Waqar Azeem - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Waqar Azeem

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Seasonal Swings and Age Specific Variations on Body Weight of Indian Gerbille (Tatera indica)

Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2017

Supplementary Table S1.-Effect of season and age on the body weight of T. indica.

Research paper thumbnail of Shape-control growth of 2D-In2Se3with out-of-plane ferroelectricity by chemical vapor deposition

Nanoscale, 2020

Influences of growth parameters on the shape and ferroelectric properties of a 2D-In2Se3layered s... more Influences of growth parameters on the shape and ferroelectric properties of a 2D-In2Se3layered structure grown by CVD were systematically studied.

Research paper thumbnail of Ferromagnetism in undoped ZnO grown by pulsed laser deposition

Materials Research Express, 2020

Undoped ZnO films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition are magnetic at room temperature. ... more Undoped ZnO films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition are magnetic at room temperature. A comprehensive study involving x-ray diffraction, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum Interference device-vibrating sample magnetometer is performed to study the origin of the observed magnetization. Correlations between the saturation magnetization, VZn−2VO concentration and surface to volume ratio of the grain found experimentally show that the magnetization is associated with the vacancy cluster and probably VZn−2VO residing on the grain surface.

Research paper thumbnail of Reversible Tuning of Ferromagnetism and Resistive Switching in ZnO/Cu Thin Films

ACS Omega, 2017

Systematic magnetic, electronic, and electrical studies on the Cu 0.04 Zn 0.96 O/Ga 0.01 Zn 0.99 ... more Systematic magnetic, electronic, and electrical studies on the Cu 0.04 Zn 0.96 O/Ga 0.01 Zn 0.99 O cell structure grown on (001) sapphire by the pulsed laser deposition technique show that the Cu multivalent (Cu M+) ions modulate magnetic and resistive states of the cells. The magnetic moment is found to be reduced by ∼30% during the high resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) switching. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results reveals an increase of the Cu + /Cu 2+ oxidation state ratio (which has been determined by the relative positions of the Fermi level and the Cu acceptor level) during the HRS to LRS transition. This decreases the effective spin-polarized Cu 2+ −V ö− Cu + channels and thus the magnetic moment. A conduction mechanism involving the formation of conductive filaments from the coupling of the Cu M+ ions and V öh as been suggested.

Research paper thumbnail of Point contact bipolar resistive switching observed in transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga heterostructure

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2019

Transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga/c-sapphire hetero-structures with an optical transmittance of 73% in the... more Transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga/c-sapphire hetero-structures with an optical transmittance of 73% in the visible region were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition technique. Bipolar resistive switching is observed in this structure with a simple contact approach, (i.e. across a W pin on top of the ZnMgO surface and another connected to the ZnO:Ga which acts as the transparent electrode). Conduction mechanisms for low resistance state (LRS) was explained by Ohmic behavior, but for high resistance state (HRS) Schottky emission model was used to explain for the conduction behavior. Moreover, the memory effect, good retention and endurance characteristics of the fabricated ZnMgO/GaZnO/c-sapphire device suggest its prospective application for the transparent resistive random-access memory devices.

Research paper thumbnail of Surface localization of the Er-related optical active centers in Er doped zinc oxide films

Journal of Applied Physics, 2017

Er-doped ZnO films were grown on c-plane sapphire by employing the pulsed laser deposition method... more Er-doped ZnO films were grown on c-plane sapphire by employing the pulsed laser deposition method. In accordance with the previously reported literature studies, post-growth annealing was required to activate the optical emission originated from the intra-shell transitions of the Er atoms. Importantly, the present systematic studies revealed that the thermal activation of the optical activity is due to the atomistic rearrangements occurring only in the vicinity of the film surface. The processes exhibit a distinct signature of changing oxygen coordination with the Er atom, as observed by the x-ray photoemission study.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of Border Gateway Protocol, Its Types and Measures to Avoid Risk

Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 2019

This is the age of digital communication. The process involves sending messages from one end of t... more This is the age of digital communication. The process involves sending messages from one end of the network to other end using the internet, extranets and the Internet of Things (IOT) Technologies. Initially, the internet is a small community. But today internet becomes a global community as thousands of different administrative entities own and operate the internet. The process of transferring data across the network is known as routing. The process of routing is performed by using routers. Routers use certain protocols to achieve this task. The Broader Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that is used to connect two different autonomous systems. The autonomous system is collection of network that runs under a single administrative entity. This paper includes analysis and important techniques of border gateway protocol, types of BGP, its attributes, security threats and measures to avoid risks.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Seasonal Swings and Age Specific Variations on Body Weight of Indian Gerbille (Tatera indica)

Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 2017

Supplementary Table S1.-Effect of season and age on the body weight of T. indica.

