Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Vijayaraghavan Gonuguntla
Fodder Crops Evaluation and Methods to Improve Yield
Wound healing success is dependent on clinical assessment and treatment, choosing the right dress... more Wound healing success is dependent on clinical assessment and treatment, choosing the right dressing on the right wound at the right time. 6 Acceleration of wound healing in chronic or stalled wounds may decrease healing time and reduce overall wound care costs. One of the longest-enduring rules of wound care, one that would have implications for centuries, came from the works of Hippocrates (460-477 BCE), whose extensive writings included such innovations as chest tubes for drainage, external fixation, and traction to restore proper alignment of fractured bones and important observations about head trauma. Hippocrates believed wounds should be kept dry, only irrigating with clean water or wine, and suppuration in the wound was a part of the healing process as it expelled spoiled blood [116] Guy De Chauliac (1298-1368), proposed five principles for treating wounds: removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) noted an initial benefit to the use of topical solutions, such as carbolic acid, perchloride/biniodide of mercury, boric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, but concluded antiseptics had a longer-term negative effect on healing and advised the surgeon to rely "on his skill alone" SCIENCE OF WOUNDS By the nature of the application, the types of wounds are divided into intentional (operational) and accidental (traumatic). According to the type of wounding weapon, these types of wounds can be distinguished: chipped, cut, chopped, bruised, torn, bitten, gunshot, smashed, scalped wounds. In relation to the body cavities, the types of wounds can be non-penetrating (superficial) and penetrating into the cavity (pleural, pericardium, abdominal, etc.). Penetrating wounds; are divided into two groups: without damage to internal organs and with injury of internal organs. According to infection, the types of wounds are defined as: aseptic, applied under operating conditions (intentional); Primarily infected with an unsterile subject during the first 12-24 hours after injury, when the introduced microflora is exposed to local defense factors (enzymes, phagocytes, etc.) that hold it or latent state, or can be completely doped; purulent wounds, when the microflora freely develops in the wound in the form of purulent inflammation. By the presence of complications, the types of wounds are divided into uncomplicated and complicated. Complications include: damage to the main vessels, nerves, penetrating wounds, especially with damage to the internal organs, trauma to bones, muscles, tendons, shock, blood loss, multiple and combined wounds. In the case of War Zones. Gunshot wounds resulted in gross tissue destruction that was an excellent medium for infection. Some times, Helicopter ambulances may not be available in war zones and the victims may not get immediate medical attention in the first critical time. Hence we envisage to provide an immediate relief with or without immediate medical supervision by offering NATUHEAL which is in accordance of the natural healing. It can extend the critical time. Natuheal helps in accelerating the process of healing with or without Advanced Modern medical Technology. Causes of a wound By the nature of tissue damage, cut, chopped, chipped, bruised, ripped, bitten, poisoned and gunshot wounds are distinguished. Cut wounds arise from the impact of sharp objects (for example, a razor, a knife). The edges of the wounds are smooth, smooth. The wound is shallow, gaping. The bottom of the wound is not significantly damaged if they are not large vessels and nerves, for example, on the neck. Cut wounds are most beneficial for healing. Chopped wounds are the result of the impact of an acute but heavy object (ax, checker), according to the clinical picture, resemble cuts. A distinctive feature is a more significant destruction of the bottom of the wound. Usually damaged tendons, muscles and even bone. Stab wounds occur as a result of the defeat of sharp and thin long objects (knife, sharpening, awl, etc.). This is often extremely dangerous injuries, because a small, sometimes point-like wound does not gap, does not bleed and quickly becomes crusted. At the same time, a wounding object could damage the lung, intestines, liver and after some time, anemia, pneumothorax or peritonitis are possible. The bruised wounds are the result of the impact of a dull object (stick, bottle). The edges of the wound are mashed, as are the tissues in the wound itself. The latter are impregnated with blood, dark color, do not bleed or bleed slightly. Visible vessels are thrombosed. Lacerations occur when a relatively sharp object slides over the surface of the skin with additional pressure on it. The wound is irregular in shape, with scrapes like a scalp, bleeds. The destruction of the underlying tissues depends on the force that presses the wounding projectile. Usually lacerations, as well as bruised, have a protracted healing character due to necrosis of the destroyed tissues and suppuration in the wound. Poisoned wounds occur when poisonous substances enter into them (snake venom, poisonous substances). The difference between gunshot wounds from all the others is a feature of a wounding projectile, a wound channel and the course of a wound process. For reasons of injury, wounds are divided into operating and casual. According to microbial contamination, aseptic and microbial-contaminated wounds are distinguished. In relation to the closed cavities of the human body (skull, chest, abdomen, joint) distinguish penetrating and non-penetrating wounds. Penetrating called wounds, which resulted in damage to the internal serous membrane lining the cavity (dura mater, parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, synovial