William Buwembo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by William Buwembo

BMC Research Notes

Introduction Evidence suggests that majority of patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda have po... more Introduction Evidence suggests that majority of patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda have poor glycaemic control as well as periodontal disease. This study set out to determine the association between periodontitis and insulin resistance in adult patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda using the triglyceride glucose index. Methods Two hundred and twenty-three adult study participants with confirmed diabetes mellitus were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Oral examination was carried with the aid of a periodontal probe to determine the periodontal status and findings recorded using the WHO Oral Health Assessment Tool for Adults, 2013. We recorded clinical details for body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) and laboratory parameters including fasting blood sugar (mmol/L), glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c, %) and serum triglycerides (mmol/L) using a study questionnaire. Data were analyzed using R version 4.10. The glucose triglyceride index was used as a measure of insulin resistance...

Open Access Rheumatology: Research and Reviews

Introduction: Periodontitis is a common complication of diabetes mellitus associated with poor gl... more Introduction: Periodontitis is a common complication of diabetes mellitus associated with poor glycemic control. The relationship between periodontal disease and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus remains unclear. This study set out to determine the outcomes of periodontal treatment in diabetic patients in Uganda. Methods: Using a cohort study design, 41 adult diabetic patients with periodontal disease were enrolled and followed up for 3 months. Fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin levels, pocketprobing depth, bleeding and clinical attachment loss at baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment were determined. Gingival crevicular fluid was assessed to detect presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Data were analyzed using R version 4.10. Mean differences were calculated to determine effect of treatment and multiple logistic regressions was used to determine association ...

Root and canal morphology of maxillary first premolar teeth in a Ugandan population

Anatomy journal of Africa, 1970

Spina bifida is one of the commonest neural tube defects. Though food fortification with folic ac... more Spina bifida is one of the commonest neural tube defects. Though food fortification with folic acid has been reported to reduce spina bifida, the incidence of spina bifida and the benefits of taking folic acid have not been documented in many developing countries including Uganda. This study set out to determine the incidence of spina bifida and related skeletal neural tube defects in the skeletons currently housed in the Galloway skeletal collection at Makererere University College of Health Sciences, Anatomy department with the aim of using the data to extrapolate on the usefulness of food fortification with folic acid. This was a descriptive cross sectional study on 226 skeletons in the Galloway osteological collection examined by an experienced anatomist for features of neural tube defects that ranged from non-fusion of the spinal arches to total absence of vertebral structures. Of the skeletons examined 43/226 (19%) had spina bifida. Of these 38/43 (88%) were male, suggesting a higher incidence of spina bifida in males than in the females. Overall 55.2% of the skeletons were within the age range of 20-55 years. This historical study highlights possible differences in the maternal micro nutrient status in the early months of pregnancy for various African populations as shown by the differences in the prevalence rates of minor spina bifida defects in the Galloway osteological collection. There is need for baseline studies on folic acid levels during pregnancy and the various local dietary sources of folic acid for Africans.

Pan African Medical Journal

Academia Anatomica International

Background: Morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae have been studied across d... more Background: Morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae have been studied across different populations and racial differences have been documented. Morphometry of typical cervical vertebrae are useful reference data for spine surgeons and radiologists in the safe management of patients with cervical spine disorders. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6). Methods: This was a cross sectional study of 404 typical cervical vertebrae retrieved from the Galloway osteological collection atMakerere University. Linear dimensions were measured using digital Vernier calipers. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics were performed using the independent sample t-test to determine differences between males and females. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was progressive increase in the transverse diameter of the vertebral bodies fromC3-C6. The mean transverse diameter of C3 was (22.1±1.5mm), C4 (22.7±1.65mm), C5 (23.6 ±1.5mm) and, C6 (24.7±1.75mm). There was progressive increase in the length of the laminae from C3-C6. Conversely, the pedicle width progressively reduced from C3-C6. The other linear dimensions measured did not show any logical trend. The transverse diameters of the vertebral body, pedicle width, and lamina dimensions were significantly greater in males than in females (P= 0.028, P= 0.001and P= 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: There is progressive increase in the morphometric dimensions of most parameters of the vertebrae from C3 to C6. Conversely the pedicle width progressively reduces from C3-C6. There are significant differences between males and females.

