países en desarrollo en su mayoría, y el Pilar 2 trata la cuestión de aplicar un tipo impositivo mínimo. La solución del Pilar 1, conocida como Importe A, se codificará en un convenio multilateral que se espera se presente a los países para que lo firmen a principios de 2023. La solución marca el inicio de un nuevo paradigma en la fiscalidad de las empresas multinacionales, aunque tiene una gran complejidad y probablemente conlleve un aumento mínimo de los ingresos para la mayoría de los países en desarrollo. Este planteamiento también les exigirá renunciar al derecho de aplicar medidas fiscales unilaterales a todas las compañías que estén fuera del alcance, con lo que solo podrán cobrar impuestos a tan solo las 100 sociedades que probablemente estén dentro del ámbito de aplicación, si acaso. La decisión de firmar o no es por lo tanto histórica, ya que encerrará a los países en desarrollo en un nuevo marco restringido, en un momento en el que las necesidades de ingresos son especialmente críticas para que las economías se recuperen de la crisis de la COVID-19 en un contexto de situación turbulenta de la economía mundial.
Sin embargo, las Naciones Unidas también han concebido una solución, conocida como Artículo 12B. Su funcionamiento es diferente y consiste en una leve modificación al sistema descentralizado de fiscalidad internacional existente, que se basa en convenios bilaterales fiscales, y con el que los países en desarrollo están más familiarizados. También es probable generar muchos más ingresos que con el Importe A, y no limita ningún aspecto de su potestad tributaria soberana. Este documento de investigación evalúa las distintas consecuencias para los países en desarrollo fruto de adoptar las soluciones respectivas de la OCDE o la ONU, y concluye con una posible respuesta del Sur Global a la solución de dos pilares.
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Geneva: South Centre, 2019
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Geneva: South Centre, 2020
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Capital flight through transfer pricing manipulation can take various guises, from export under-i... more Capital flight through transfer pricing manipulation can take various guises, from export under-invoicing, import overinvoicing, services and royalties over-invoicing, to financial transactions and business restructurings with tax minimization objectives, all of them designed to articulate Global Wealth Chains (‘GWCs’ Seabrooke and Wigan 2014). In GWCs the value created in developing countries generates profits and wealth elsewhere, often in entities strategically located in jurisdictions that provide fiscal benefits, targeted rules, financial secrecy, and the effective protection of the true identity of beneficial owners.
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Ola Financiera, 2015
La presente colaboración es una primera aproximación a la problemática de los precios de transfer... more La presente colaboración es una primera aproximación a la problemática de los precios de transferencia en Argentina, repasando la evolución de los cambios normativos en la materia; los distintos mecanismos avalados por la legislación para el cálculo de los precios de las operaciones intragrupo; la manera en que los mecanismos legales se convierten en vías para la elusión, evasión y fuga de capitales; los conflictos y resultados de los casos vinculados a precios de transferencia que han llegado a los tribunales en Argentina; y las recomendaciones de política imaginables en el presente contexto internacional y teniendo en cuenta algunas alternativas ensayadas por otros países.
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SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017
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Revista 400 FIDE, 2021
Tal y como puso en evidencia un reciente estudio de la OCDE, como resultado de la planificación f... more Tal y como puso en evidencia un reciente estudio de la OCDE, como resultado de la planificación fiscal, la tasa efectiva de las empresas que pertenecen a grupos multinacionales es, en promedio, entre 4% y 8,5% menor que la de empresas que no pertenecen a tales grupos, evidenciando el aprovechamiento que los grandes grupos multinacionales pueden hacer del arbitraje entre distintas normas tributarias y regímenes preferenciales (Johansson, Bieltvedt Skeie, Sorbe, Menon, 2017).
