Vikram Nimbalkar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Vikram Nimbalkar

Watson says, "Like the system of interstate highways spanning our country, the map of the hu... more Watson says, "Like the system of interstate highways spanning our country, the map of the human genome will be completed stretch by stretch". It may be possible to use genetic information to diagnose the disease accurately and to predict a patient's likely response to a particular medicine or treatment. For whole genome mapping development and application of mapping, sequencing and computational tools are very essential and also linkage, physical and sequence maps are required to put the information together. For most genome mapping projects involve markers consisting of a unique site in the genome and should be independent of any particular experimental resource. For mapping purpose the DNA and RNA identification is essential. These genes are identified by hybridizing DNA clones against Northern blot, cDNA libraries, Zoo blot, Western blot and Southern blot of genomic DNA digested with rare cutter restriction endonuclease. The various experimental studies of gene mapp...

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2021

Sertraline can also protect against environmental causes of free radicals such as smoking. Cigare... more Sertraline can also protect against environmental causes of free radicals such as smoking. Cigarette tar is a source of free radicals which has been found to damage erythrocyte membranes. It was also found that Sertraline and its conjugate metabolites could protect erythrocytes from the membranous damage that is caused by smoking. The ability of Sertraline is claimed to exert many beneficial effects on health, including protection against various diseases such as osteoporosis, lung cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The studies showed that there has been a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease in subjects, who had a high intake of flavonoids. Progressive disorder of the lung parenchyma and airways or also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which happens to be the third-leading cause of death in the USA. Therapies thus far for COPD, unfortunately, is said to be partially effective with possibilities of side effects.

International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research, 2018

Background: Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) plays central role in the development of l... more Background: Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) plays central role in the development of liver fibrosis. In HSC activation, the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is considered to be the main stimuli factor. Diosgenin are the steroidal saponin and found in Trigonella foenum graecum Linn (Fenugreek) and some other species of Dioscorea. Diosgenin attenuates HSC activation by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β. Aim: In present study an attempt was made to explore the effect of diosgenin on liver fibrosis. Methods: Liver fibrosis was induced in rats by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) 1 ml/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for 28 days and cisplatin 3mg/kg intraperitoneally at 0, 1, 3 week for 4 weeks. The extent of liver fibrosis was assessed by measuring the weight of liver and levels of total bilirubin (TBL), hydroxyproline (HP) and serum enzymes due to deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). Results: The administration of diosgenin reduced the liver weight of CCl4 and ci...

Immune system is one of our body’s defense mechanism against the attack of various foreign invade... more Immune system is one of our body’s defense mechanism against the attack of various foreign invaders. This is achieved through innate or natural immunological mechanisms or adaptive mechanisms. Innate immunity essentially serves as short term first line defense. Adaptive immunity is highly specific, complex, and marked by diversity and memory. Modulation of the immune system to protect the body against diseases has been more important to lead healthier lives. Immune system dysfunction responsible for various diseases like asthma, allergy, cancer and other infectious diseases. So, modulation of immune system is required to control such diseases. Immunomodulators plays an important role in the homeostasis of immune system by modulating the immune responses. Preclinical studies play essential part in the process of drug discovery and development. There are various experimental models used for the study of potential immunomodulators. The present review emphasizes the preclinical models f...

Liver fibrosis is caused by various etiologies including metabolic diseases, alcohol abuse and vi... more Liver fibrosis is caused by various etiologies including metabolic diseases, alcohol abuse and viral infection and end stage of chronic liver disease. It is defined as the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that is mainly including collagen. Activated hepatic stellate cells have been identified as the main collagen-producing cell in the liver and are the key mediator of fibrogenesis. Advanced liver fibrosis can progress into more severe stages known as cirrhosis and further to hepatocellular carcinoma. This review gives an update on the current in vivo and in vitro animal models used in the experimental liver fibrosis. This article reviews herbal medicine that has demonstrated activity against liver fibrosis through inhibition of cytokine production. In this review, we examine the involvement of diosgenin in the treatment of liver fibrosis by reducing the production of collagen, α-SMA and reduced expression of TGF-β1 by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Vik...

