WK Davis - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by WK Davis
The American review of respiratory disease, 1983
A continuing medical education program was implemented and evaluated in 16 community hospitals. I... more A continuing medical education program was implemented and evaluated in 16 community hospitals. It was targeted at primary-care physicians and used physicians identified by their peers as being educationally influential for the dissemination of information. Self-study materials were used, followed by an intensive 2-wk preceptorship that resulted in a significant increase in physician knowledge. Inpatient chart audits identified a series of changes in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the intervention hospitals that were not noted in the control hospitals. These included the increased use of intravenously administered fluids, loading doses of intravenously administered bronchodilators, aerosolized and single agent bronchodilators, and respiratory therapy services. Continuing medical education, delivered through community-based educationally influential physicians, is an effective way of changing physician behavior in small communities with no prior ongoing ed...
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1990
This cross-sectional study examined medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine... more This cross-sectional study examined medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of preventive medicine-both epidemiological and clinical-that students demonstrate as they enter medical and dental school and acquire during training. The results of a two-group (medical versus dental school) by three-time (first-, second-, and thirdyear level) analysis of variance of students' mean examination scores showed significant main effects for school (F = 28.3, P < .001) and training level (F = 24.5, P < .001), and a significant school-by-training level interaction (F = 13.9, P < .001). Medical students at higher training levels demonstrated greater knowledge of preventive medicine. In contrast, there were no significant differences by year of training among the dental students on the total test or on the epidemiological or clinical subscales. Both the dental and medical students demonstrated greater knowledge of clinical applications than of epidemiological foundations (t = 4.21, P < .01). Dental students performed better than medical students on items that focused on diseases and risk factors that manifest symptoms more likely to be observed in dentistry than in general medical practice. The findings underscore the need to demonstrate practice relevance when teaching preventive medicine. [Am J Prev Med
Research in medical education : proceedings of the ... annual Conference. Conference on Research in Medical Education, 1988
Using a broad range of written patient management problems, this study examined 1) the influences... more Using a broad range of written patient management problems, this study examined 1) the influences of three medical information-gathering processes (history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostic studies) on the formulation of the differential and principal diagnosis by 175 medical students and 2) the extent to which the information-gathering processes used by the students paralleled the emphasis that experienced clinicians placed on these same processes. Results suggested that in 11 of 14 cases, the students appeared to be relying on specific information-gathering strategies in the formulation of the differential diagnosis, and that there were both similarities and differences in the relative emphases that these processes received from students and physicians.
The Diabetes Educator, 1997
African-American and Caucasian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were surveye... more African-American and Caucasian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were surveyed to determine differences in self-reported dietary adherence. The relationship between dietary adherence and other psychosocial factors also was explored. The Diabetes Care Profile, an instrument designed to assess psychosocial factors related to diabetes, was completed by 178 patients. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between dietary adherence and 15 other scales in this instrument. Regression analyses revealed that selected scales were better at predicting dietary adherence for African Americans than for Caucasians. Self-care adherence was the most significant predictor of dietary adherence for African Americans while support was the most significant predictor for Caucasians. These findings suggest that cultural and social functions of food and diet should be examined and incorporated in the development of appropriate meal plans and educational...
INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY, 1993
Health Psychology, 1994
Tested was a model of social support and cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy, outcome expectanci... more Tested was a model of social support and cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and illness threat on depression. Study participants were community-dwelling adults with diabetes who completed a mailed questionnaire (N=362). Results of structural equation modeling indicated that 52% of the variance in depression was explained by the model-largely by the direct effects of physical functioning, the perceived availability of social support, and the perceived threat of diabetes as well as the indirect paths from perceived support to perceived threat and from physical functioning to perceived support and perceived threat of diabetes. Diabetes-specific social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies were not significant predictors of depression.
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1998
The Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) is an instrument used to assess social and psychological factors ... more The Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) is an instrument used to assess social and psychological factors related to diabetes and its treatment. The reliability of the DCP was established in populations consisting primarily of Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. This study tests whether the DCP is a reliable instrument for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Both African American (n = 511) and Caucasian (n = 235) patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited at six sites located in the metropolitan Detroit area. Scale reliability was calculated by Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The scale reliabilities ranged from .70 to .97 for African Americans. These reliabilities were similar to those of Caucasians, whose scale reliabilities rangedfrom .68 to .96. The Feldt test was used to determine differences between the reliabilities of the two patient populations. No significant differences were found. The DCP is a reliable survey instrument for African American and Caucasion patients with type 2 ...