El 1ero de julio de este año, y considerando los numerosos antecedentes de la imposición a la economía digital, se logró un primer acuerdo dentro del Marco Inclusivo del G20/OCDE para el establecimiento de un enfoque unificado para distribuir la base imponible de los grupos de empresas multinacionales más grandes del mundo, en conjunto con un impuesto mínimo corporativo. Ciento treinta de los 139 miembros del Marco Inclusivo del G20/OCDE dieron consenso.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE TWO-PILLAR APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE TAX CHALLENGES ARISING FROM THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY, 2020
This report is written primarily for developing country negotiators in the Inclusive Framework an... more This report is written primarily for developing country negotiators in the Inclusive Framework and accordingly contains a technical assessment of Pillars One and Two. The aim is to discuss the positions and principles which can inform the negotiations in developing countries’ best interests. However, it is also written for a larger audience, particularly diplomats involved in financing for development discussions and international trade rule making, so as to sensitise them to the nuances of the ongoing discussion on the taxation of the digitized economy. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and a devastating economic downturn, it is more important than ever to ensure that developing countries obtain their due taxing rights. This report is an initial contribution in that direction.
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South Centre Research Paper No. 111, 2020
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Inclusive Framework is consid... more The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Inclusive Framework is considering a two-pillar approach on taxing the digital economy. Preliminary estimates about the impact of its recommendations show a modest increase in corporate income tax collection, the benefits of which are expected to go mostly to the developed countries. At the same time, there is a rise in national measures on taxing the digital economy, a move spurred by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also fully within the rights of countries under international law, despite labels of ‘unilateralism’. This research paper highlights the direct tax measures being taken by various countries and finds three key approaches to tax the digital economy: (1) digital service taxes; (2) nexus rules based on significant economic presence ;(3) withholding tax on digital transactions.
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Report for the European United Left/Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) in the European Parliament, 2018
The proposed free trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union (MEFTA) poses an ex... more The proposed free trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union (MEFTA)
poses an extremely high risk of facilitating illicit financial flows, tax-dodging and money
laundering for both the EU and the Mercosur.
An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services,
financial services and digital trade reveals the lack of mechanisms to prevent tax evasion
and avoidance practices, as well as the potential for it to be exploited for money laundering
purposes.
The leaked draft agreement appears very porous in terms of fiscal, financial and exchange
regulations. In many cases, the articles’ negotiated objectives openly aim for the liberalisation
and deregulation of controls whilst in others, their superficial nature and frequent omissions
make tax-dodging and money-laundering possible.
In both regions, it is possible to identify countries with very flexible tax systems and liberalised
financial and exchange regimes; several EU countries are listed as tax havens and financial
secrecy jurisdictions.
This study presents its own estimations showing the importance of capital flows, accounting
for the possible increase in capital flows, services and goods that would take place as a
result of the EU-Mercosur FTA.
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South Centre- Research Paper 94, Apr 2019
Tax havens are among the biggest challenges faced by developing countries in achieving their nati... more Tax havens are among the biggest challenges faced by developing countries in achieving their national development goals. States, international organisations, multilateral agencies and nongovernmental organisations have all made several efforts at compiling ‘lists’ of tax havens at the multilateral and national levels, with varying levels of seriousness and outcomes. This research paper examines these efforts by analysing the objectivity of criteria used and the clarity of the final outcome in a comparative manner. The paper is organized into four sections dealing with the tax haven blacklisting by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the countries of the South, the European Union (EU) and an analysis across lists. The concluding section offers some suggestions.
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GUE/NGL's publications, Nov 2018
An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services, financial s... more An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services, financial services and digital trade reveals the lack of mechanisms to prevent tax evasion and avoidance practices, as well as the potential for it to be exploited for money laundering purposes. The leaked draft agreement appears very porous in terms of fiscal, financial and exchange regulations. In many cases, the articles’ negotiated objectives openly aim for the liberalisation and deregulation of controls whilst in others, their superficial nature and frequent omissions make tax-dodging and money-laundering possible.
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Many developing countries are particularly concerned with problems of transfer pricing in the ext... more Many developing countries are particularly concerned with problems of transfer pricing in the extractive industries, which are often significant components of their economies. Similar to other sectors, profit attribution may be highly dependent on the valuation of commodity exports. For this reason, a number of developing countries have adopted the ‘Sixth Method’, following the Argentine experience. This method aims to establish a clear and easily administered benchmark and avoid the need for subjective judgment and discretion.