membrane). Symptoms of a wound Cut wounds They are applied by a sharp object (a knife of a fin, a razor, etc.) parallel to the surface of the body by linear motion. Therefore, such wounds have a linear shape, the outer dimensions are greater than the depth, the bottom is clearly visible. The edges and walls of the wound are even, clear, without hemorrhages and crushing, the bottom is even and clear. These injuries are among the most favorable for treatment and healing. Chopped wounds They are applied with a sharp object of great kinetic mass, with a single chopping blow (ax, shovel, shovel, checker, etc.). They are very deep, often with amputation of the limb segment (eg, fingers). Edges and walls have a linear shape, even, but the clarity depends on the severity of the object, which is wound. If the object is sharply sharpened-the edges and walls of the wound are even and clear. If, the subject is obtuse-the edges of the wound will be sagged, with areas of hemorrhage, their area is usually not broad, depending on the severity of the object. At the bottom, which is easy to see, there are jumpers that correspond to jags on the wounding object, should be clearly measured and described for subsequent forensic examination and identification of the gun.
Addressing challenges in replacing Antibiotics in Animal feeds with Alternatives
Animal rearing in a sterile condition is not practicable. Hitherto Antibiotics are used in feed a... more Animal rearing in a sterile condition is not practicable. Hitherto Antibiotics are used in feed and drinking water. Continuous usage of Antibiotics is leading to resistance. This requires higher doses or adoption to new generation Antibiotics. Residual Antibiotics in the food chain warrant ban on use of Antibiotics. In this report possibilities to replace Antibiotics is discussed and many probable candidates are discussed.
Nutrient Drinking Water Using Nano Technology
Colion_P
REPLACING INORGANIC SUPER PHOSPHATES AND DICALCIUM PHOSPHATES IN AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL FEEDS BY ... more REPLACING INORGANIC SUPER PHOSPHATES AND DICALCIUM PHOSPHATES IN AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL FEEDS BY IONS OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS EMBEDDED IN A MATRIX OF COLLOIDAL AMINOACID
Disinfecting Poultry Drinking Water Once in Two Weeks in a Novel Way Employing Nanosilver
Poultry Drinking water is subjected to regular disinfection. Nano silver based disinfection prove... more Poultry Drinking water is subjected to regular disinfection. Nano silver based disinfection proves to be sufficient to disinfect at a frequency level of once in 2 weeks
Replacing Antibiotics
Neither a commercial terrestrial animal housing nor an aqua pond environment is not, and likely w... more Neither a commercial terrestrial animal housing nor an aqua pond environment is not, and likely will never be, a sterile environment. Hence need of Antibiotics is always there. However residual antibiotics in the food chain forced the Agencies to ban Antibiotics in Animal Feeds. In this presentation, alternate methods which are safe and does not create resistance are discussed and co-administration of one consortium of Probiotics and one intelligent biocide based on colloidal noble metals which tragets pathogens and promotes Probiotics is suggested
Nanosilver used to disinfect Hospital Waste
Usage of Nanosilver for use in Hospitals as Handwash and for disinfecting Equipment and Fllorings... more Usage of Nanosilver for use in Hospitals as Handwash and for disinfecting Equipment and Fllorings and Laundry is critically reviewed
Relation Between Earth, Mars, Moon and Giant Impact
It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral bod... more It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral body. General belief is Mars collided and Moon formed. In this document, it is proposed that Moon has collided and Mars formed. It is for the scientific community to credit or discredit this theory
Coculture of Microorganisms
ABSTRACT This article is compiled about co-culturing (COEXISTENCE/ COMMENSALISM/ COMPLIMENTARY/ H... more ABSTRACT This article is compiled about co-culturing (COEXISTENCE/ COMMENSALISM/ COMPLIMENTARY/ HARMONIOUS/ MICROBIAL ECOLOGY/ MUTUALISIM/ NEUTRALISM/ PROTOCOOPERATION/ SYMBIOSIS) more than one microbe to improve yield of end product based on our R&D at DVS BioLife Ltd and search of Literature, with a hope this sharing of knowledge helps fermentation industry
Wine Making
Replacing Grapes with Pomegranate seeds in Wine Making. Various inputs, process aids, process wer... more Replacing Grapes with Pomegranate seeds in Wine Making. Various inputs, process aids, process were discussed in detail and lab testing methods are given
Doubling world food production_ Alternative methods
Today’s Scenario is more or less like this. 1. Agricultural lands are used for industrial or mini... more Today’s Scenario is more or less like this. 1. Agricultural lands are used for industrial or mining or for land filling of Solid Wastes or for dwelling thus causing diminishing agricultural lands available. 2. Labour is becoming scarce and expensive discouraging farmers to grow. 3. Wild Animals, Rats and untimely rains, hurricanes, cyclones etc are damaging agricultural fields and thus reducing total available yields. 4. Pests and insects are becoming more and more pesticide resistant and reducing the yields. 5. Seasonal fluctuations in market prices sometimes lead to heavy losses to the farmers leading to suicides in many developing and under-delveloped countries where agriculture is the main occupation. 6. Younger generations are attracted to more remunerative occupations. 7. Over generations inherited lands got divided and became smaller with lesser cultivable land after volumes of the boundaries are increased. In this context a need arises to solve all these problems. A better p...
Use of Probiotics Alongwith Antibiotics
Hitherto Antibiotics and Probiotics are used separately. We at D V S BioLife Ltd have attempted t... more Hitherto Antibiotics and Probiotics are used separately. We at D V S BioLife Ltd have attempted to incorporate both and examined the problems and suggested solutions to invoke further studies on this. It is concluded that Antibiotics can be added with bioencapsulated Probiotics which secrete same or similar antibiotics and thus Antibiotics and Probiotics can be employed for a complimentary function.
Similarities between Arabic and sanskrit
ABSTRACT UNPUBLISHED
Use of Supernatant of one species as medium component for another species
This article is to provide practical tips for fermentation industry from the experience, R & D of... more This article is to provide practical tips for fermentation industry from the experience, R & D of DVS BioLife Ltd over a decade
Role of Enzymes in Jean Industry
In Jean or Denim manufacturing methods like Stone wash are used to impart weathered look. Enzymes... more In Jean or Denim manufacturing methods like Stone wash are used to impart weathered look. Enzymes are found to be effective in replacing such practices and eliminate cumbersome processes and they can achieve this with less labour and power
A Review on the Role of Probiotics in Human Nutrition and Healthcare
A review on role of beneficial microorganisms in improving human nutrition and in preventing ailm... more A review on role of beneficial microorganisms in improving human nutrition and in preventing ailments and in supporting surgery and recovery and future of the probiotics in this sector
Repel
Rather than indiscriminate killing of all insects, a better approach is to repel the insects in t... more Rather than indiscriminate killing of all insects, a better approach is to repel the insects in the unwanted Zones like agricultural crops. This can be accomplished by using REPEL which is based on safe, GRAS, All Natural phyto derived essential oils.
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 6-9 October 2013, Santa Clara, CA, USA
Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Message understanding - MUC3 '91, 1991
Fodder Crops Evaluation and Methods to Improve Yield
Wound healing success is dependent on clinical assessment and treatment, choosing the right dress... more Wound healing success is dependent on clinical assessment and treatment, choosing the right dressing on the right wound at the right time. 6 Acceleration of wound healing in chronic or stalled wounds may decrease healing time and reduce overall wound care costs. One of the longest-enduring rules of wound care, one that would have implications for centuries, came from the works of Hippocrates (460-477 BCE), whose extensive writings included such innovations as chest tubes for drainage, external fixation, and traction to restore proper alignment of fractured bones and important observations about head trauma. Hippocrates believed wounds should be kept dry, only irrigating with clean water or wine, and suppuration in the wound was a part of the healing process as it expelled spoiled blood [116] Guy De Chauliac (1298-1368), proposed five principles for treating wounds: removal of foreign bodies, rejoining of severed tissues, maintenance of tissue continuity, preservation of organ substance, and prevention of complications. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) noted an initial benefit to the use of topical solutions, such as carbolic acid, perchloride/biniodide of mercury, boric acid, and hydrogen peroxide, but concluded antiseptics had a longer-term negative effect on healing and advised the surgeon to rely "on his skill alone" SCIENCE OF WOUNDS By the nature of the application, the types of wounds are divided into intentional (operational) and accidental (traumatic). According to the type of wounding weapon, these types of wounds can be distinguished: chipped, cut, chopped, bruised, torn, bitten, gunshot, smashed, scalped wounds. In relation to the body cavities, the types of wounds can be non-penetrating (superficial) and penetrating into the cavity (pleural, pericardium, abdominal, etc.). Penetrating wounds; are divided into two groups: without damage to internal organs and with injury of internal organs. According to infection, the types of wounds are defined as: aseptic, applied under operating conditions (intentional); Primarily infected with an unsterile subject during the first 12-24 hours after injury, when the introduced microflora is exposed to local defense factors (enzymes, phagocytes, etc.) that hold it or latent state, or can be completely doped; purulent wounds, when the microflora freely develops in the wound in