Additional file 2. Test data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, ... more Additional file 2. Test data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, sex and Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar among Ugandan young people. This data was used to test the accuracy of the reference values of dental age obtained using Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar.

African Journal of Oral Health Sciences, 2004

Vaccine, Aug 28, 2016

GMZ2 is a recombinant protein malaria vaccine, comprising two blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium ... more GMZ2 is a recombinant protein malaria vaccine, comprising two blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, glutamate-rich protein and merozoite surface protein 3. We assessed efficacy of GMZ2 in children in Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana and Uganda. Children 12-60months old were randomized to receive three injections of either 100μg GMZ2 adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide or a control vaccine (rabies) four weeks apart and were followed up for six months to measure the incidence of malaria defined as fever or history of fever and a parasite density ⩾5000/μL. A cohort of 1849 children were randomized, 1735 received three doses of vaccine (868 GMZ2, 867 control-vaccine). There were 641 malaria episodes in the GMZ2/Alum group and 720 in the control group. In the ATP analysis, vaccine efficacy (VE), adjusted for age and site was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6%, 23%, p-value=0.009). In the ITT analysis, age-adjusted VE was 11.3% (95% CI 2.5%, 19%, p-value=0.013). VE was higher in ol...

Additional file 1. Reference data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents ... more Additional file 1. Reference data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, sex and Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar among Ugandan young people. The data was used to obtain reference values of dental age.

Anatomy journal of Africa, 2016

Regular class attendance is evidence of professionalism. This has led to mandatory class attendan... more Regular class attendance is evidence of professionalism. This has led to mandatory class attendance in many disciplines including anatomy. However, there is paucity of data on the effect of mandatory class attendance on student performance in resource-limited settings. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mandatory attendance of anatomy dissections on student’s practical exams. This was an audit of undergraduate first year health professional students performance on the practical summative Steeplechase exam for the anatomy of limbs in two consecutive academic years at Makerere University. The second lot of first year students in the study had all their scheduled anatomy dissection sessions roll called to confirm their attendance that was the intervention arm in the study. The data was analysed with STATA statistical computing software version 13. Some of the tests run on this data included independent samples t test and Regression analysis. The overall performa...

Open Journal of Stomatology

Background: This review identified papers that described periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis i... more Background: This review identified papers that described periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis in sub-Saharan Africa. Only English language publications from January 2010 to December 2017 describing original research in sub-Saharan Africa on the association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis were considered for this study. Methods: Published databases: PubMed, Science direct and Google scholar, were searched using terms "periodontitis", "rheumatoid arthritis" and "Sub-Saharan Africa" to generate a set of putative studies. Articles with data on both rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis compared to controls were selected. Studies on the association of periodontitis with cardiovascular disease, arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis alone were excluded. Data were extracted, critically appraised, and analyzed using a random-effect Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis on plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. Results: Three publications were selected for the systematic review and 2 for the meta-analysis. Two studies were from Sudan, and one was from Burina Faso. There was a significant increase in pocket depth (mean difference: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.41; N = 274; (p ≤ 0.001)) and clinical attachment loss (mean difference: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.75; N = 274; (p ≤ 0.001)) in participants with rheumatoid arthritis compared to normal controls. Conclusion: Findings from these combined studies show a significant relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis with increased periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. They also highlight the need for additional work especially in

scirp.org

Aim : To determine the variations in the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first premola... more Aim : To determine the variations in the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar teeth in a Ugandan population. Methodology : Extracted maxillary first premolar teeth (n = 202) were evaluated in this study. The specimens had their pulp chambers de-roofed. They were decalcified in nitric acid and made transparent with methyl salicylate. Indian ink was injected into the root canals to display their configuration. Results : One hundred and forty eight (73.3%) of the specimens had two roots, of which 16.9% (n = 25) had fused roots. About 26.7% (n = 54) of the specimens were single rooted. Eleven (20.4%) of the single rooted specimens had one canal of either Vertucci type I, III, V or VII configuration while 79.6% (n = 43) of the specimens had two canals of either Vertucci type II, IV or VI configuration. The two-rooted specimens exhibited Vertucci type IV and VIII canal configuration: 96.6% and 3.4%, respectively. The single rooted teeth had a higher prevalence of lateral canals, canal intercommunications and multiple apical foramina as compared to the two-rooted specimens. Conclusion : The maxillary first premolar teeth in this Ugandan population showed a higher prevalence of two-root morphology with majority of the roots having Vertucci type IV canal configuration. There was no three-root anomaly recorded in the present material.