However, even when the application of the Sixth Method is legislated for, and given Argentina’s extended experience dealing with commodity mis-invoicing, the data shows that such practices are still being employed by multinational companies.
This policy brief analyses the problem of the valuation of commodities, actual policy experience and the policy’s impact and the lessons learned.
This brief is part of the South Centre’s policy brief series focusing on tax policies and the experiences in international tax cooperation of developing countries.
Efforts to reform international cooperation in tax matters are exhibiting a distinct acceleration. The direction of change must recognize and incorporate innovations in developing country policies and approaches, otherwise the outcomes will obstruct practical paths to development.
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Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2016
A study about mispricing in soybean export based on export local prices and internacional prices.
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Global Wealth Chains: Asset Strategies in the World Economy, 2022
In this chapter, Grondona and Burgos explore export mispricing in Argentina’s soybean sector. The... more In this chapter, Grondona and Burgos explore export mispricing in Argentina’s soybean sector. The key asset strategy here is mispricing internal trades. Argentinian law sanctions the “sixth method” in transfer pricing to counter the mispricing of internal transactions by firms, but regulatory intervention is weak. Grondona and Burgos show the presence of mispricing by comparing the price of internal transactions to the price of the same commodity on a recognized international exchange. By comparing the average prices of soybean exports reported in daily customs registrations with the daily price on the Gulf of Mexico, they demonstrate the systematic underpricing of food exports. With soybean exports accounting for 24 percent of all Argentinian exports the fiscal impact of export mispricing is profound. This is an example of a formally market global wealth chain that has evolved, with increasing market concentration, into a captive global wealth chain where firms execute asset strategies via related entities that span multiple jurisdictions.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Documentos de Proyectos, Estudios e Investigaciones » Documentos de proyectos, 2021
En este documento, elaborado en el marco de las actividades de un proyecto conjunto de la Adminis... more En este documento, elaborado en el marco de las actividades de un proyecto conjunto de la Administración Federal de Ingresos Públicos (AFIP) de la Argentina y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), se abordan los desafíos que plantea la tributación de la economía digital a nivel global y las alternativas para superarlos que se discuten en los foros multilaterales. Se exponen también experiencias internacionales en materia de tributación nacional a la economía digital. Finalmente, se describen los pasos que ha dado la Argentina en ese sentido y se analizan sus posibilidades de incorporar instrumentos de tributación directa a las empresas de servicios digitales del exterior en función de su marco normativo y de sus compromisos internacionales, con el objetivo de dotar al sistema tributario del país de una mayor equidad.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
SOuth Centre Research Paper, 2022
The taxation of the digitalized economy is the single most important topic in international tax n... more The taxation of the digitalized economy is the single most important topic in international tax negotiations today. The OECD has devised a “Two Pillar solution” to the problem. Pillar One is focusing on a reallocation of taxing rights to market jurisdictions, which are largely expected to be developing countries, and Pillar Two is instituting a global minimum tax. The Pillar One solution, known as Amount A, will be codified into a Multilateral Convention (MLC) and is expected to be placed before countries for signature in early 2023. The solution ushers in a new paradigm in the taxation of multinational enterprises but has immense complexity and likely minimal revenue gains for most developing countries. It will also require them to give up the right of unilateral tax measures on all out-of-scope companies, meaning they will only be able to tax the fewer than 100 companies likely to be in-scope, if at all. The decision to sign or not is thus a historic one, as it will lock developing countries into a constricted new framework, at a time when revenue needs are especially critical to recover the economies from COVID-19 in the context of a turbulent state of the global economy.
However, the United Nations too has a solution, known as Article 12B. This operates in a different manner and is a minor modification to the existing decentralized international tax system which is based on bilateral tax treaties, and which developing countries are more familiar with. It is also likely to generate far higher revenues than Amount A, and does not restrict any of their sovereign taxing rights. This Research Paper assesses the various implications for developing countries from adopting the OECD’s or the United Nations’s respective solutions and concludes with a possible global South response to the Two Pillar solution.