The various sutras in ayurveda illustrates that a person undergoing rejuvenation therapy attains ... more The various sutras in ayurveda illustrates that a person undergoing rejuvenation therapy attains longevity, memory, intellect, freedom from diseases, youth, excellence of luster, true sense-organ and respect, brilliance and vak-siddhi. This rejuvenation therapy is known as Rasayana therapy. The materials used in the therapy are termed as Rasayana. These Rasayana may be inducers of enzymes and hormones, which the body needs for adaptations and survival during normal health, stress and during the diseases also. This concept of Rasayana is well known to ayurvedic physicians that the delicate cellular machinery of the body fluids from trauma (stress) resulting in wear and tear of different body structures and deterioration of the functional capacity such as liver. This procedure of revitalization and rejuvenation were adopted to increase the power of resistance to disease (increased immunity). The plant Argyrea speciosa, Sweet, is not explored scientifically for its medicinal values or ...

Flavonoid quercetin is phytochemical compounds, phenolic in nature &is present in abundance as di... more Flavonoid quercetin is phytochemical compounds, phenolic in nature &is present in abundance as dietary flavonoid in certain vegetables, grains, fruits, flowers, bark roots, stem, wine and tea.It possess potent antioxidant & anti-inflammatory properties which can be coupled with hepatoprotective and cardioprotective action, in autoimmune disease like Diabetes Mellitus with varying doses. It also has anti-viral, antimalarial property and therefore finds its application as immunomodulatory and thus, can be effective anti-cancer drug. Quercetin as herbal drug has less side effects, but should be used wisely as there are chances of drug-drug interactions or it may also interfere with the drugs that are metabolized in liver by Cytochrome P450 2C8, 2C9, 3A4, 2D6 substrates.

Diabetes and aging, both are characterized by the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts... more Diabetes and aging, both are characterized by the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGEs). A complex cascade of nonenzymatic reactions of reducing sugars and biological amines forms AGEs. It is now clear that excessive formation of AGEs may act as a mediator, not only of diabetic complications but also of widespread aging related dysfunctions such as neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, cataracts, nephropathy, pulmonary fibrosis, male erectile dysfunction and arthritis. A number of AGE-specific receptors have been identified that may catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species and mediates the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, that contributes towards the cellular dysfunctions and cell death. AGE formation is enhanced by hyperglycemia and leading to acceleration of many aging related debilities. This article also considers pharmacological strategies to prevent or inhibit the effects of AGEs. The increasingly complex and diverse AGE biochemistry cont...

Summary The various sutras in ayurveda illustrates that a person undergoing rejuvenation therapy ... more Summary The various sutras in ayurveda illustrates that a person undergoing rejuvenation therapy attains longevity, memory, intellect, freedom from diseases, youth, excellence of luster, true sense-organ and respect, brilliance and vak-siddhi. This rejuvenation therapy is known as Rasayana therapy. The materials used in the therapy are termed as Rasayana. These Rasayana may be inducers of enzymes and hormones, which the body needs for adaptations and survival during normal health, stress and during the diseases also. Diabetes mellitus is a complex syndrome involving severe insulin dysfunction in conjunction with gross abnormalities in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The plant Argyrea speciosa , Sweet, is not explored scientifically for its medicinal values or for any of its use except few studies like antibacterial activity . There is a need for supplementation of exogenous antioxidants to protect the body from the onslaught of free radical induced damage, in such conditio...

Protective effect of a polyherbal mixture was evaluated for their hepatoprotective activity again... more Protective effect of a polyherbal mixture was evaluated for their hepatoprotective activity against ferrous sulphate and ethanol intoxication. Biochemical estimations for AST, ALT, ALP, Total bilirubin and Total protein were carried out at the end of treatment schedule for respective models. The mixture of equivalent amounts the extracts of Picrorhiza kurrao, Embilica officinalis, Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba to constitute total doses T50 mg was prepared. The hepatoprotective effects polyherbal mixture were estimated by liver function test and serum profile. The results revealed that polyherbal mixture produced significant hepatoprotective effect by decreasing serum transaminase like AST, ALT, ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and total bilirubin, but also significantly increased the levels of total protein. Morphological parameter like liver weight was restored by the polyherbal mixture. The effects of polyherbal mixture were comparable with standard drug silymarin.

Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders

The present study was performed to investigate the therapeutic potential of β- Carotene against S... more The present study was performed to investigate the therapeutic potential of β- Carotene against STZ induced diabetes by using in vivo and in vitro models. MTT assay was performed to check the cytotoxic effect of β- Carotene in HepG2 liver cells which were treated with β- Carotene (10, 20 μM). The anti-diabetic activity was examined by estimating different enzymes in cell lines. Further, we validated activity by using in vitro models. Male Albino Wistar rats were divided into five groups each group contain six animals (n = 6). The diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of STZ and the β- Carotene was treated with daily doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for 14 days. After the last dose of β- Carotene, rats were sacrificed and the biochemical parameters were estimated in liver homogenate. The disease control group showed an elevation in the level of cytokine as well as ROS and β- Carotene-treated animals showed a reduction in the level of cytokine and normal content of anti-oxidant enzyme in liver tissue homogenate. We found β- Carotene had no toxic effect on HepG2 liver cells. In the case of the glucose utilization assay, it was found that glucose uptake level was significantly increased with the increasing concentrations of β-Carotene. In conclusion β- Carotene improves glucose metabolism along with oxidative status in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

Background: The immune system is intrinsic to health. Modulation of the immune responses to allev... more Background: The immune system is intrinsic to health. Modulation of the immune responses to alleviate the diseases by using herbal plants has been of interest for many years. Diosgenin, a naturally occurring steroid saponin mainly present in the seeds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) and in the root tubers of wild yams (Dioscorea villosa). Activation of specific and nonspecific immunity results in stimulation of immune response. Diosgenin has the positive effects on both specific and nonspecific immunity. Aim: To study the immunomodulatory activity of Diosgenin in rats. Method: The suspension of Diosgenin was given orally at the dosage level of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg for 21 days in a rat. The immunomodulatory activity on specific and non-specific immunity was studied by haemagglutination antibody (HA) titer, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response and carbon clearance test. Immunosuppression in a rat was induced by using Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg, p.o.). Sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) were used as antigen (0.1ml 20% SRBCs) in haemagglutinating antibody titer and delayed type hypersensitivity response methods. Result: Diosgenin exhibited significant increase in the production of antibody titer in response to SRBC antigen. A significant increase in both primary and secondary HA titer was observed in immunosuppressed group treated with Diosgenin when compared with negative control. A significant increase in the DTH response was observed in immunosuppressed animals treated with Diosgenin, pre-sensitized with SRBCs antigen. Diosgenin exhibited significant increase in phagocytic index against control group, indicating the stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system. Conclusion: The study indicates that Diosgenin triggers stimulatory effect on specific and nonspecific immune response. The immunostimulant effect of Diosgenin could be attributed due to its saponin glycoside.

Abstract Diabetes and aging, both are characterized by the formation of advanced glycosylation en... more Abstract Diabetes and aging, both are characterized by the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGEs). A complex cascade of nonenzymatic reactions of reducing sugars and biological amines forms AGEs. It is now clear that excessive formation of AGEs may act as a mediator, not only of diabetic complications but also of widespread aging related dysfunctions such as neurodegenerative disease, atherosclerosis, cataracts, nephropathy, pulmonary fibrosis, male erectile dysfunction and arthritis. A number of AGE-specific receptors have been identified that may catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species and mediates the release of pro-inflammatory molecules, that contributes towards the cellular dysfunctions and cell death. AGE formation is enhanced by hyperglycemia and leading to acceleration of many aging related debilities. This article also considers pharmacological strategies to prevent or inhibit the effects of AGEs. The increasingly complex and diverse AGE biochemistry continues to create new challenges for AGE inhibition.

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 2021

International Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Research, 2018

Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders