Vladimir Macura - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Studies by Vladimir Macura

ЧЕТИРИ СТРАТЕШКЕ ТЕМЕ СТАМБЕНЕ ПОЛИТИКЕ У СРБИЈИ, 2006

Овај рад приказује данашњу стамбену и насељску ситуацију Рома у Србији - која је врло јадна - и н... more Овај рад приказује данашњу стамбену и насељску ситуацију Рома у Србији - која је врло јадна - и нуди препоруке за побољшање животних услова. Рад је састављен од четири дела. Први део приказује основне чињенице о Ромима у Србији. Други даје процену стамбене ситуације и насеља Рома. Препоруке су у трећем делу; оне су јасне и досежне, а односе се на стратегије и политике усмерене на проблеме и потребе описане у претходном делу. Четврти део нуди један моделски прорачун цене унапређивања ромских насеља.
Проблем ромског становања и насеља је присутан дуги низ година у Србији, али се нико није трудио да нешто учини како би се услови живота тих људи побољшали. Држава је припремила и усвојила 2001. Закон о правима и слободама националних мањина, а у периоду 2002. до 2005. и низ стратегија и акционих планова за опште побољшање ромске ситуације. Међутим, позитивни резултати се још увек не виде на терену. Кључни проблем је превођење онога што је постигнуто на националном нивоу на локални ниво.
Главни део овог рада су препоруке за локални ниво - општине и гадове. Препоруке се посебно односе на болне тачке текућег понашања према ромским насељима и становању. Општи циљ везан за ромска насеља је наглашен на самом почетку дела са препорукама. То је унапређивање ромских насеља на такав начин да она постану једнака осталим деловима града. Главна мера је унапређивање ромских насеља. Рушење и пресељење или расељавање насеља треба користити као крајњу меру, када друга решења нису могућа. Примена оваквог приступа треба да се заснива на једном сету принципа који се налазе у многим међународним документима и акционим плановима. Принципи који су овде дати су комбинација општих принципа за унапређивање неформалних насеља као и принципа из једне књиге која се односи на ромско становање и насеља. Одговор на питање колико може да кошта предложена мера дат је у четвртом поглављу овог текста. Моделски прорачун консолидација ромских насеља дат је на основу процене за нехигијенска насеља. На тој основи је грубо обрачуната укупна цена унапређивања неких 250 насеља у Србији. Закључак је да финансирање унапређења треба да се ослони на изворе Републике, општина и самих Рома.

FOUR STRATEGIC THEMES FOR THE HOUSING POLICY IN SERBIA, 2006

This paper presented Roma housing and settlement situation in Serbia today - which is very poor -... more This paper presented Roma housing and settlement situation in Serbia today - which is very poor - and offers some recommendations for bettering living conditions. The paper consists of four parts. The first one presents the main facts about the Roma issue in Serbia. The second one provides an assessment of the Roma housing and settlement situation. A set of clear and achievable recommendations on desirable policies and strategies to address the problems and needs identified by the assessment is given in the third part. The fourth part offers a model cost estimation of upgrading Roma settlements.
Roma housing and settlement problems have been visible for a long period in Serbia, but no one has tried to do anything to upgrade their living conditions. The State prepared and adopted Law on the protection of rights and freedoms of national minorities (2001) and a set of strategies and action plans for the general improvement of the Roma situation (2002 - 2005). However, positive outputs do not exist on the local level jet. A crucial problem is the translation of National-level commitments into local action.
The main section of this paper is Recommendations for local level - municipalities and cities. Recommendations, in particular, address some of the sore points of the current attitude toward Roma settlements and housing. The overall goal is stressed at the beginning of the section. It is to upgrade Roma settlements as equal parts to the others in cities. The main measure is settlement consolidation. Demolition and relocation of settlements would be only a last resort. Implementation of this approach should be based on a set of principles that can be found in several international documents and action plans for Roma inclusion. What follows is a combination of general principles created for informal settlement and from a book under preparation on Roma housing and settlements. The answer to the question of how much would cost the proposed policy is given in the fourth paper section. Model cost estimation for consolidating a Roma unserviced settlement is a base for the answer. A rough cost estimate regarding the improvement of 250 Roma settlements in Serbia is also made. The conclusion is that finances for upgrading Roma settlements should come from national, local and Roma sources.