Academia Anatomica International

Introduction: Placenta morphometry varies with increased heavy metal concentrations among other f... more Introduction: Placenta morphometry varies with increased heavy metal concentrations among other factors. There is limited knowledge on the effect of perceived heavy metal exposure due to mining activities on placenta morphometry specific to the Tanzanian population. The study thus aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of the human placenta and the association between placental weight with maternal factors in mining and non-mining areas in Northwestern Tanzania. Subjects and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in Mwanza and Geita regions of Northwestern Tanzania representing the mining and non-mining areas, respectively. Included in the study were placentas from 490 mothers, residing in the respective areas throughout pregnancy. Comparison of the placenta morphometric variables between the two groups was made using the independent sample t-test, and association between the maternal factors and placenta weight was done using multi-level linear...

Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects

Background . Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis have similar epidemiology and pathophysiology... more Background . Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis have similar epidemiology and pathophysiology. Understanding the interaction between these two diseases is vital in our settings. We set out to assess the effect of oral hygiene interventions on disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis in Kampala, Uganda. Methods. Fifty-eight patients attending an arthritis clinic with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis at least two years before, who were on the same medication, dose, or formulation for RA treatment during the preceding three months, were included. The patients were >18 years of age, would be available for all the study visits in the next six months, had at least six natural teeth, had periodontal disease classified as Dutch Periodontal Index (DPSI) >3 and provided written informed consent. Those who had a chronic disorder req...

BMC Research Notes

Introduction Evidence suggests that majority of patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda have po... more Introduction Evidence suggests that majority of patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda have poor glycaemic control as well as periodontal disease. This study set out to determine the association between periodontitis and insulin resistance in adult patients with diabetes mellitus in Uganda using the triglyceride glucose index. Methods Two hundred and twenty-three adult study participants with confirmed diabetes mellitus were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Oral examination was carried with the aid of a periodontal probe to determine the periodontal status and findings recorded using the WHO Oral Health Assessment Tool for Adults, 2013. We recorded clinical details for body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) and laboratory parameters including fasting blood sugar (mmol/L), glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c, %) and serum triglycerides (mmol/L) using a study questionnaire. Data were analyzed using R version 4.10. The glucose triglyceride index was used as a measure of insulin resistance...

Open Access Rheumatology: Research and Reviews

Introduction: Periodontitis is a common complication of diabetes mellitus associated with poor gl... more Introduction: Periodontitis is a common complication of diabetes mellitus associated with poor glycemic control. The relationship between periodontal disease and glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus remains unclear. This study set out to determine the outcomes of periodontal treatment in diabetic patients in Uganda. Methods: Using a cohort study design, 41 adult diabetic patients with periodontal disease were enrolled and followed up for 3 months. Fasting blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin levels, pocketprobing depth, bleeding and clinical attachment loss at baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment were determined. Gingival crevicular fluid was assessed to detect presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Data were analyzed using R version 4.10. Mean differences were calculated to determine effect of treatment and multiple logistic regressions was used to determine association ...

Root and canal morphology of maxillary first premolar teeth in a Ugandan population

