Walaa Allam - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Walaa Allam

Ain Shams journal of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology, Jul 1, 2022

Background: AMB-FUBINACA abuse was confirmed in case reports of a mass intoxication in the United... more Background: AMB-FUBINACA abuse was confirmed in case reports of a mass intoxication in the United States. Also it was reported that in New Zealand, there were at least 20 deaths related to the use of MMB-FUBINACA. Aim of the Work: To detect the toxic effect of synthetic cannabinoid (AMB-FUBINACA) with different doses on the testis of adult male albino rats histopathologically and Biochemically. Methods: the present work was conducted on 40 sexually mature male albino rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups 8 rats each as follow Group I: Negative control group, Group II: Positive control group where animals received ethanol 5%, Group III: Rats treated with AMB-FUBINACA at dose of 2.5 mg/kg dissolved in ethanol 5%, Group IV: Rats treated with AMB-FUBINACA at dose of 5 mg/kg dissolved in ethanol 5% and Group V: Rats treated with AMB-FUBINACA at dose of 10 mg/kg dissolved in ethanol 5% given by intraperitoneal injection for 4 weeks. Results: a significant decrease of testosterone level in AMB-FUBINACA treated groups compared to the control groups and degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules was also observed in treated groups. Conclusion: administration of AMB-FUBINACA for 4weeks was associated with toxic effects in testis

Ain Shams journal of forensic medicine and clinical toxicology, Jul 1, 2021

Introduction: In fuel stations, gasoline induces a wide range of toxicological effects on body ti... more Introduction: In fuel stations, gasoline induces a wide range of toxicological effects on body tissues and biochemical changes, which pose grave health risks to humanity. Aim: This study aims to assess the effects of gasoline on hematological parameters, liver and kidney functions among sample of fuel station workers in Sohag governorate, Egypt. Methods: A cross-sectional case control study was done on 100 males working in fuel stations and 50 males didn't work in fuel stations in Sohag governorate, in the duration of one year from first of April 2019 to end of March 2020. Each participant was interviewed with a detailed questionnaire and CBC, liver and kidney function tests were done. Results: The study revealed statistically high significant differences between the studied and the control groups as regards RBCs count and the levels of ALT, AST, total protein and urea. There was a statistically significant effect of smoking on RBCs count, WBCs count, AST level, creatinine and urea level of the studied group. There was statistically significant positive correlation between parameters of CBC, liver and kidney function tests and ages of the workers of fuel station and there was only positive correlation between ALT level and the duration of work. Conclusion: this study concluded that exposure to gasoline associated with significant decrease of RBCs count and total protein level and significant increase of ALT, AST and urea levels among workers in fuel stations and these effects increase with advancing in age and most of them get worse with increased duration of work at fuel stations and with smoking. Recommendations: Our study recommends improving working conditions and using natural gas for cars as an alternative to gasoline.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

Background: Intended and unintended injuries are considered the main causes of disability and dea... more Background: Intended and unintended injuries are considered the main causes of disability and death in children worldwide. Recognition of the patterns of children's injuries is critical for improving efficient protection schemes. Aim of the study: This study aims to outline the childhood injury pattern, mode, characteristics, causes, and consequences in patients aged less than 18 years. Method: A prospective study was carried out on patients aged 18 years and below admitted to the emergency department of Sohag University Hospital, in the period between January to June 2021. Data including age, sex, type of injury, mode of injury, and the effects of the injury on the body were collected. Results: 149 cases; 49 females (32.9%) and 100 males (67.1%) were identified. The most commonly affected age group (6-10) years. Intentional injuries were found in 36 cases (24.2%, with male to female ratio of 3:1), compared to nonintentional injuries appreciated in 113 cases (78.2%, with male to female ratio of 1.8:1). The most common etiology was violence applied by a person other than father and mother, either non-intentional or intentional, (45 cases), while the least etiology was animal bite (2 cases). The most common type of injury is contused wound (54 cases) while the least common is a firearm wound (5 cases). Conclusion: Most of the cases of our study were mild or moderate injury and mainly resulted from injury by a person other than father and mother (either non-intentional or intentional) followed by a motor car accident, while the least etiology was an animal bite.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered powerful immunosuppressive drug which has improv... more Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered powerful immunosuppressive drug which has improved the quality of life and survival rate of transplant patients and also used in autoimmune diseases. However, its use is limited by many side effects mainly nephrotoxicity. NAC is an antioxidant found to reduce CsA toxicity. Aim of the work: The study aims to determine the effect of exposure to cyclosporine on the kidney and to investigate the protective role of NAC. Methods: the study conducted on 50 adult male albino rats for 4 weeks, divided into 5 groups, group A the negative control group, group B the olive oil group (0.5 ml/d orally), group C the cyclosporine group (25mg/kg/d orally), group D the NAC group (600mg/kg/d orally) and group E the cyclosporine+NAC group. At the end of the study the evaluation was done by biochemical analysis and histopathology. Results: cyclosporine significantly affects the kidney by morphological changes in the form of dilatation of urinary space with congestion and lobulation of glomerullar capillaries in the renal corpusle. Proximal convoluted tubules showed degeneration of their cells with irregularity and destruction of brush border. Degeneration of distal convoluted tubules with exfoliation of some cells inside the lumen and the peritubular capillaries were congested and extravasated. Also cyclosporine affects the kidney by increasing serum urea and creatinine levels, while coadministration of NAC with cyclosporine attenuate its effects. Conclusion: cyclosporine causes renal injury through oxidative stress and NAC as an antioxidant attenuates but not fully protect against cyclosporine induced injuries.