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1996
To determine the reliability and the validity of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), an instrument t... more To determine the reliability and the validity of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), an instrument that assesses the social and psychological factors related to diabetes and its treatment, two studies with separate populations and methodologies were conducted In the first study, the DCP was administered to, and physiologic measures collected from, individuals with diabetes being cared for in a community setting (n = 440). In the second study, the DCP and several previously validated scales were administered to individuals with diabetes receiving care at a university medical center (n = 352). Cronbach's alphas of individual DCP scales ranged from .60 to .95 (Study 1) and from .66 to .94 (Study 2). Glycohemoglobin levels correlated with three DCP scales (Study 1). Several DCP scales discriminated among patients with different levels of disease severity. The results of the studies indicate that the DCP is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the psychosocial factors related t...
Diabetic Medicine, 1989
Recently a number of studies have examined the quality of the data obtained from various systems ... more Recently a number of studies have examined the quality of the data obtained from various systems used in the self‐monitoring of blood glucose. Many of these studies have used parametric statistical techniques such as the Pearson product‐moment correlation (r) and linear regression to evaluate the errors associated with self‐monitoring results. These statistical methods, while well known and easily computed on modern computers, are often inappropriate for evaluating either the amount of error associated with self‐monitoring or the clinical significance of these errors. For example: 1. a correlation of 1.00 does not necessarily mean that the measurements from a self‐monitoring system agree with the true values and are without error; 2. a correlation close to 0.00 does not necessarily mean that the measurements from self‐monitoring differ widely from the true values and possess large amounts of error; 3. a slope of 1.0 and a y‐intercept of 0.0 in a linear regression equation do not nec...
Diabetes Care, 1997
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the Short Form 36 (SF-36) (a global measure of heal... more OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the Short Form 36 (SF-36) (a global measure of health-related quality of life) and the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) (a diabetes-specific measure of self-care and diabetes-related quality of life) in patients with NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was conducted as part of a larger study initiated in 1991 using a randomly selected sample of communities, physicians, and patients with diabetes located throughout Michigan. A total of 255 patients with NIDDM participated. The study examined the relationship between the two measures and diabetes variables, such as glycosylated hemoglobin level and number of complications. RESULTS The SF-36 and the DCP have both common and discrete measurement domains. Both instruments have acceptable subscale reliability. The DCP has predictive validity regarding glycemic control, whereas the SF-36 does not. Both measures correlate with the number of complications for patients who have NIDDM treated ...
Diabetes Care, 1994
OBJECTIVE To compare diabetes care and education at the community level in 1981 and 1991 in order... more OBJECTIVE To compare diabetes care and education at the community level in 1981 and 1991 in order to record progress achieved in the decade of the 1980s, determine if there is a gap that must be closed to reach diabetes-related objectives for 2000, and establish a baseline to which changes stimulated by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial can be compared. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In eight Michigan communities, representative primary-care physicians (61 in 1981; 68 in 1991) and their diabetic patients (428 and 440) were identified. Communities, physicians, and patients were randomly selected. Participating patients were interviewed and examined in their community or home to assess the kind and extent of diabetes care they had been receiving; their metabolic, nutritional, educational, and psychosocial status; their diabetic history and current status; and other related factors. The diabetic status, care, and education of the 1981 community patients were compared with those...
Arthritis Care & Research, 1993
Clinical data gathering is central to clinical competence. Although research has demonstrated the... more Clinical data gathering is central to clinical competence. Although research has demonstrated the value to experienced clinicians of information obtained from the history, little is known of how medical students use ihis information. In the present study, two case simulations (in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosisj were developed to assess medical student information gathering and utilization. The results indicate that most of the students were already considering the correct diagnosis as a possibility after the presenting complaint and patient description. However, the medical history exerted the strongest influence on tramforming the correct diagnosis from just another diagnostic possibility into the favored dicignostic candidate. Students who failed to list the correct diagnosis in the differential diagnosis after obtaining the history were significantly less likely to reach ihe correct diagnosis at the end of the case. These results confirm the critical importance of the history in rnedical problem solving.