This report represents architectural and urbanistic aspects of Roma settlements in Serbia (withou... more This report represents architectural and urbanistic aspects of Roma settlements in Serbia (without Kosovo) with particular the emphasis on housing issue. It starts with a short explanation of the term, Roma settlement. Presentation of the state of Roma settlements is described in chapter two. The reader would find here historical background, figures on population and settlements and the explanation of settlement types, as well as some observations on Roma vernacular housing architecture and the description of main obstacles and problems. The third chapter offers contemporary Serbian strategic response to the existing situation. Introduction to Serbian appropriate laws and the Roma Decade project in Serbia are followed by an explanation of strategies and action plans and the Action plan for settlements and housing. Institutional organization and role of NGO sector is given too. Special attention is given to a formal Serbian document, Guidelines for improvement and legalization of informal Roma settlements. Four good practices are presented in the fourth chapter. The chapter includes Legalization of “Orlovsko naselje” in Belgrade, Improvement of “Grdička kosa 2” in City of Kraljevo, small scale upgradings in “Romsko naselje” in City of Apatin, and description of New mixed neighbourhood “Rasadnik” in City of Niš. Final chapter of the report offer some comments and conclusions that end with the question: What about the future? Report is illustrated with photos from Serbian Roma localities, urban plans for some of them, few house designs etc. References, given at the end of report, comprise a selection from rich Serbian professional and scientific literature. The report is a part of EU-ROMA project (www.eu-roma.net ) launching a European open confrontation on Roma housing issue and public space.

The focus of this paper is a model for the legalization and consolidation of informal settlements... more The focus of this paper is a model for the legalization and consolidation of informal settlements. The subject of the paper is informal settlements in general and four types of them in particular. The report aims to present some examples from current regularization practice in the Balkan region and offer a new model for the legalization and consolidation of informal settlements that could be used on the municipal level. Four parts compose the paper. The first one is the Introduction, where an explanation of originating of the informal settlement in this part of the Balkan region, primarily in ex-Yugoslav republics during the socialist’s era, is given. The second part provides a typology of informal settlements based on two main criteria – sustainable capacity of a settlement and land ownership. The third part deals with six examples from current practice in solving the issue of informal settlements. The primary data and information of each case are presented in table form. The fourth part - A model for informal settlement consolidation – describes the process of consolidation, which is composed of five steps: 1 reaching political decision about consolidation of informal settlement, 2 solving land property problem (or right to use the land), 3 action plan for future development and physical consolidation; 4 land division to public and private land, and 5 legalizations of a house and other structures.

The subject of the study is the impact of the applied urban planning policies against the develop... more The subject of the study is the impact of the applied urban planning policies against the development of Roma settlements in three cities in Serbia – Belgrade, Novi Sad and Niš. Particular attention has been paid to the extent to which urban planning policies had contributed to the exclusion of Roma settlements from residential parts of the cities and their displacement to the terrains that had not been planned for housing or which are unfavourable or dangerous for life. The report also deals with the urban policies that had a different approach towards the Roma and adjacent non-Roma settlements, and how they influenced the installation of new infrastructure, roads, etc. in these areas; how they affected the changes in various regulations and parameters which prevented development and prosperity of the settlements and improvement of the living conditions.

Papers by Vladimir Macura

Continuous Planning: Innovations from Practice in Stavanger (Norway) and Belgrade (Serbia)

Planning Theory & Practice

ABSTRACT The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans... more ABSTRACT The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans in response to uncertainties faced by long-term urban planning. In this paper, we analyse CP practices in two European cities – Stavanger (Norway) and Belgrade (Serbia) and present how they cater for innovative planning tools which respond to the need to balance between both stability and change in long-term planning. We argue that in spite of its limitations, the CP approach adjusted to the local context, contributes to the certainty and stability of urban communities.

Planning Theory and Practice, 2020

The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans in respo... more The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans in response to uncertainties faced by long-term urban planning. In this paper, we analyse CP practices in two European cities – Stavanger (Norway) and Belgrade (Serbia) and present how they cater for innovative planning tools which respond to the need to balance between both stability and change in long-term planning. We argue that in spite of its limitations, the CP approach adjusted to the local context, contributes to the certainty and stability of urban communities.

Godišnjak grada Beograda, 2020

The article displays a General plan of Belgrade in 2021 (GP 2021), adopted in 2003, which initiat... more The article displays a General plan of Belgrade in 2021 (GP 2021), adopted in 2003, which initiated a decade of continuous planning of Belgrade, and was a new urbanistic approach after 2000. Unlike the conventional, the continuous planning is based on regular examinations of the need for changing and complementing the initial plan, with which its topicality is kept alive. In the article, the general procedure of making the initial GP 2003, and then the participation of the public was presented, as well as, the revisions of the plan made from 2005. to 2014. The research is based on the documentation from the Town Planning Institute archive, The Gazette of the City of Belgrade and the personal documentation of the author. In the one decade period, the GP 2003 has had four revisions of different volumes. The first, from 2005, was used for the involvement of complicated projects like the Ada Bridge and the Universiade sports village, which stands as Belville today, and the second, from 2007, was performed for the procurement of the location for the new USA embassy in Dedinje. The next, from 2009, served for accepting the initiative for the realization of 12 grand projects. The last, fourth revision, from 2014, was used for establishing the new concept of physical development of the central area of the city, with the reconstruction project of the Sava amphitheater, which is the Belgrade Waterfront today, as well as, for providing the possibility for constructing tall buildings across the city. For the concluding remarks, we show the specificity of the Belgrade practice of continuous planning, which fits in the European approach, but respects the domestic specialty, but was ended in 2016 with the adoption of the new plan document.