L'imposition de l'économie numérique est aujourd'hui le sujet le plus important des négociations fiscales au niveau international. L'OCDE a conçu une « solution reposant sur deux piliers » pour résoudre ce problème. Le premier pilier consiste à réattribuer des droits d’imposition aux pays sources, dont une grande partie devrait être constituée de pays en développement. Le deuxième consiste à instaurer un impôt minimum à l’échelle mondiale. Cette solution, connue sous le nom de « Montant A », doit être codifiée dans une convention multilatérale dont la signature est prévue au début de l’année 2023. Si elle a le mérite d’inaugurer un nouveau paradigme en matière d'imposition des entreprises multinationales, cette solution s’avère particulièrement complexe du point de vue de sa mise en oeuvre et les gains en matière de revenus seront probablement minimes pour la plupart des pays en développement, qui devront par ailleurs renoncer au droit qui est le leur de prendre des mesures fiscales unilatérales à l'égard des entreprises qui n’entrent pas dans le champ d'application de la convention. Cela signifie qu'ils pourront taxer, si tant est qu’ils puissent le faire, uniquement les entreprises susceptibles d’être concernées par la convention, soit moins d’une centaine. Ses pays sont donc placés devant un choix historique, qui peut les contraindre, s’ils signent la convention, à limiter leur pouvoir d’action, à un moment où les besoins en recettes sont particulièrement critiques pour redresser des économies mises à mal par la pandémie de COVID-19 dans un contexte économique mondial instable.
Une autre solution existe qui résulte de l’ajout, dans le Modèle de convention des Nations Unies, de l’article 12B, qui fonctionne d'une manière différente et constitue une modification mineure du système fiscal international décentralisé existant, qui repose sur des conventions fiscales bilatérales et que les pays en développement connaissent mieux. Elle est également susceptible de générer des revenus bien plus élevés que le montant A, et ne limite pas leur souveraineté en matière fiscale. Le présent document
de recherche évalue les diverses implications pour les pays en développement de l'adoption des solutions proposées respectivement par l'OCDE et les Nations Unies et conclut par une réponse possible à la solution reposant sur deux piliers pour l’ensemble des pays en développement.
La fiscalidad de la economía digital es el tema más importante de las negociaciones que se mantienen en la actualidad sobre fiscalidad internacional. La OCDE ha ideado una “solución de dos pilares” para el problema. El Pilar 1 se centra en una redistribución de la potestad tributaria en las jurisdicciones de mercado, que previsiblemente serán países en desarrollo en su mayoría, y el Pilar 2 trata la cuestión de aplicar un tipo impositivo mínimo. La solución del Pilar 1, conocida como Importe A, se codificará en un convenio multilateral que se espera se presente a los países para que lo firmen a principios de 2023. La solución marca el inicio de un nuevo paradigma en la fiscalidad de las empresas multinacionales, aunque tiene una gran complejidad y probablemente conlleve un aumento mínimo de los ingresos para la mayoría de los países en desarrollo. Este planteamiento también les exigirá renunciar al derecho de aplicar medidas fiscales unilaterales a todas las compañías que estén fuera del alcance, con lo que solo podrán cobrar impuestos a tan solo las 100 sociedades que probablemente estén dentro del ámbito de aplicación, si acaso. La decisión de firmar o no es por lo tanto histórica, ya que encerrará a los países en desarrollo en un nuevo marco restringido, en un momento en el que las necesidades de ingresos son especialmente críticas para que las economías se recuperen de la crisis de la COVID-19 en un contexto de situación turbulenta de la economía mundial.
Sin embargo, las Naciones Unidas también han concebido una solución, conocida como Artículo 12B. Su funcionamiento es diferente y consiste en una leve modificación al sistema descentralizado de fiscalidad internacional existente, que se basa en convenios bilaterales fiscales, y con el que los países en desarrollo están más familiarizados. También es probable generar muchos más ingresos que con el Importe A, y no limita ningún aspecto de su potestad tributaria soberana. Este documento de investigación evalúa las distintas consecuencias para los países en desarrollo fruto de adoptar las soluciones respectivas de la OCDE o la ONU, y concluye con una posible respuesta del Sur Global a la solución de dos pilares.
