W. Walczowski - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by W. Walczowski

Polar Research, 2015

The Arctic Ocean is one of the fastest changing oceans, plays an important role in global carbon ... more The Arctic Ocean is one of the fastest changing oceans, plays an important role in global carbon cycling and yet is a particularly challenging ocean to study. Hence, observations tend to be relatively sparse in both space and time. How the Arctic functions, geophysically, but also ecologically, can have significant consequences for the internal cycling of carbon, and subsequently influence carbon export, atmospheric CO 2 uptake and food chain productivity. Here we assess the major carbon pools and associated processes, specifically summarizing the current knowledge of each of these processes in terms of data availability and ranges of rates and values for four geophysical Arctic Ocean domains originally described by Carmack & Wassmann (2006): inflow shelves, which are Pacific-influenced and Atlantic-influenced; interior, river-influenced shelves; and central basins. We attempt to bring together knowledge of the carbon cycle with the ecosystem within each of these different geophysical settings, in order to provide specialist information in a holistic context. We assess the current state of models and how they can be improved and/or used to provide assessments of the current and future functioning when observational data are limited or sparse. In doing so, we highlight potential links in the physical oceanographic regime, primary production and the flow of carbon within the ecosystem that will change in the future. Finally, we are able to highlight priority areas for research, taking a holistic pan-Arctic approach. Responses in Arctic marine carbon cycle processes H.S. Findlay et al.

Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, 2011

Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, 2008

... Between 1997 and 2006 Ursula Schauer1, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller2, Waldemar Walczowski3, E... more ... Between 1997 and 2006 Ursula Schauer1, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller2, Waldemar Walczowski3, Eberhard Fahrbach4, Jan Piechura5, and Edmond Hansen6 3.1 ... Kara Sea and continue in a boundary current along the Arctic Basin rim and ridges (Aagaard 1989; Rudels ...

Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2007

Relationships between lightning activity and various thunder cloud parameters: Satellite and mode... more Relationships between lightning activity and various thunder cloud parameters: Satellite and modeling studies, Atmos.Res., 57,221-236. Carlson,! N. (1969), Synoptic histories on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic,Mon. Weather Rev., 97,256-276. Chronis,T,and E.N.Anagnostou (2006),Evaluation of a long-range lightning detection network with receivers in Europe and Africa, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(6), 1504-1510. Goodman, S. (2003), Atmospheric electrical activ ity and the prospects for improving short-term weather forecasting, paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Atmospheric Electric ity, Int. Comm. of Atmos. Electr.

ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2012

Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas,... more Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Harding, A. M. A., Goszczko, I., Cisek, M., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Stempniewicz, L. 2012. Interannual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 890–901. The purpose of the work was to determine how atmospheric and oceanic processes (the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO)) influence hydrography and zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf (WSS), and the impacts of the processes on chick meals of zooplanktivorous little auks Alle alle. There were distinct Atlantic and Arctic oceanographic domains on the shelf resulting from the presence of the West Spitsbergen Current and the Sørkapp Current, which contain different proportions of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis. The...

Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of ... more The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo's global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.

During the summer expeditions of r/v 'Oceania' in 1995'Oceania' in -1996, oce... more During the summer expeditions of r/v 'Oceania' in 1995'Oceania' in -1996, oceanographic investigations comprising CTD profiling and suspension measurements were conducted in Svalbard fjords and shelf waters. The freshwater volume was estimated independently from the salinity drop as compared with the assumed background salinity and from the distribution of mineral suspension density in surface waters. Preliminary calculations of the instantaneous freshwater volume based on the distribution of suspended matter (at depths of < 150 m) yielded a figure of 80 km 3 in Svalbard coastal waters in summer. Values for Hornsund and Kongsfjord ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 km 3 of freshwater at the height of summer. This corresponds well with glaciological estimations, which give an annual discharge of 14.6 to 27.5 km 3 of freshwater for Svalbard. The glacial discharge is estimated to make up some 42% of the freshwater budget of Svalbard shelf waters, the remainder being derived ...