the form of purulent inflammation. By the presence of complications, the types of wounds are divided into uncomplicated and complicated. Complications include: damage to the main vessels, nerves, penetrating wounds, especially with damage to the internal organs, trauma to bones, muscles, tendons, shock, blood loss, multiple and combined wounds. In the case of War Zones. Gunshot wounds resulted in gross tissue destruction that was an excellent medium for infection. Some times, Helicopter ambulances may not be available in war zones and the victims may not get immediate medical attention in the first critical time. Hence we envisage to provide an immediate relief with or without immediate medical supervision by offering NATUHEAL which is in accordance of the natural healing. It can extend the critical time. Natuheal helps in accelerating the process of healing with or without Advanced Modern medical Technology. Causes of a wound By the nature of tissue damage, cut, chopped, chipped, bruised, ripped, bitten, poisoned and gunshot wounds are distinguished. Cut wounds arise from the impact of sharp objects (for example, a razor, a knife). The edges of the wounds are smooth, smooth. The wound is shallow, gaping. The bottom of the wound is not significantly damaged if they are not large vessels and nerves, for example, on the neck. Cut wounds are most beneficial for healing. Chopped wounds are the result of the impact of an acute but heavy object (ax, checker), according to the clinical picture, resemble cuts. A distinctive feature is a more significant destruction of the bottom of the wound. Usually damaged tendons, muscles and even bone. Stab wounds occur as a result of the defeat of sharp and thin long objects (knife, sharpening, awl, etc.). This is often extremely dangerous injuries, because a small, sometimes point-like wound does not gap, does not bleed and quickly becomes crusted. At the same time, a wounding object could damage the lung, intestines, liver and after some time, anemia, pneumothorax or peritonitis are possible. The bruised wounds are the result of the impact of a dull object (stick, bottle). The edges of the wound are mashed, as are the tissues in the wound itself. The latter are impregnated with blood, dark color, do not bleed or bleed slightly. Visible vessels are thrombosed. Lacerations occur when a relatively sharp object slides over the surface of the skin with additional pressure on it. The wound is irregular in shape, with scrapes like a scalp, bleeds. The destruction of the underlying tissues depends on the force that presses the wounding projectile. Usually lacerations, as well as bruised, have a protracted healing character due to necrosis of the destroyed tissues and suppuration in the wound. Poisoned wounds occur when poisonous substances enter into them (snake venom, poisonous substances). The difference between gunshot wounds from all the others is a feature of a wounding projectile, a wound channel and the course of a wound process. For reasons of injury, wounds are divided into operating and casual. According to microbial contamination, aseptic and microbial-contaminated wounds are distinguished. In relation to the closed cavities of the human body (skull, chest, abdomen, joint) distinguish penetrating and non-penetrating wounds. Penetrating called wounds, which resulted in damage to the internal serous membrane lining the cavity (dura mater, parietal pleura, parietal peritoneum, synovial membrane). Symptoms of a wound Cut wounds They are applied by a sharp object (a knife of a fin, a razor, etc.) parallel to the surface of the body by linear motion. Therefore, such wounds have a linear shape, the outer dimensions are greater than the depth, the bottom is clearly visible. The edges and walls of the wound are even, clear, without hemorrhages and crushing, the bottom is even and clear. These injuries are among the most favorable for treatment and healing. Chopped wounds They are applied with a sharp object of great kinetic mass, with a single chopping blow (ax, shovel, shovel, checker, etc.). They are very deep, often with amputation of the limb segment (eg, fingers). Edges and walls have a linear shape, even, but the clarity depends on the severity of the object, which is wound. If the object is sharply sharpened-the edges and walls of the wound are even and clear. If, the subject is obtuse-the edges of the wound will be sagged, with areas of hemorrhage, their area is usually not broad, depending on the severity of the object. At the bottom, which is easy to see, there are jumpers that correspond to jags on the wounding object, should be clearly measured and described for subsequent forensic examination and identification of the gun.