Academic Medicine, 1996
The authors describe research in undergraduate medical education as reported in journal articles.... more The authors describe research in undergraduate medical education as reported in journal articles. A sample of 773 articles was randomly selected from 3,689 articles published from 1975 through 1994. Content analysis was used to quantitatively assess subject interests and methods over the past 20 years. The most frequent topics related to curriculum, teaching, and student assessment. Over 45% (353) of the sample articles were reports of research activity (i.e., they used specific methods to ascertain new facts, concepts, or ideas). The research reported was overwhelmingly conducted in a naturalistic environment; was evaluative or comparative in design; used observation, testing, or questionnaires to collect data; and included inferential statistical analyses. The research described by the authors confirms the close relationship between medical education and clinical or laboratory environments. The literature on undergraduate medical education reflects a lack of theory-based research and little evidence of work built on prior research, which may be partially due to the scattered nature of the literature. The increased numbers of authors per article over the study period may be indicative of increased interdisciplinary collaboration. The lack of reported external funding may be a problem of underreporting or it may be related to the large number of single-institution-based studies.
Academic Medicine, 1993
No abstract available.
Academic Medicine, 1993
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > January ...
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1988
Second-year medical students (N = 187) evaluated their own videotaped performances of one of eigh... more Second-year medical students (N = 187) evaluated their own videotaped performances of one of eight randomly assigned physical assessment examinations. The videotaped performance was one component of an introduction to clinical sciences course evaluation. Performance ratings were also obtained from two peers-one who served as the patient and the other who served as the camera person for the evaluation-and one expert. All rater groups used the same behaviorally anchored evaluation checklist of the key techniques and sequences identifiedfor each examination. High Pearsonproduct-moment correlations were obtained between (1) the two peer ratings for four of the examinations and (2) self andpeer ratings for the other four examinations. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the four types of raters for all but one of the eight different examinations. Implications for future evaluation methodologies and curricular implementation of peer assessment are...
The American review of respiratory disease, 1983
A continuing medical education program was implemented and evaluated in 16 community hospitals. I... more A continuing medical education program was implemented and evaluated in 16 community hospitals. It was targeted at primary-care physicians and used physicians identified by their peers as being educationally influential for the dissemination of information. Self-study materials were used, followed by an intensive 2-wk preceptorship that resulted in a significant increase in physician knowledge. Inpatient chart audits identified a series of changes in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the intervention hospitals that were not noted in the control hospitals. These included the increased use of intravenously administered fluids, loading doses of intravenously administered bronchodilators, aerosolized and single agent bronchodilators, and respiratory therapy services. Continuing medical education, delivered through community-based educationally influential physicians, is an effective way of changing physician behavior in small communities with no prior ongoing ed...
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1990
This cross-sectional study examined medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine... more This cross-sectional study examined medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of preventive medicine-both epidemiological and clinical-that students demonstrate as they enter medical and dental school and acquire during training. The results of a two-group (medical versus dental school) by three-time (first-, second-, and thirdyear level) analysis of variance of students' mean examination scores showed significant main effects for school (F = 28.3, P < .001) and training level (F = 24.5, P < .001), and a significant school-by-training level interaction (F = 13.9, P < .001). Medical students at higher training levels demonstrated greater knowledge of preventive medicine. In contrast, there were no significant differences by year of training among the dental students on the total test or on the epidemiological or clinical subscales. Both the dental and medical students demonstrated greater knowledge of clinical applications than of epidemiological foundations (t = 4.21, P < .01). Dental students performed better than medical students on items that focused on diseases and risk factors that manifest symptoms more likely to be observed in dentistry than in general medical practice. The findings underscore the need to demonstrate practice relevance when teaching preventive medicine. [Am J Prev Med
Research in medical education : proceedings of the ... annual Conference. Conference on Research in Medical Education, 1988
Using a broad range of written patient management problems, this study examined 1) the influences... more Using a broad range of written patient management problems, this study examined 1) the influences of three medical information-gathering processes (history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostic studies) on the formulation of the differential and principal diagnosis by 175 medical students and 2) the extent to which the information-gathering processes used by the students paralleled the emphasis that experienced clinicians placed on these same processes. Results suggested that in 11 of 14 cases, the students appeared to be relying on specific information-gathering strategies in the formulation of the differential diagnosis, and that there were both similarities and differences in the relative emphases that these processes received from students and physicians.