Results from a regional model of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice forced with realistic atmospheric d... more Results from a regional model of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice forced with realistic atmospheric data are analyzed to understand recent climate variability in the region. The primary simulation uses daily-averaged 1979 atmospheric fields repeated for 20 years and then continues with interannual forcing derived from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts for 1979-98. An eastward shift in the ice-ocean circulation, freshwater distribution and Atlantic Water extent has been determined by comparing conditions between the early 1980s and 1990s. A new trend is modeled in the late 1990s, and has a tendency to return the large-scale sea-ice and upper ocean conditions to their state in the early 1980s. Both the sea-ice and the upper ocean circulation as well as freshwater export from the Russian shelves and Atlantic Water recirculation within the Eurasian Basin indicate that the Arctic climate is undergoing another shift. This suggests an oscillatory behavior of the Arctic Ocean system. Interannual atmospheric variability appears to be the main and sufficient driver of simulated changes. The ice cover acts as an effective dynamic medium for vorticity transfer from the atmosphere into the ocean.

According to the results of recent research, besides the atmospheric circulation, it is heat tran... more According to the results of recent research, besides the atmospheric circulation, it is heat transport to the Arctic Ocean (AO) by ocean currents, the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) in particular, that is playing a significant role in the process of Arctic warming. Data collected by the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAS), in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, and Fram Strait during the last 20 years reveal considerable changes in the amount of heat transported by the WSC into the Arctic Ocean. An increase in Atlantic Water (AW) temperature and the intensification of heat transport were observed in

The first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation (R 1 ) is a fundamental horizontal scale of mes... more The first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation (R 1 ) is a fundamental horizontal scale of mesoscale processes. This scale is important for planning both numerical modelling and study areas. R 1 was computed on the basis of an 11-year series of high resolution CTD measurements collected during r/v 'Oceania' cruises. The data set covered the three main basins of the Baltic Proper: the Bornholm Basin (BB), the Słupsk Furrow (SF) and the Gdańsk Basin (GB). The smallest mean value of R 1 was found in the Gdańsk Basin (5.2 km), the largest one in the Bornholm Deep (7.3 km). The seasonal variability of R 1 is lower in the western basin than in the eastern one. The seasonal cycle of R 1 may be broken by extreme events, e.g. main Baltic inflows (MBI) of saline water. The inflowing water rebuilds the vertical stratification in the southern Baltic Sea and dramatically changes the R 1 values. The difference of R 1 between a stagnation period and an inflow situation is shown Analys...

Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope of the Stolpe Sill in Octobe... more Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope of the Stolpe Sill in October 1998 were analysed to identify the processes responsible for the transport of dense, near-bottom water from the Bornholm Deep into the Stolpe Channel. Westward transport in the deep layer was opposed to the wind direction. The longitudinal current component was considerably smaller than the latitudinal one. Long waves (with periods T > 10 h) and short-period oscillations (T < 2 h) were recorded in the form of wave trains. The rotary-component spectral method revealed a dominant internal wave with a period close to the local inertial period (T = 14.6 h). High-frequency current fluctuations (time scales 2-30 min) were regarded as a quasi-horizontal turbulence caused by interaction between the long waves and the complicated bottom topography.

The Arctic Ocean has been traditionally a challenging region for modeling due to the presence of ... more The Arctic Ocean has been traditionally a challenging region for modeling due to the presence of the multi-year ice pack, complex bathymetry and the grid singularity at the North Pole. Regional models of the Arctic Ocean have been developed in part to address some of these issues and to give feedback to global ocean and climate models on requirements for

Simulated seasonal and interannual sea-surface height variability was compared based on results o... more Simulated seasonal and interannual sea-surface height variability was compared based on results of seven Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project basic models. For validation data, we used observations from coastal and island tide gauge stations located in the Siberian Arctic. Analysis of model results shows that the AOMIP models do not reproduce the observed seasonal variability of sea surface height well.

General circulation models (GCMs) that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Ch... more General circulation models (GCMs) that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4) on average predict some 50% or more reduction of summer sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean by the end of this century. Unfortunately the majority of those models have significant limitations in their representation of past and present variability in the Arctic.