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Geneva: South Centre, 2019
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Geneva: South Centre, 2020
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Capital flight through transfer pricing manipulation can take various guises, from export under-i... more Capital flight through transfer pricing manipulation can take various guises, from export under-invoicing, import overinvoicing, services and royalties over-invoicing, to financial transactions and business restructurings with tax minimization objectives, all of them designed to articulate Global Wealth Chains (‘GWCs’ Seabrooke and Wigan 2014). In GWCs the value created in developing countries generates profits and wealth elsewhere, often in entities strategically located in jurisdictions that provide fiscal benefits, targeted rules, financial secrecy, and the effective protection of the true identity of beneficial owners.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Ola Financiera, 2015
La presente colaboración es una primera aproximación a la problemática de los precios de transfer... more La presente colaboración es una primera aproximación a la problemática de los precios de transferencia en Argentina, repasando la evolución de los cambios normativos en la materia; los distintos mecanismos avalados por la legislación para el cálculo de los precios de las operaciones intragrupo; la manera en que los mecanismos legales se convierten en vías para la elusión, evasión y fuga de capitales; los conflictos y resultados de los casos vinculados a precios de transferencia que han llegado a los tribunales en Argentina; y las recomendaciones de política imaginables en el presente contexto internacional y teniendo en cuenta algunas alternativas ensayadas por otros países.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2017
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Revista 400 FIDE, 2021
Tal y como puso en evidencia un reciente estudio de la OCDE, como resultado de la planificación f... more Tal y como puso en evidencia un reciente estudio de la OCDE, como resultado de la planificación fiscal, la tasa efectiva de las empresas que pertenecen a grupos multinacionales es, en promedio, entre 4% y 8,5% menor que la de empresas que no pertenecen a tales grupos, evidenciando el aprovechamiento que los grandes grupos multinacionales pueden hacer del arbitraje entre distintas normas tributarias y regímenes preferenciales (Johansson, Bieltvedt Skeie, Sorbe, Menon, 2017).
El 1ero de julio de este año, y considerando los numerosos antecedentes de la imposición a la economía digital, se logró un primer acuerdo dentro del Marco Inclusivo del G20/OCDE para el establecimiento de un enfoque unificado para distribuir la base imponible de los grupos de empresas multinacionales más grandes del mundo, en conjunto con un impuesto mínimo corporativo. Ciento treinta de los 139 miembros del Marco Inclusivo del G20/OCDE dieron consenso.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
ASSESSMENT OF THE TWO-PILLAR APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE TAX CHALLENGES ARISING FROM THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY, 2020
This report is written primarily for developing country negotiators in the Inclusive Framework an... more This report is written primarily for developing country negotiators in the Inclusive Framework and accordingly contains a technical assessment of Pillars One and Two. The aim is to discuss the positions and principles which can inform the negotiations in developing countries’ best interests. However, it is also written for a larger audience, particularly diplomats involved in financing for development discussions and international trade rule making, so as to sensitise them to the nuances of the ongoing discussion on the taxation of the digitized economy. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic and a devastating economic downturn, it is more important than ever to ensure that developing countries obtain their due taxing rights. This report is an initial contribution in that direction.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
South Centre Research Paper No. 111, 2020
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Inclusive Framework is consid... more The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)’s Inclusive Framework is considering a two-pillar approach on taxing the digital economy. Preliminary estimates about the impact of its recommendations show a modest increase in corporate income tax collection, the benefits of which are expected to go mostly to the developed countries. At the same time, there is a rise in national measures on taxing the digital economy, a move spurred by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is also fully within the rights of countries under international law, despite labels of ‘unilateralism’. This research paper highlights the direct tax measures being taken by various countries and finds three key approaches to tax the digital economy: (1) digital service taxes; (2) nexus rules based on significant economic presence ;(3) withholding tax on digital transactions.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
Report for the European United Left/Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) in the European Parliament, 2018
The proposed free trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union (MEFTA) poses an ex... more The proposed free trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union (MEFTA)
poses an extremely high risk of facilitating illicit financial flows, tax-dodging and money
laundering for both the EU and the Mercosur.