Addressing challenges in replacing Antibiotics in Animal feeds with Alternatives
Animal rearing in a sterile condition is not practicable. Hitherto Antibiotics are used in feed a... more Animal rearing in a sterile condition is not practicable. Hitherto Antibiotics are used in feed and drinking water. Continuous usage of Antibiotics is leading to resistance. This requires higher doses or adoption to new generation Antibiotics. Residual Antibiotics in the food chain warrant ban on use of Antibiotics. In this report possibilities to replace Antibiotics is discussed and many probable candidates are discussed.
Nutrient Drinking Water Using Nano Technology
Colion_P
REPLACING INORGANIC SUPER PHOSPHATES AND DICALCIUM PHOSPHATES IN AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL FEEDS BY ... more REPLACING INORGANIC SUPER PHOSPHATES AND DICALCIUM PHOSPHATES IN AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL FEEDS BY IONS OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS EMBEDDED IN A MATRIX OF COLLOIDAL AMINOACID
Disinfecting Poultry Drinking Water Once in Two Weeks in a Novel Way Employing Nanosilver
Poultry Drinking water is subjected to regular disinfection. Nano silver based disinfection prove... more Poultry Drinking water is subjected to regular disinfection. Nano silver based disinfection proves to be sufficient to disinfect at a frequency level of once in 2 weeks
Replacing Antibiotics
Neither a commercial terrestrial animal housing nor an aqua pond environment is not, and likely w... more Neither a commercial terrestrial animal housing nor an aqua pond environment is not, and likely will never be, a sterile environment. Hence need of Antibiotics is always there. However residual antibiotics in the food chain forced the Agencies to ban Antibiotics in Animal Feeds. In this presentation, alternate methods which are safe and does not create resistance are discussed and co-administration of one consortium of Probiotics and one intelligent biocide based on colloidal noble metals which tragets pathogens and promotes Probiotics is suggested
Nanosilver used to disinfect Hospital Waste
Usage of Nanosilver for use in Hospitals as Handwash and for disinfecting Equipment and Fllorings... more Usage of Nanosilver for use in Hospitals as Handwash and for disinfecting Equipment and Fllorings and Laundry is critically reviewed
Relation Between Earth, Mars, Moon and Giant Impact
It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral bod... more It is believed that there was a Giant Impact causing formation of Pacific ocean and an astral body. General belief is Mars collided and Moon formed. In this document, it is proposed that Moon has collided and Mars formed. It is for the scientific community to credit or discredit this theory
Coculture of Microorganisms
ABSTRACT This article is compiled about co-culturing (COEXISTENCE/ COMMENSALISM/ COMPLIMENTARY/ H... more ABSTRACT This article is compiled about co-culturing (COEXISTENCE/ COMMENSALISM/ COMPLIMENTARY/ HARMONIOUS/ MICROBIAL ECOLOGY/ MUTUALISIM/ NEUTRALISM/ PROTOCOOPERATION/ SYMBIOSIS) more than one microbe to improve yield of end product based on our R&D at DVS BioLife Ltd and search of Literature, with a hope this sharing of knowledge helps fermentation industry
Wine Making
Replacing Grapes with Pomegranate seeds in Wine Making. Various inputs, process aids, process wer... more Replacing Grapes with Pomegranate seeds in Wine Making. Various inputs, process aids, process were discussed in detail and lab testing methods are given
Doubling world food production_ Alternative methods
Today’s Scenario is more or less like this. 1. Agricultural lands are used for industrial or mini... more Today’s Scenario is more or less like this. 1. Agricultural lands are used for industrial or mining or for land filling of Solid Wastes or for dwelling thus causing diminishing agricultural lands available. 2. Labour is becoming scarce and expensive discouraging farmers to grow. 3. Wild Animals, Rats and untimely rains, hurricanes, cyclones etc are damaging agricultural fields and thus reducing total available yields. 4. Pests and insects are becoming more and more pesticide resistant and reducing the yields. 5. Seasonal fluctuations in market prices sometimes lead to heavy losses to the farmers leading to suicides in many developing and under-delveloped countries where agriculture is the main occupation. 6. Younger generations are attracted to more remunerative occupations. 7. Over generations inherited lands got divided and became smaller with lesser cultivable land after volumes of the boundaries are increased. In this context a need arises to solve all these problems. A better p...