Arctic Region is a very critical area for global climate changes and for transport, deposition an... more Arctic Region is a very critical area for global climate changes and for transport, deposition and accumulation processes of airborne pollutants. During summer 2011 (20 June-12 Aug 2011), the AREX2011 oceanographic campaign was organized on board OCEANIA ship. Oceanographic activity was coupled with the study of the atmospheric particulate load and chemical composition (linked to sources, transport processes and atmospheric reactions of aerosol) in the Arctic. Aerosol samples were collected during the cruise in the Artic Glacial Sea, from Tromsø (Norway) to Svalbard Islands, along longitudinal and latitudinal transects, and the concentration of trace organic compounds in the aerosol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (ALKs), was determined. PAHs arise from combustion sources, with a large contribution of anthropic activities; ALKs are emitted from various anthropic and natural (biogenic emissions) sources. During AREX2011, 24 samples of total suspended particles ...

Journal of Glaciology

ABSTRACTWe have developed a two-dimensional coupled glacier–fjord model, which runs automatically... more ABSTRACTWe have developed a two-dimensional coupled glacier–fjord model, which runs automatically using Elmer/Ice and MITgcm software packages, to investigate the magnitude of submarine melting along a vertical glacier front and its potential influence on glacier calving and front position changes. We apply this model to simulate the Hansbreen glacier–Hansbukta proglacial–fjord system, Southwestern Svalbard, during the summer of 2010. The limited size of this system allows us to resolve some of the small-scale processes occurring at the ice–ocean interface in the fjord model, using a 0.5 s time step and a 1 m grid resolution near the glacier front. We use a rich set of field data spanning the period April–August 2010 to constrain, calibrate and validate the model. We adjust circulation patterns in the fjord by tuning subglacial discharge inputs that best match observed temperature while maintaining a compromise with observed salinity, suggesting a convectively driven circulation in ...

Polar Research, 2015

The Arctic Ocean is one of the fastest changing oceans, plays an important role in global carbon ... more The Arctic Ocean is one of the fastest changing oceans, plays an important role in global carbon cycling and yet is a particularly challenging ocean to study. Hence, observations tend to be relatively sparse in both space and time. How the Arctic functions, geophysically, but also ecologically, can have significant consequences for the internal cycling of carbon, and subsequently influence carbon export, atmospheric CO 2 uptake and food chain productivity. Here we assess the major carbon pools and associated processes, specifically summarizing the current knowledge of each of these processes in terms of data availability and ranges of rates and values for four geophysical Arctic Ocean domains originally described by Carmack & Wassmann (2006): inflow shelves, which are Pacific-influenced and Atlantic-influenced; interior, river-influenced shelves; and central basins. We attempt to bring together knowledge of the carbon cycle with the ecosystem within each of these different geophysical settings, in order to provide specialist information in a holistic context. We assess the current state of models and how they can be improved and/or used to provide assessments of the current and future functioning when observational data are limited or sparse. In doing so, we highlight potential links in the physical oceanographic regime, primary production and the flow of carbon within the ecosystem that will change in the future. Finally, we are able to highlight priority areas for research, taking a holistic pan-Arctic approach. Responses in Arctic marine carbon cycle processes H.S. Findlay et al.

Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, 2011

Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Fluxes, 2008

... Between 1997 and 2006 Ursula Schauer1, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller2, Waldemar Walczowski3, E... more ... Between 1997 and 2006 Ursula Schauer1, Agnieszka Beszczynska-Möller2, Waldemar Walczowski3, Eberhard Fahrbach4, Jan Piechura5, and Edmond Hansen6 3.1 ... Kara Sea and continue in a boundary current along the Arctic Basin rim and ridges (Aagaard 1989; Rudels ...

Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 2007

Relationships between lightning activity and various thunder cloud parameters: Satellite and mode... more Relationships between lightning activity and various thunder cloud parameters: Satellite and modeling studies, Atmos.Res., 57,221-236. Carlson,! N. (1969), Synoptic histories on African disturbances and their progress over the tropical Atlantic,Mon. Weather Rev., 97,256-276. Chronis,T,and E.N.Anagnostou (2006),Evaluation of a long-range lightning detection network with receivers in Europe and Africa, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44(6), 1504-1510. Goodman, S. (2003), Atmospheric electrical activ ity and the prospects for improving short-term weather forecasting, paper presented at the 12th International Conference on Atmospheric Electric ity, Int. Comm. of Atmos. Electr.

ICES Journal of Marine Science, 2012

Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas,... more Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Harding, A. M. A., Goszczko, I., Cisek, M., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Stempniewicz, L. 2012. Interannual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 890–901. The purpose of the work was to determine how atmospheric and oceanic processes (the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Arctic Ocean Oscillation (AOO)) influence hydrography and zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf (WSS), and the impacts of the processes on chick meals of zooplanktivorous little auks Alle alle. There were distinct Atlantic and Arctic oceanographic domains on the shelf resulting from the presence of the West Spitsbergen Current and the Sørkapp Current, which contain different proportions of Calanus finmarchicus and C. glacialis. The...

Frontiers in Marine Science, 2019

The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of ... more The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo's global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.

During the summer expeditions of r/v 'Oceania' in 1995'Oceania' in -1996, oce... more During the summer expeditions of r/v 'Oceania' in 1995'Oceania' in -1996, oceanographic investigations comprising CTD profiling and suspension measurements were conducted in Svalbard fjords and shelf waters. The freshwater volume was estimated independently from the salinity drop as compared with the assumed background salinity and from the distribution of mineral suspension density in surface waters. Preliminary calculations of the instantaneous freshwater volume based on the distribution of suspended matter (at depths of < 150 m) yielded a figure of 80 km 3 in Svalbard coastal waters in summer. Values for Hornsund and Kongsfjord ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 km 3 of freshwater at the height of summer. This corresponds well with glaciological estimations, which give an annual discharge of 14.6 to 27.5 km 3 of freshwater for Svalbard. The glacial discharge is estimated to make up some 42% of the freshwater budget of Svalbard shelf waters, the remainder being derived ...

Results from a regional model of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice forced with realistic atmospheric d... more Results from a regional model of the Arctic Ocean and sea ice forced with realistic atmospheric data are analyzed to understand recent climate variability in the region. The primary simulation uses daily-averaged 1979 atmospheric fields repeated for 20 years and then continues with interannual forcing derived from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts for 1979-98. An eastward shift in the ice-ocean circulation, freshwater distribution and Atlantic Water extent has been determined by comparing conditions between the early 1980s and 1990s. A new trend is modeled in the late 1990s, and has a tendency to return the large-scale sea-ice and upper ocean conditions to their state in the early 1980s. Both the sea-ice and the upper ocean circulation as well as freshwater export from the Russian shelves and Atlantic Water recirculation within the Eurasian Basin indicate that the Arctic climate is undergoing another shift. This suggests an oscillatory behavior of the Arctic Ocean system. Interannual atmospheric variability appears to be the main and sufficient driver of simulated changes. The ice cover acts as an effective dynamic medium for vorticity transfer from the atmosphere into the ocean.

According to the results of recent research, besides the atmospheric circulation, it is heat tran... more According to the results of recent research, besides the atmospheric circulation, it is heat transport to the Arctic Ocean (AO) by ocean currents, the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) in particular, that is playing a significant role in the process of Arctic warming. Data collected by the Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences (IO PAS), in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas, and Fram Strait during the last 20 years reveal considerable changes in the amount of heat transported by the WSC into the Arctic Ocean. An increase in Atlantic Water (AW) temperature and the intensification of heat transport were observed in

The first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation (R 1 ) is a fundamental horizontal scale of mes... more The first baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation (R 1 ) is a fundamental horizontal scale of mesoscale processes. This scale is important for planning both numerical modelling and study areas. R 1 was computed on the basis of an 11-year series of high resolution CTD measurements collected during r/v 'Oceania' cruises. The data set covered the three main basins of the Baltic Proper: the Bornholm Basin (BB), the Słupsk Furrow (SF) and the Gdańsk Basin (GB). The smallest mean value of R 1 was found in the Gdańsk Basin (5.2 km), the largest one in the Bornholm Deep (7.3 km). The seasonal variability of R 1 is lower in the western basin than in the eastern one. The seasonal cycle of R 1 may be broken by extreme events, e.g. main Baltic inflows (MBI) of saline water. The inflowing water rebuilds the vertical stratification in the southern Baltic Sea and dramatically changes the R 1 values. The difference of R 1 between a stagnation period and an inflow situation is shown Analys...

Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope of the Stolpe Sill in Octobe... more Current, temperature and salinity data obtained on the western slope of the Stolpe Sill in October 1998 were analysed to identify the processes responsible for the transport of dense, near-bottom water from the Bornholm Deep into the Stolpe Channel. Westward transport in the deep layer was opposed to the wind direction. The longitudinal current component was considerably smaller than the latitudinal one. Long waves (with periods T > 10 h) and short-period oscillations (T < 2 h) were recorded in the form of wave trains. The rotary-component spectral method revealed a dominant internal wave with a period close to the local inertial period (T = 14.6 h). High-frequency current fluctuations (time scales 2-30 min) were regarded as a quasi-horizontal turbulence caused by interaction between the long waves and the complicated bottom topography.

The Arctic Ocean has been traditionally a challenging region for modeling due to the presence of ... more The Arctic Ocean has been traditionally a challenging region for modeling due to the presence of the multi-year ice pack, complex bathymetry and the grid singularity at the North Pole. Regional models of the Arctic Ocean have been developed in part to address some of these issues and to give feedback to global ocean and climate models on requirements for

Simulated seasonal and interannual sea-surface height variability was compared based on results o... more Simulated seasonal and interannual sea-surface height variability was compared based on results of seven Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project basic models. For validation data, we used observations from coastal and island tide gauge stations located in the Siberian Arctic. Analysis of model results shows that the AOMIP models do not reproduce the observed seasonal variability of sea surface height well.

General circulation models (GCMs) that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Ch... more General circulation models (GCMs) that participated in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC-AR4) on average predict some 50% or more reduction of summer sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean by the end of this century. Unfortunately the majority of those models have significant limitations in their representation of past and present variability in the Arctic.

Arctic Region is a very critical area for global climate changes and for transport, deposition an... more Arctic Region is a very critical area for global climate changes and for transport, deposition and accumulation processes of airborne pollutants. During summer 2011 (20 June-12 Aug 2011), the AREX2011 oceanographic campaign was organized on board OCEANIA ship. Oceanographic activity was coupled with the study of the atmospheric particulate load and chemical composition (linked to sources, transport processes and atmospheric reactions of aerosol) in the Arctic. Aerosol samples were collected during the cruise in the Artic Glacial Sea, from Tromsø (Norway) to Svalbard Islands, along longitudinal and latitudinal transects, and the concentration of trace organic compounds in the aerosol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes (ALKs), was determined. PAHs arise from combustion sources, with a large contribution of anthropic activities; ALKs are emitted from various anthropic and natural (biogenic emissions) sources. During AREX2011, 24 samples of total suspended particles ...

Journal of Glaciology

ABSTRACTWe have developed a two-dimensional coupled glacier–fjord model, which runs automatically... more ABSTRACTWe have developed a two-dimensional coupled glacier–fjord model, which runs automatically using Elmer/Ice and MITgcm software packages, to investigate the magnitude of submarine melting along a vertical glacier front and its potential influence on glacier calving and front position changes. We apply this model to simulate the Hansbreen glacier–Hansbukta proglacial–fjord system, Southwestern Svalbard, during the summer of 2010. The limited size of this system allows us to resolve some of the small-scale processes occurring at the ice–ocean interface in the fjord model, using a 0.5 s time step and a 1 m grid resolution near the glacier front. We use a rich set of field data spanning the period April–August 2010 to constrain, calibrate and validate the model. We adjust circulation patterns in the fjord by tuning subglacial discharge inputs that best match observed temperature while maintaining a compromise with observed salinity, suggesting a convectively driven circulation in ...