Anatomy journal of Africa, 1970

Spina bifida is one of the commonest neural tube defects. Though food fortification with folic ac... more Spina bifida is one of the commonest neural tube defects. Though food fortification with folic acid has been reported to reduce spina bifida, the incidence of spina bifida and the benefits of taking folic acid have not been documented in many developing countries including Uganda. This study set out to determine the incidence of spina bifida and related skeletal neural tube defects in the skeletons currently housed in the Galloway skeletal collection at Makererere University College of Health Sciences, Anatomy department with the aim of using the data to extrapolate on the usefulness of food fortification with folic acid. This was a descriptive cross sectional study on 226 skeletons in the Galloway osteological collection examined by an experienced anatomist for features of neural tube defects that ranged from non-fusion of the spinal arches to total absence of vertebral structures. Of the skeletons examined 43/226 (19%) had spina bifida. Of these 38/43 (88%) were male, suggesting a higher incidence of spina bifida in males than in the females. Overall 55.2% of the skeletons were within the age range of 20-55 years. This historical study highlights possible differences in the maternal micro nutrient status in the early months of pregnancy for various African populations as shown by the differences in the prevalence rates of minor spina bifida defects in the Galloway osteological collection. There is need for baseline studies on folic acid levels during pregnancy and the various local dietary sources of folic acid for Africans.

Pan African Medical Journal

Academia Anatomica International

Background: Morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae have been studied across d... more Background: Morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae have been studied across different populations and racial differences have been documented. Morphometry of typical cervical vertebrae are useful reference data for spine surgeons and radiologists in the safe management of patients with cervical spine disorders. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the morphometric characteristics of typical cervical vertebrae (C3-C6). Methods: This was a cross sectional study of 404 typical cervical vertebrae retrieved from the Galloway osteological collection atMakerere University. Linear dimensions were measured using digital Vernier calipers. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics were performed using the independent sample t-test to determine differences between males and females. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was progressive increase in the transverse diameter of the vertebral bodies fromC3-C6. The mean transverse diameter of C3 was (22.1±1.5mm), C4 (22.7±1.65mm), C5 (23.6 ±1.5mm) and, C6 (24.7±1.75mm). There was progressive increase in the length of the laminae from C3-C6. Conversely, the pedicle width progressively reduced from C3-C6. The other linear dimensions measured did not show any logical trend. The transverse diameters of the vertebral body, pedicle width, and lamina dimensions were significantly greater in males than in females (P= 0.028, P= 0.001and P= 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: There is progressive increase in the morphometric dimensions of most parameters of the vertebrae from C3 to C6. Conversely the pedicle width progressively reduces from C3-C6. There are significant differences between males and females.

Additional file 2. Test data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, ... more Additional file 2. Test data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, sex and Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar among Ugandan young people. This data was used to test the accuracy of the reference values of dental age obtained using Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar.

African Journal of Oral Health Sciences, 2004

Vaccine, Aug 28, 2016

GMZ2 is a recombinant protein malaria vaccine, comprising two blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium ... more GMZ2 is a recombinant protein malaria vaccine, comprising two blood-stage antigens of Plasmodium falciparum, glutamate-rich protein and merozoite surface protein 3. We assessed efficacy of GMZ2 in children in Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana and Uganda. Children 12-60months old were randomized to receive three injections of either 100μg GMZ2 adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide or a control vaccine (rabies) four weeks apart and were followed up for six months to measure the incidence of malaria defined as fever or history of fever and a parasite density ⩾5000/μL. A cohort of 1849 children were randomized, 1735 received three doses of vaccine (868 GMZ2, 867 control-vaccine). There were 641 malaria episodes in the GMZ2/Alum group and 720 in the control group. In the ATP analysis, vaccine efficacy (VE), adjusted for age and site was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6%, 23%, p-value=0.009). In the ITT analysis, age-adjusted VE was 11.3% (95% CI 2.5%, 19%, p-value=0.013). VE was higher in ol...

Additional file 1. Reference data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents ... more Additional file 1. Reference data of Ugandan young people_de-identified. This data file presents age, sex and Demirjianâ s classification of the lower third molar among Ugandan young people. The data was used to obtain reference values of dental age.

Anatomy journal of Africa, 2016

Regular class attendance is evidence of professionalism. This has led to mandatory class attendan... more Regular class attendance is evidence of professionalism. This has led to mandatory class attendance in many disciplines including anatomy. However, there is paucity of data on the effect of mandatory class attendance on student performance in resource-limited settings. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of mandatory attendance of anatomy dissections on student’s practical exams. This was an audit of undergraduate first year health professional students performance on the practical summative Steeplechase exam for the anatomy of limbs in two consecutive academic years at Makerere University. The second lot of first year students in the study had all their scheduled anatomy dissection sessions roll called to confirm their attendance that was the intervention arm in the study. The data was analysed with STATA statistical computing software version 13. Some of the tests run on this data included independent samples t test and Regression analysis. The overall performa...