Mansoura Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Nov 16, 2022

The medicolegal report written by physicians must prove the relationship between an injury and an... more The medicolegal report written by physicians must prove the relationship between an injury and an alleged prohibited act. This affects the judges' opinions in criminal cases. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the awareness of resident doctors at Sohag University Hospital about the medicolegal reporting of injuries compared to grade-five medical students. The participants were asked to fill out an online questionnaire that included pictures of seven types of wounds to identify the medical, Arabic term of the wound, causative instrument, legal classification, and expected healing time. One hundred twenty-nine respondents (85 students and 44 residents) were included in this study. The students' group showed significantly higher results compared to the residents' group in three questions: causative instrument of a stab wound, medical term of the lacerated wound, legal type of fracture (p-value: 0.022, 0.026 and 0.007 respectively) While residents' group had better results regards causative instrument of contusion, medical term and recovery time for the fracture (p-value: 0.041, 0.019 and 0.037 respectively). The total score of correct answers for each participant in both groups showed a homogeneous distribution with a mean+ SD of 26.5±3.6 in the students' group and 25.8±3.7 in the residents' group. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding total score (p-value:0.321). In conclusion, although both students and the residents' group had a comparable level of knowledge, this level does not reflect the expected experience among the resident's group. It is recommended to hold frequent workshops to enhance the physicians' medicolegal reporting of injuries.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

Background: Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances... more Background: Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances. Those that have been subjected to legal control are replaced by newer uncontrolled substances, which cause constant and dynamic changes to the drug market. AMB-FUBINACA is one of the recent synthetic cannabinoids appeared globally. In 2018, the official spokesman for the Ministry of Health in Egypt announced that the Strox consists of five types of synthetic cannabinoids which have been added to the Egyptian list of highly addictive and dangerous narcotics. These SCs are; AB-FUBINACA, AMB-FUBINACA, 5F-ADB, AB-CHMINACA, and XLR-11. Aim of the work: To spotlight the toxic effect of AMB-FUBINACA as a new synthetic cannabinoid. Conclusion: AMB-FUBINACA has been the focus of interest by health care professionals, as their use put the health of many humans at risk especially young adults.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology

Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered one of the potent drugs that are used extensivel... more Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is considered one of the potent drugs that are used extensively in organ transplant and oncology patients. It is also used in autoimmune diseases. Unfortunately, its use is accompanied with several hazards; one of these is testicular toxicity. Nacetylecysteine (NAC) is an antioxidant found to reduce CsA toxicity. Aim of the work: The study aims to determine the toxic effect of exposure to cyclosporine on the testis and to investigate the protective role of NAC. Methods: The study conducted on 50 adult male albino rats for 4 weeks divided into 5 groups, group A the negative control group, group B the olive oil group (0.5 ml/d orally), group C the cyclosporine group (25mg/kg/d orally), group D the NAC group (600mg/kg/d orally) and group E the cyclosporine+NAC group. At the end of the study the evaluation was achieved by biochemical analysis and histopathology. Results: Cyclosporine significantly affects the testis morphologically and functionally. The morphological changes are in the form of degenerative changes in the tubules with dislocation of germ cells into the lumen and irregular outlines, Congestion of blood capillaries in the interstitial tissue, and functionally the cyclosporine cause significant decrease in serum testosterone level. While co-administration of NAC with cyclosporine attenuate these effects. Conclusion: Cyclosporine causes testicular injury through oxidative stress and NAC as an antioxidant attenuates but not fully protect against cyclosporine induced testicular toxicity.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, 2021

Background: Paracetamol, is the most widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic medic... more Background: Paracetamol, is the most widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic medication in the world, which has minimal adverse effects at therapeutic dosages. But in high doses causes hepatic damage and oxidative stress. Objectives: The current study was designed to investigate paracetamol toxic effects upon the liver and oxidative stress after repeated oral dose and evaluate possible protective effect of alpha lipoic acid when co-administered with and after paracetamol. Methods: forty eight white albino rats were divided equally into four groups. Each group was subdivided into two sub groups A & B. Group I received gum acacia suspension. Group II received Alpha lipoic acid (50mg/kg) orally. Group III received paracetamol (1 gm/ kg orally) for 4 weeks. Group IV received paracetamol and alpha lipoic acid at the same doses. Sub groups A were euthanized after 4 weeks, while sub groups B were euthanized after 8 weeks. Blood was collected for evaluation of liver functions and oxidative stress marker. The livers were preserved for histopathological examinations. Results: The study proved that repeated administration of paracetamol induced disturbed liver functions and oxidative stress. But this toxic effects decline markedly when alpha lipoic acid (ALA) was coadministered with paracetamol. And more improvement occurs when ALA was administered for another 4 weeks after stoppage of paracetamol. Conclusions: The present study concluded that repeated paracetamol administration has hepatotoxic and oxidative stress effect and alpha lipoic acid has a protective effect against such harmful effects especially when ALA was administered for another 4 weeks after stoppage of paracetamol.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, 2020

Introduction: DNA is continuously exposed to a variety of biological, chemical and physical agent... more Introduction: DNA is continuously exposed to a variety of biological, chemical and physical agents that may alter its structure and modify its function. Anesthetic gases used in general anesthesia procedures have been claimed to cause genotoxicity. Aim of the work: The present study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of two commonly used anesthetic gases, isoflurane and sevoflurane after single exposure by RAPD PCR method. Methodology: The study was carried out on 50 patients admitted to Sohag University Hospitals for different surgical indications and exposed to inhalation anesthetics for the first time. Results: Obtained results revealed that the exposure to inhalation anesthetics led to DNA changes observed as a difference in the RAPD PCR pattern of the patient before and after exposure to the inhalation anesthetic. Eighty percent of patients exposed to inhalation anesthesia for the first time had a change in the RAPD PCR pattern in the form of band gain, increased band intensity, band loss, or decreased band intensity, however, isoflurane was less mutagenic than sevoflurane. Conclusion: Inhalation anesthetics had genotoxic effect detected by RAPD PCR method. Recommendations: It is recommended to examine patients after a period of exposure to inhalation anesthesia to indicate whether the DNA changes are permanent or temporary. It is important to extend the research using large sample size and diferrent anesthesia protocols.

The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology, 2019

Background: Identification of human skeletal remains is of major importance in medico-legal situa... more Background: Identification of human skeletal remains is of major importance in medico-legal situations such as criminal cases, mass disasters and human rights abuse investigations. Sex can be established by gross examination of skeleton using metric and morphological techniques. Sexing the skeleton which is intact and entire is certainly easier and reliable with high accuracy as against done with only a part of the skeleton. A sexing accuracy of 90-95% from whole skeleton, pelvis, or one hip bone and 80% accuracy from skull alone. The occipital bone remains well protected and well preserved structure by huge volume of soft tissues, this makes occipital bone useful in the sex determination. Aim of the study: To document and analyze the dimensions of foramen magnum and to investigate its reliability in sex prediction at computed tomographic images of adult human skull. Methods: This study was carried on 100 Computed Tomographic images of the skull of adult persons (50 males and 50 females). The length and breadth of foramen magnum were measured. Results: There is significant difference between the length of foramen magnum in males and females (pv = 0.00) and there is significant difference between the breadth of foramen magnum in males and females (pv=0.00) and there is no significant difference between different ages after puberty. Conclusion: There is statistically significant expression of sexual difference in the foramen magnum dimensions, which may prove useful and reliable in predicting sex in partial remains by discriminant function analysis when other methods tend to be inconclusive.

The Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences and Applied Toxicology, 2019

Background: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener its consumption may cause some adverse health ef... more Background: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener its consumption may cause some adverse health effects like metabolic syndrome, cancer and nephro-toxicity through oxidative stress of its metabolite. N acetyl cysteine (NAC) reduces kidney inflammation and improves renal function by improving microcirculation. Vitamin C is one of the most important antioxidant agents Aim of the study: to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin C and NAC in renal toxicity of aspartame either individually or in combination in albino rats Method: Rats were divided into 7 groups each group contains 6 rats administered the doses daily via gavages for 3 months; Group I: Negative control group, Group II: ascorbic acid in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.wt/day, Group III: NAC in a dose of 600 mg/kg body weight (b.wt)/day, Group IV: Aspartame (ASP) in a dose of 100 mg/kg b.wt. Group V: ASP plus ascorbic acid, Group VI: ASP plus NAC, Group VII: ASP plus a combination of NAC and ascorbic acid. The evaluation was by histopathological examination of kidney (by light microscope), biochemical evaluation. Results: Histopathological examination of group receiving aspartame showed marked chronic inflammatory cells infiltrates in the interstitial tissues with marked hydropic degeneration and pyknotic nuclei associated with increase level of serum urea and creatinine, Treatment by any of the Vitamin C or NAC showed similar picture of kidney improvement in the form of mild to moderate chronic inflammatory cells infiltrates in the interstitial tissues with mild hydropic degeneration, and decrease in level of seum urea and creatinine compared to asprtame treated group. Combined treatment of vitamin C and NAC with aspartame resulted in similar degree of histopathological recovery as when vitamin C and NAC used separately with aspartame with non significant change in level of seum urea and creatinine. Conclusion: vitamin C and NAC individually have protective effect of nephrotoxicity induced by aspartame. There are no statically different changes on combination of both vitamin C and NAC compared to when used individually to protect against aspartame induced renal changes.

Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, 2021