The Diabetes Educator, 1997
African-American and Caucasian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were surveye... more African-American and Caucasian patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were surveyed to determine differences in self-reported dietary adherence. The relationship between dietary adherence and other psychosocial factors also was explored. The Diabetes Care Profile, an instrument designed to assess psychosocial factors related to diabetes, was completed by 178 patients. Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between dietary adherence and 15 other scales in this instrument. Regression analyses revealed that selected scales were better at predicting dietary adherence for African Americans than for Caucasians. Self-care adherence was the most significant predictor of dietary adherence for African Americans while support was the most significant predictor for Caucasians. These findings suggest that cultural and social functions of food and diet should be examined and incorporated in the development of appropriate meal plans and educational...
INVESTIGATIVE RADIOLOGY, 1993
Health Psychology, 1994
Tested was a model of social support and cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy, outcome expectanci... more Tested was a model of social support and cognitive appraisal of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and illness threat on depression. Study participants were community-dwelling adults with diabetes who completed a mailed questionnaire (N=362). Results of structural equation modeling indicated that 52% of the variance in depression was explained by the model-largely by the direct effects of physical functioning, the perceived availability of social support, and the perceived threat of diabetes as well as the indirect paths from perceived support to perceived threat and from physical functioning to perceived support and perceived threat of diabetes. Diabetes-specific social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectancies were not significant predictors of depression.
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1998
The Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) is an instrument used to assess social and psychological factors ... more The Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) is an instrument used to assess social and psychological factors related to diabetes and its treatment. The reliability of the DCP was established in populations consisting primarily of Caucasians with type 2 diabetes. This study tests whether the DCP is a reliable instrument for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Both African American (n = 511) and Caucasian (n = 235) patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited at six sites located in the metropolitan Detroit area. Scale reliability was calculated by Cronbach's coefficient alpha. The scale reliabilities ranged from .70 to .97 for African Americans. These reliabilities were similar to those of Caucasians, whose scale reliabilities rangedfrom .68 to .96. The Feldt test was used to determine differences between the reliabilities of the two patient populations. No significant differences were found. The DCP is a reliable survey instrument for African American and Caucasion patients with type 2 ...
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1996
To determine the reliability and the validity of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), an instrument t... more To determine the reliability and the validity of the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP), an instrument that assesses the social and psychological factors related to diabetes and its treatment, two studies with separate populations and methodologies were conducted In the first study, the DCP was administered to, and physiologic measures collected from, individuals with diabetes being cared for in a community setting (n = 440). In the second study, the DCP and several previously validated scales were administered to individuals with diabetes receiving care at a university medical center (n = 352). Cronbach's alphas of individual DCP scales ranged from .60 to .95 (Study 1) and from .66 to .94 (Study 2). Glycohemoglobin levels correlated with three DCP scales (Study 1). Several DCP scales discriminated among patients with different levels of disease severity. The results of the studies indicate that the DCP is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring the psychosocial factors related t...
Diabetic Medicine, 1989
Recently a number of studies have examined the quality of the data obtained from various systems ... more Recently a number of studies have examined the quality of the data obtained from various systems used in the self‐monitoring of blood glucose. Many of these studies have used parametric statistical techniques such as the Pearson product‐moment correlation (r) and linear regression to evaluate the errors associated with self‐monitoring results. These statistical methods, while well known and easily computed on modern computers, are often inappropriate for evaluating either the amount of error associated with self‐monitoring or the clinical significance of these errors. For example: 1. a correlation of 1.00 does not necessarily mean that the measurements from a self‐monitoring system agree with the true values and are without error; 2. a correlation close to 0.00 does not necessarily mean that the measurements from self‐monitoring differ widely from the true values and possess large amounts of error; 3. a slope of 1.0 and a y‐intercept of 0.0 in a linear regression equation do not nec...