Research paper thumbnail of Shape-control growth of 2D-In2Se3with out-of-plane ferroelectricity by chemical vapor deposition

Nanoscale, 2020

Influences of growth parameters on the shape and ferroelectric properties of a 2D-In2Se3layered s... more Influences of growth parameters on the shape and ferroelectric properties of a 2D-In2Se3layered structure grown by CVD were systematically studied.

Research paper thumbnail of Ferromagnetism in undoped ZnO grown by pulsed laser deposition

Materials Research Express, 2020

Undoped ZnO films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition are magnetic at room temperature. ... more Undoped ZnO films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition are magnetic at room temperature. A comprehensive study involving x-ray diffraction, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and superconducting quantum Interference device-vibrating sample magnetometer is performed to study the origin of the observed magnetization. Correlations between the saturation magnetization, VZn−2VO concentration and surface to volume ratio of the grain found experimentally show that the magnetization is associated with the vacancy cluster and probably VZn−2VO residing on the grain surface.

Research paper thumbnail of Reversible Tuning of Ferromagnetism and Resistive Switching in ZnO/Cu Thin Films

ACS Omega, 2017

Systematic magnetic, electronic, and electrical studies on the Cu 0.04 Zn 0.96 O/Ga 0.01 Zn 0.99 ... more Systematic magnetic, electronic, and electrical studies on the Cu 0.04 Zn 0.96 O/Ga 0.01 Zn 0.99 O cell structure grown on (001) sapphire by the pulsed laser deposition technique show that the Cu multivalent (Cu M+) ions modulate magnetic and resistive states of the cells. The magnetic moment is found to be reduced by ∼30% during the high resistance state (HRS) to low resistance state (LRS) switching. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results reveals an increase of the Cu + /Cu 2+ oxidation state ratio (which has been determined by the relative positions of the Fermi level and the Cu acceptor level) during the HRS to LRS transition. This decreases the effective spin-polarized Cu 2+ −V ö− Cu + channels and thus the magnetic moment. A conduction mechanism involving the formation of conductive filaments from the coupling of the Cu M+ ions and V öh as been suggested.

Research paper thumbnail of Point contact bipolar resistive switching observed in transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga heterostructure

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2019

Transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga/c-sapphire hetero-structures with an optical transmittance of 73% in the... more Transparent ZnMgO/ZnO:Ga/c-sapphire hetero-structures with an optical transmittance of 73% in the visible region were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition technique. Bipolar resistive switching is observed in this structure with a simple contact approach, (i.e. across a W pin on top of the ZnMgO surface and another connected to the ZnO:Ga which acts as the transparent electrode). Conduction mechanisms for low resistance state (LRS) was explained by Ohmic behavior, but for high resistance state (HRS) Schottky emission model was used to explain for the conduction behavior. Moreover, the memory effect, good retention and endurance characteristics of the fabricated ZnMgO/GaZnO/c-sapphire device suggest its prospective application for the transparent resistive random-access memory devices.

Research paper thumbnail of Surface localization of the Er-related optical active centers in Er doped zinc oxide films

Journal of Applied Physics, 2017

Er-doped ZnO films were grown on c-plane sapphire by employing the pulsed laser deposition method... more Er-doped ZnO films were grown on c-plane sapphire by employing the pulsed laser deposition method. In accordance with the previously reported literature studies, post-growth annealing was required to activate the optical emission originated from the intra-shell transitions of the Er atoms. Importantly, the present systematic studies revealed that the thermal activation of the optical activity is due to the atomistic rearrangements occurring only in the vicinity of the film surface. The processes exhibit a distinct signature of changing oxygen coordination with the Er atom, as observed by the x-ray photoemission study.

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of Border Gateway Protocol, Its Types and Measures to Avoid Risk

Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 2019

This is the age of digital communication. The process involves sending messages from one end of t... more This is the age of digital communication. The process involves sending messages from one end of the network to other end using the internet, extranets and the Internet of Things (IOT) Technologies. Initially, the internet is a small community. But today internet becomes a global community as thousands of different administrative entities own and operate the internet. The process of transferring data across the network is known as routing. The process of routing is performed by using routers. Routers use certain protocols to achieve this task. The Broader Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an interdomain routing protocol that is used to connect two different autonomous systems. The autonomous system is collection of network that runs under a single administrative entity. This paper includes analysis and important techniques of border gateway protocol, types of BGP, its attributes, security threats and measures to avoid risks.