Use of Probiotics Alongwith Antibiotics
Hitherto Antibiotics and Probiotics are used separately. We at D V S BioLife Ltd have attempted t... more Hitherto Antibiotics and Probiotics are used separately. We at D V S BioLife Ltd have attempted to incorporate both and examined the problems and suggested solutions to invoke further studies on this. It is concluded that Antibiotics can be added with bioencapsulated Probiotics which secrete same or similar antibiotics and thus Antibiotics and Probiotics can be employed for a complimentary function.
Similarities between Arabic and sanskrit
ABSTRACT UNPUBLISHED
Use of Supernatant of one species as medium component for another species
This article is to provide practical tips for fermentation industry from the experience, R & D of... more This article is to provide practical tips for fermentation industry from the experience, R & D of DVS BioLife Ltd over a decade
Role of Enzymes in Jean Industry
In Jean or Denim manufacturing methods like Stone wash are used to impart weathered look. Enzymes... more In Jean or Denim manufacturing methods like Stone wash are used to impart weathered look. Enzymes are found to be effective in replacing such practices and eliminate cumbersome processes and they can achieve this with less labour and power
A Review on the Role of Probiotics in Human Nutrition and Healthcare
A review on role of beneficial microorganisms in improving human nutrition and in preventing ailm... more A review on role of beneficial microorganisms in improving human nutrition and in preventing ailments and in supporting surgery and recovery and future of the probiotics in this sector
Repel
Rather than indiscriminate killing of all insects, a better approach is to repel the insects in t... more Rather than indiscriminate killing of all insects, a better approach is to repel the insects in the unwanted Zones like agricultural crops. This can be accomplished by using REPEL which is based on safe, GRAS, All Natural phyto derived essential oils.
Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 6-9 October 2013, Santa Clara, CA, USA
Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Message understanding - MUC3 '91, 1991
Paraffin wax produced from crude oil consists primarily of long chain, saturated hydrocarbons (li... more Paraffin wax produced from crude oil consists primarily of long chain, saturated hydrocarbons (linear alkanes/ n-paraffins) with carbon chain lengths of C18 to C75+, having individual melting points from 40 to 70°C. This wax material is referred to as " macrocrystalline wax. " Naphthenic hydrocarbons (C18 to C36) also deposit wax, which is referred to as " microcrystalline wax. " Macrocrystalline waxes lead to paraffin problems in production and transport operations; microcrystalline waxes contribute the most to tank-bottom sludges.[1] The n-heptane structure is an example of a " normal " paraffin; 2-methyloctane is an " iso " paraffin and n-butylcyclopentane is a naphthene. These specific n-paraffins and naphthenes are too small to crystallize as wax deposits The iso-paraffins of the 2-methyloctane type are more likely to be included in a wax deposit than the more highly branched alkanes. The solubility line of wax is hardly a function of pressure, so wax deposition is considered to be only temperature dependent. (Rønningsen, 2006) As the temperature of the crude drops below a critical level and/or as the low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons vaporize, the dissolved waxes begin to form insoluble crystals. The deposition process involves two distinct stages: nucleation and growth. Nucleation is the forming of paraffin clusters of a critical size (" nuclei ") that are stable in the hydrocarbon fluid. This insoluble wax itself tends to disperse in the crude. Nathan (1955) classified the carbonaceous fractions of paraffin deposits as: (1) soluble in cold acetone (generally the contained oil); (2) soluble in hot acetone (the soft wax portion); and (3)insoluble in acetone (hard wax). The hard wax material consists of straight chain material with molecular weights of 525 to 700 daltons. The proportions of each of these will vary from well to well, and even in a given well at different times. Burger et al. (1981) found that deposits in the trans-Alaska pipeline consisted of 14 to 17% solid (wax), 86 to 83% whole oil. Wright, (1951) remarked that the number of different compounds and types of waxes found in paraffin are dependent upon the character of the crude oil.
Diabetes Meletus and Pancreatic tumors are the most common diseases and are difficult to treat. T... more Diabetes Meletus and Pancreatic tumors are the most common diseases and are difficult to treat. This study reviews various articles exploring ways means to mitigate these problems. These articles paves the way for new insights into transplanting, rejuvenating, restoring, regenerating technics employing Microbes, phyto-derivatives, fecal transplantations, cell modifications, cell implants etc.