Diabetes Care, 1997
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the Short Form 36 (SF-36) (a global measure of heal... more OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to compare the Short Form 36 (SF-36) (a global measure of health-related quality of life) and the Diabetes Care Profile (DCP) (a diabetes-specific measure of self-care and diabetes-related quality of life) in patients with NIDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was conducted as part of a larger study initiated in 1991 using a randomly selected sample of communities, physicians, and patients with diabetes located throughout Michigan. A total of 255 patients with NIDDM participated. The study examined the relationship between the two measures and diabetes variables, such as glycosylated hemoglobin level and number of complications. RESULTS The SF-36 and the DCP have both common and discrete measurement domains. Both instruments have acceptable subscale reliability. The DCP has predictive validity regarding glycemic control, whereas the SF-36 does not. Both measures correlate with the number of complications for patients who have NIDDM treated ...
Diabetes Care, 1994
OBJECTIVE To compare diabetes care and education at the community level in 1981 and 1991 in order... more OBJECTIVE To compare diabetes care and education at the community level in 1981 and 1991 in order to record progress achieved in the decade of the 1980s, determine if there is a gap that must be closed to reach diabetes-related objectives for 2000, and establish a baseline to which changes stimulated by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial can be compared. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In eight Michigan communities, representative primary-care physicians (61 in 1981; 68 in 1991) and their diabetic patients (428 and 440) were identified. Communities, physicians, and patients were randomly selected. Participating patients were interviewed and examined in their community or home to assess the kind and extent of diabetes care they had been receiving; their metabolic, nutritional, educational, and psychosocial status; their diabetic history and current status; and other related factors. The diabetic status, care, and education of the 1981 community patients were compared with those...
Arthritis Care & Research, 1993
Clinical data gathering is central to clinical competence. Although research has demonstrated the... more Clinical data gathering is central to clinical competence. Although research has demonstrated the value to experienced clinicians of information obtained from the history, little is known of how medical students use ihis information. In the present study, two case simulations (in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosisj were developed to assess medical student information gathering and utilization. The results indicate that most of the students were already considering the correct diagnosis as a possibility after the presenting complaint and patient description. However, the medical history exerted the strongest influence on tramforming the correct diagnosis from just another diagnostic possibility into the favored dicignostic candidate. Students who failed to list the correct diagnosis in the differential diagnosis after obtaining the history were significantly less likely to reach ihe correct diagnosis at the end of the case. These results confirm the critical importance of the history in rnedical problem solving.
Academic Medicine, 1996
The authors describe research in undergraduate medical education as reported in journal articles.... more The authors describe research in undergraduate medical education as reported in journal articles. A sample of 773 articles was randomly selected from 3,689 articles published from 1975 through 1994. Content analysis was used to quantitatively assess subject interests and methods over the past 20 years. The most frequent topics related to curriculum, teaching, and student assessment. Over 45% (353) of the sample articles were reports of research activity (i.e., they used specific methods to ascertain new facts, concepts, or ideas). The research reported was overwhelmingly conducted in a naturalistic environment; was evaluative or comparative in design; used observation, testing, or questionnaires to collect data; and included inferential statistical analyses. The research described by the authors confirms the close relationship between medical education and clinical or laboratory environments. The literature on undergraduate medical education reflects a lack of theory-based research and little evidence of work built on prior research, which may be partially due to the scattered nature of the literature. The increased numbers of authors per article over the study period may be indicative of increased interdisciplinary collaboration. The lack of reported external funding may be a problem of underreporting or it may be related to the large number of single-institution-based studies.
Academic Medicine, 1993
No abstract available.
Academic Medicine, 1993
Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maint... more Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. ... Skip Navigation Links Home > January ...
Evaluation & the Health Professions, 1988
Second-year medical students (N = 187) evaluated their own videotaped performances of one of eigh... more Second-year medical students (N = 187) evaluated their own videotaped performances of one of eight randomly assigned physical assessment examinations. The videotaped performance was one component of an introduction to clinical sciences course evaluation. Performance ratings were also obtained from two peers-one who served as the patient and the other who served as the camera person for the evaluation-and one expert. All rater groups used the same behaviorally anchored evaluation checklist of the key techniques and sequences identifiedfor each examination. High Pearsonproduct-moment correlations were obtained between (1) the two peer ratings for four of the examinations and (2) self andpeer ratings for the other four examinations. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the four types of raters for all but one of the eight different examinations. Implications for future evaluation methodologies and curricular implementation of peer assessment are...