Arhitektura i urbanizam, 49, 2019

The subject of this paper is urban innovations that emerged from the Belgrade Master Plan, adopte... more The subject of this paper is urban innovations that emerged from the Belgrade Master Plan, adopted by the Belgrade Assembly in September 2003. Twelve new spatial solutions that were directly related to the overall goals of the plan are presented. These are proposals for grand city projects created in 2001-2003 during the development of the Master Plan, which did not exist in the earlier master plans from 1951, 1972, and 1985, and their revisions. These projects were a response to the difficult economic, social, and urban situation of Belgrade in the aftermath of the breakup of Yugoslavia. They relate to the city region, the Confluence, the Danube orientation of Belgrade, the greenery system, the lasting values of the city, spontaneously constructed settlements, cultural assets, city centres, business and industrial zones and environment, social housing, transport, and modern architecture. Urban planners of different profiles who wrote this article were also engaged in the formulation of the Master Plan and are well acquainted with it. In the analysis, the authors relied on a formal document published in the Official Gazette of the City of Belgrade, and a CD-ROM containing the official maps of the Master Plan. For each project, its definition, the motive for the creation and its urban solution are given. An analysis of urban innovation has given a new understanding of Belgrade’s intention to thoroughly improve the city and open up new ways of development, after the tragic 1990s, while safeguarding its identity based on features that differentiate it from other European metropolises and making it as self-contained cities.

Урбанистичке иновације које су се појавиле у Генералном плану Београда, који је Скупштина града Београда усвојила септембра 2003. год., предмет су овог рада. Приказано је дванаест нових просторних решења која су директно повезана са општим циљевима плана. То су предлози за велике градске пројекте који су креирани током израде Плана 2001–2003. год., а који нису постојали у ранијим генералним плановима из 1951, 1972. и 1985. год., и њиховим ревизијама. Пројекти су били одговор на комплексно економско, социјално и урбанистичко стање Београда настало након распада Југославије. Односили су се на регион града, Ушће, дунавску оријентацију Београда, систем зеленила, трајне вредности града, спонтано грађена насеља, културна добра, градске центре, привредне зоне и животну средину, социјално становање, саобраћај и модерну архитектуру. Чланак су написали урбанисти различитих профила, који су учествовали у изради Генералног плана 2003. год. и који су његови врсни познаваоци. Примарни извори које су аутори користили за анализу били су формални документ публикован у Службеном листу града Београда, као и званични графички прилози Генералног плана објављени на ЦД-РОМ-у. За сваки од приказаних пројеката дати су дефиниција, мотив због кога је креиран и његово урбанистичко решење. Анализа урбанистичких иновација дала је ново разумевање намере тадашњег Београда да град буде темељно обновљен и да отвори нове путеве развоја после трагичних деведесетих година прошлог века, али уз чување сопственог идентитета заснованог на особеностима које га разликују од других европских метропола, а у исто време га чине самосвојним градом.

70 godina Urbanističkog zavoda Beograda. Кnjiga 4, Eseji , 2018

U ovom tekstu bavim se trima, prema mom mišljenju, važnim inovacijama unetim u Generalni plan Beo... more U ovom tekstu bavim se trima, prema mom mišljenju, važnim inovacijama unetim u Generalni plan Beograda iz 2003. koji je bio pripreman da dosegne 2021. godinu i koje su izmenile pristup urbanizmu u Srbiji. To su metod izrade plana, zatim, rešavanje problema urbanističke podloge i treće način sprečavanja entropije plana.

Spatium, 2018

This paper studies land cover changes of Belgrade, over the past three centuries. For this purpos... more This paper studies land cover changes of Belgrade, over the past three centuries. For this purpose, we applied an interdisciplinary approach by integrating historical and landscape ecological perspectives. We produced four reconstruction maps presenting land cover around the turn of the 18th, 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, based on historical maps and written sources. The conversion of land cover from historical maps was done based on CORINE Land Cover level 3, while Land Cover level 1 was used for displaying on the reconstruction maps. This allowed us to compare the changes that occurred from the turn of one century to the next. It was determined that land cover of Belgrade has transformed from dominantly semi-natural in the 18th century, to agricultural in the 19th century, and artificial in the 20th century. We determined that the driving forces of land cover changes were activities that were part of the political agendas of various states that governed Belgrade. The present analysis bridges the gap in the relevant literature on land cover changes in Belgrade in the long-term, and provides qualitative and quantitative results relevant for research-based management actions, planning processes and restoration ecology.