Open Journal of Stomatology

Background: This review identified papers that described periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis i... more Background: This review identified papers that described periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis in sub-Saharan Africa. Only English language publications from January 2010 to December 2017 describing original research in sub-Saharan Africa on the association between periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis were considered for this study. Methods: Published databases: PubMed, Science direct and Google scholar, were searched using terms "periodontitis", "rheumatoid arthritis" and "Sub-Saharan Africa" to generate a set of putative studies. Articles with data on both rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis compared to controls were selected. Studies on the association of periodontitis with cardiovascular disease, arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis alone were excluded. Data were extracted, critically appraised, and analyzed using a random-effect Mantel-Haenszel meta-analysis on plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. Results: Three publications were selected for the systematic review and 2 for the meta-analysis. Two studies were from Sudan, and one was from Burina Faso. There was a significant increase in pocket depth (mean difference: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.41; N = 274; (p ≤ 0.001)) and clinical attachment loss (mean difference: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.75; N = 274; (p ≤ 0.001)) in participants with rheumatoid arthritis compared to normal controls. Conclusion: Findings from these combined studies show a significant relationship between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis with increased periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. They also highlight the need for additional work especially in

scirp.org

Aim : To determine the variations in the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first premola... more Aim : To determine the variations in the root and canal morphology of the maxillary first premolar teeth in a Ugandan population. Methodology : Extracted maxillary first premolar teeth (n = 202) were evaluated in this study. The specimens had their pulp chambers de-roofed. They were decalcified in nitric acid and made transparent with methyl salicylate. Indian ink was injected into the root canals to display their configuration. Results : One hundred and forty eight (73.3%) of the specimens had two roots, of which 16.9% (n = 25) had fused roots. About 26.7% (n = 54) of the specimens were single rooted. Eleven (20.4%) of the single rooted specimens had one canal of either Vertucci type I, III, V or VII configuration while 79.6% (n = 43) of the specimens had two canals of either Vertucci type II, IV or VI configuration. The two-rooted specimens exhibited Vertucci type IV and VIII canal configuration: 96.6% and 3.4%, respectively. The single rooted teeth had a higher prevalence of lateral canals, canal intercommunications and multiple apical foramina as compared to the two-rooted specimens. Conclusion : The maxillary first premolar teeth in this Ugandan population showed a higher prevalence of two-root morphology with majority of the roots having Vertucci type IV canal configuration. There was no three-root anomaly recorded in the present material.

Academia Anatomica International

Introduction: Placenta morphometry varies with increased heavy metal concentrations among other f... more Introduction: Placenta morphometry varies with increased heavy metal concentrations among other factors. There is limited knowledge on the effect of perceived heavy metal exposure due to mining activities on placenta morphometry specific to the Tanzanian population. The study thus aimed to determine the morphometric characteristics of the human placenta and the association between placental weight with maternal factors in mining and non-mining areas in Northwestern Tanzania. Subjects and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted in Mwanza and Geita regions of Northwestern Tanzania representing the mining and non-mining areas, respectively. Included in the study were placentas from 490 mothers, residing in the respective areas throughout pregnancy. Comparison of the placenta morphometric variables between the two groups was made using the independent sample t-test, and association between the maternal factors and placenta weight was done using multi-level linear...

Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects

Background . Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis have similar epidemiology and pathophysiology... more Background . Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis have similar epidemiology and pathophysiology. Understanding the interaction between these two diseases is vital in our settings. We set out to assess the effect of oral hygiene interventions on disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis in Kampala, Uganda. Methods. Fifty-eight patients attending an arthritis clinic with rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis at least two years before, who were on the same medication, dose, or formulation for RA treatment during the preceding three months, were included. The patients were >18 years of age, would be available for all the study visits in the next six months, had at least six natural teeth, had periodontal disease classified as Dutch Periodontal Index (DPSI) >3 and provided written informed consent. Those who had a chronic disorder req...