An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services,
financial services and digital trade reveals the lack of mechanisms to prevent tax evasion
and avoidance practices, as well as the potential for it to be exploited for money laundering
purposes.
The leaked draft agreement appears very porous in terms of fiscal, financial and exchange
regulations. In many cases, the articles’ negotiated objectives openly aim for the liberalisation
and deregulation of controls whilst in others, their superficial nature and frequent omissions
make tax-dodging and money-laundering possible.
In both regions, it is possible to identify countries with very flexible tax systems and liberalised
financial and exchange regimes; several EU countries are listed as tax havens and financial
secrecy jurisdictions.
This study presents its own estimations showing the importance of capital flows, accounting
for the possible increase in capital flows, services and goods that would take place as a
result of the EU-Mercosur FTA.
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South Centre- Research Paper 94, Apr 2019
Tax havens are among the biggest challenges faced by developing countries in achieving their nati... more Tax havens are among the biggest challenges faced by developing countries in achieving their national development goals. States, international organisations, multilateral agencies and nongovernmental organisations have all made several efforts at compiling ‘lists’ of tax havens at the multilateral and national levels, with varying levels of seriousness and outcomes. This research paper examines these efforts by analysing the objectivity of criteria used and the clarity of the final outcome in a comparative manner. The paper is organized into four sections dealing with the tax haven blacklisting by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the countries of the South, the European Union (EU) and an analysis across lists. The concluding section offers some suggestions.
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GUE/NGL's publications, Nov 2018
An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services, financial s... more An analysis of the agreement’s draft chapters related to capital movements, services, financial services and digital trade reveals the lack of mechanisms to prevent tax evasion and avoidance practices, as well as the potential for it to be exploited for money laundering purposes. The leaked draft agreement appears very porous in terms of fiscal, financial and exchange regulations. In many cases, the articles’ negotiated objectives openly aim for the liberalisation and deregulation of controls whilst in others, their superficial nature and frequent omissions make tax-dodging and money-laundering possible.
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Many developing countries are particularly concerned with problems of transfer pricing in the ext... more Many developing countries are particularly concerned with problems of transfer pricing in the extractive industries, which are often significant components of their economies. Similar to other sectors, profit attribution may be highly dependent on the valuation of commodity exports. For this reason, a number of developing countries have adopted the ‘Sixth Method’, following the Argentine experience. This method aims to establish a clear and easily administered benchmark and avoid the need for subjective judgment and discretion.
However, even when the application of the Sixth Method is legislated for, and given Argentina’s extended experience dealing with commodity mis-invoicing, the data shows that such practices are still being employed by multinational companies.
This policy brief analyses the problem of the valuation of commodities, actual policy experience and the policy’s impact and the lessons learned.
This brief is part of the South Centre’s policy brief series focusing on tax policies and the experiences in international tax cooperation of developing countries.
Efforts to reform international cooperation in tax matters are exhibiting a distinct acceleration. The direction of change must recognize and incorporate innovations in developing country policies and approaches, otherwise the outcomes will obstruct practical paths to development.
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Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2016
A study about mispricing in soybean export based on export local prices and internacional prices.
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El presente artículo analiza la evolución del turismo en Argentina entre los años 2003 y 2012. El... more El presente artículo analiza la evolución del turismo en Argentina entre los años 2003 y 2012.
El análisis efectuado da cuenta del crecimiento del turismo receptivo y su correlato con el crecimiento de las llegadas de turistas internacionales a América del Sur y a todo el mundo; las diferencias en la captación del turismo receptivo por parte de cada una de las regiones de destino de la Argentina; y el crecimiento diferenciado observado en los componentes del turismo nacional (turismo interno y emisivo).
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Realidad Económica, 2022
Exposiciones realizadas en el marco del seminario virtual "Situación reciente, problemas actuales... more Exposiciones realizadas en el marco del seminario virtual "Situación reciente, problemas actuales y perspectivas de la producción y comercio de granos" organizado por el Programa de Investigación de la Producción y Comercio de Granos (PROINGRA) en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), el INTA de Oliveros y el Departamento de Economía Política del Centro Cultural de la Cooperación Floreal Gorini (CCC), el 30 de septiembre de 2021.
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