Journal of Urban History, Feb 24, 2018

This article describes a squatter settlement that arose in Belgrade between the two world wars an... more This article describes a squatter settlement that arose in Belgrade between the two world wars and the communities that lived in it and fought for their right to housing. At the end of the war in 1918, a completely new phenomenon appeared in Belgrade—the squatter settlement. Jatagan-mala was the largest and best known among them. It is used as a case in point to analyze the municipal authorities’ attitude toward squatter settlements and their residents. It is shown how Belgrade Municipality threatened to demolish Jatagan-mala and then partially tore it down, and how it dealt with those who, as a result, were left without a roof over their head. The article also describes the residents’ battle not to lose their homes. Organized and strong in the beginning, over time, their efforts flagged, and in the end, they haggled over monetary compensation for their demolished homes.

Godišnjak grada Beograda, 61/62, 2014

АПСТРАКТ: У раду је анализирана једна од најпознатијих групација ромских суседстава у Београду, н... more АПСТРАКТ: У раду је анализирана једна од најпознатијих групација ромских суседстава у Београду, на подручју званом Чубура. Текстом је обухваћен период од краја XIX века, када су овај крај почели да насељавају Роми и од када је стицао глас " најживљег и најживо-писнијег дела престоничке периферије " , до прве половине XX века, када добија другачији лик у наглој трансформацији града. Роми, њихов менталитет, веровања и занимања, били су подстицаји који су Чубури донели славу и са чијим је постепеним одласком у друге крајеве Београда она и нестајала. Приказано је како је крај настао и како се развијао, како је добио име, ко је ту живео, како је изгледала његова урбана морфологија, његове авлије, куће и комуналије. Рад је заснован на до сада мало коришћеним картографским извори-ма и плановима, на описима Чубуре у најважнијим дневним листовима – Политици и Времену, те на грађи из Историјског архива Београда и Музеја града Београда.

ABSTRACT: The study analyzes one of the best-known groups of Roma neighbourhoods in Belgrade, in the quarters called Čubura. The paper covers the period from the end of the 19th century, when the Roma began to settle in this region and when Čubura had begun to gain the name of " the liveliest and the most picturesque part of the capital's periphery " , until the first half of the 20th century, when it was endowed with a different shape and appearance in the swift transformation of the city. The Roma, their mentality, beliefs and occupations were the impetuses that earned fame for Čubura. With their gradual relocation to other parts of Belgrade that fame waned. The paper deals with the emergence and development of Čubura, the origin of its name, population, urban morphology, courtyards, houses and communal utilities. The study draws on cartographic sources and maps that have been little studied so far, descriptions of Čubura in major daily newspapers – Politika and Vreme, and materials from the Historical Archives of Belgrade and Belgrade City Museum.

Izgradnja, 7, 1996

Beogradske partaje nisu dovoljno proučene. Nisu poznate ni mnoge karakteristike ovog načina grads... more Beogradske partaje nisu dovoljno proučene. Nisu poznate ni mnoge karakteristike ovog načina gradskog stanovanja, niti njegovi problemi koji bi mogli da se ublaže drugačijim pristupom razvoju grada. Ovim izlaganjem bi trebalo da se donekle ispuni ova praznina. U prvom delu prikazani su rezultati dosadašnjeg istraživanja partaja. U ovom istraživanju primenjeno je, pre svega, anketiranje opštinskih urbanista o rasprostranjenosti, stanju i problemima beogradskih partaja. Najvažniji rezultati do kojih smo došli jeste da partaje predstavljaju tipičan unutargradski oblik življenja nastao u prvoj polovini ovog [20.] veka, da u njima danas živi oko 54.000 stanovnika u 14.600 stanova na 72 lokaliteta, a njihovi glavni problemi su da su stanovi ispod standarda stanovanja i imaju neadekvatnu infrastrukturu. U drugom delu izlaganja predložene su moguće mere unapređenja života u partajama, kao što su najpre skromna samoobnova, zatim samorekonstrukcija i unapređena konvencionalna rekonstrukcija. U radu su izloženi stavovi sa urbanističkog stanovišta.

Arhitektura Urbanizam, 96, 1985

The Future of New Belgrade / Budućnost Novog Beograda, 1986

This text presented in 1986 initiated the idea of protection of the central zone of New Belgrade,... more This text presented in 1986 initiated the idea of protection of the central zone of New Belgrade, as a building and cultural heritage created on the principles of the modern and international movement. /
Ovaj tekst, napisan 1986. godine, pokrenuo je ideju stavljanja centralne zone Novog Beograda pod zaštitu kao graditeljskog i kulturnog nasledja nastalog na principima modernog i internacionalnog pristupa.