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Papers by Weitter Duckss

Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal, 2019

This article completes the circle of presenting the process of the constant growth of objects and... more This article completes the circle of presenting the process of the constant growth of objects and systems and the topics to complete it consist of the visible matter violent disintegration and its re-creation inside the Universe. A constant process of the visible matter disintegration is presented as the end of the process, the proportions of which are gigantic, and the creation of the visible matter as the beginning of it.
The disintegration of particles disturbs the balance of the Universe's wholeness; despite the enormous loss of the visible matter, the Universe is constantly growing.
After having postponed it for a while, this article discusses the age of objects and the Universe as a consequence of the process of the constant matter growth. The acquired results are completely different from those, offered by the renowned experts of the time.
The articles [8], [9], [10] and [18], with this one, too, make the integral part of the complete circular process of matter growth inside and outside of our Universe.

American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Link http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=301&doi=10.11648/j.ajaa.20180603.13, 2018

The beginning of the formation of galaxies can be recognized in the planetary and stellar systems... more The beginning of the formation of galaxies can be recognized in the planetary and stellar systems.
The rotation speed of a galactic center determins the form of a galaxy an the ongoing processes. The forces of attraction and the rotation of stars firstly form binary systems.
The objects that are locked down by their tidal forces or that posses an extremely slow rotation, i.e. they have no independent rotation – they don't have other objects orbiting around themselves; for example: Mercury, Venus and the majority of satellites.
A very fast cyclone rotation (in an elliptical galaxy) creates huge friction, whichheats up matter; that can be seen on quasars and very fast-rotating small objects (stars) through the emission of radiation that takes place on the poles.
A vast number of stars and other matter (the center of a galaxy), when rotating around the common center, act as a single body, related to the rest of the galaxy.
A slow rotation of a galactic center (as in the stellar clusters) does not create a recognizable center (the center looks more like the ones of close binary systems), while the fast rotation creates the center that ranges from the northern to the southern pole of the center.
The speed of rotation is not exclusively responsible for the size of an object (a galaxy, a star,...) because a fast rotation is a characteristic of both dwarf and giant galaxies. The same goes for a slow rotation. The same principle applies to stars. There are big stars with different speeds of rotation, and the same goes for small stars. There are hot stars with very small mass, but there are also hot giant stars.
Cyclones (in the north and south poles of the galaxy nucleus) are responsible for acceleration and deceleration of galactical and stellar rotations (as well as the death of stars). The influx of hotter matter accelerates the rotation of an object (the influx of stars to the cyclone in the center of a galaxy).

To have the law of universal gravitation is hardly enough to explain the formation of particles. ... more To have the law of universal gravitation is hardly enough to explain the formation of particles. The formation of particles takes place in the Universe, under very dynamic circumstances. Objects rotate, circle around other objects; they melt and collide; all objects put together move in the same direction (the orbit around a larger object; inside a local group of objects; inside clusters and superclusters of galaxies; inside the Universe, multiverse and probably inside two or (at the most) three even larger groups of multiverses. 1Space is filled with radiation (waves) of different kinds and very different intensities (force). This image of space is to be kept constantly in one's mind during the discussion about the formation of particles, because there are no static or "frozen" images or events. In the experiment, which I conducted in 2005., the results showed the gathering of a part of glass and quartz fragments on the surface of water (in the experiment, the gathered group was 5-6 cm in diameter large). The goal of the experiment was to see the behavior of matter after it had passed through a filter, which simulated the friction of matter. The filter was a transparent pressure hose, a few meters long, filled with quartz sand (and the other with grained glass). To make more intensive friction force, I used a compressor and a pressurized water machine. In the exit part of the equipment I used water (as a filter of outgoing matter particles) in an open container. The conclusion was that matter, under pressure, tends to gather and segregates itself on the water surface – even though it should, generally, sink (with a mild rotation, which is not going to be discussed now). There is only one force in space, which is able to create the friction of particles – and it is radiation (waves). Since the muon discovery (µ), which science fails to acknowledge even to this day, it has been known that in the collision of waves and particles (matter) a disintegration2 of proton can occur, which is later confirmed in accelerators or in particle collisions. 3 Waves are at the same time a very weak force when we discuss the formation of particles (here, the particles of hydrogen, helium, etc., are discussed). A chemical composition of the visible matter in the Universe can testify for it – on average, different sources claim there is about 89% of hydrogen (H) and 11% of helium (He) and all other elements. Chemical compositions of nebulae and clouds have the same ratio.

The rotation of universe as final (conditionaly) space would give as the result that is as the gr... more The rotation of universe as final (conditionaly) space would give as the result that is as the greates speed of its rotation realizes on the out part and that it declines per depth3. It is not here of crucial importance to locate the place inside of universe from where we do observation, because we can get the results of equal or similar valuables out of many parts of its space. Blue shift in the condition of rotation is an unavoidability4. The near objects that are far per depth have a different speed and in their collision, which is passing over, have a blue shift. That we can note even indirectly and in collision of far objects, which all togehter for us have the red shift. They remove from us or we from them because of declining speeds, but betwen them´selves they have a blue shift.
That at the case of Andromed we can not too emphasize the influence of gravation it clearly show M 32, Great and Small Magellan´s Cloud.

The goal of this article is to prove the formation of galaxies via rotation of objects around the... more The goal of this article is to prove the formation of galaxies via rotation of objects around their axis, with the strict abiding of the law of universal gravitation.
Rotation of objects (smaller objects, stars, galaxies,...) is analysed through the effects of rotation in the formation of objects and in processes that follow, due to: the rotation around the axis; the effects on the other orbiting objects or on binary objects; the effect of rotation on the displacement of an incoming object into the orbit; the influence of the speed of rotation on the quantity and mass of particles and objects orbiting around a main object; its influence on the radius, temperature, and accordingly on the color and surface gravity of a star.
First of all, let's get rid of the Big Bang.

"Does anyone still remember the pyramids, faces and other signs of civilization on Mars? Does an... more "Does anyone still remember the pyramids, faces and other signs of civilization on Mars?
Does anyone still remember the debacle of landing the Cassini-Huygens probe to the surface of Titan into the oceans of hydrocarbons (ocean of oil, methane and ethane) to the opposite of a frozen desert, which had been found there?
Does anyone still remember the rings around Pluto?
The missions without probes to land on the surface are nowadays been sent to Titan, as it is easier to defend the tales based on the blurry photos, which are anyway computer-processed (photoshopped) with fake colors added, than on the unwanted evidence from the very spot. "

The Roche limit for a rigid spherical satellite is the distance, d, from the primary at which the... more The Roche limit for a rigid spherical satellite is the distance, d, from the primary at which the gravitational force on a test mass at the surface of the object is exactly equal to the tidal force pulling the mass away from the object Wikipedia Pluto moon Styx is located just 42.656±78 km etc. Sidereal rotation period of Styx is 3.24 ± 0.07 d.

(" Outer space has very low density and pressure, and is the closest physical approximation of a ... more (" Outer space has very low density and pressure, and is the closest physical approximation of a perfect vacuum. " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/). " The intensity (or illuminance or irradiance) of light or other linear waves radiating from a point source (energy per unit of area perpendicular to the source) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source; so an object (of the same size) twice as far away, receives only one-quarter the energy (in the same time period).) " https://en.wikipedia.org/ However, this is wrong. " The decrease of intensity is not equal to the activity of gravity, which indicates there is a sort of matter involved. The usual anomalies are recorded closer to Sun. The temperature on the dark side of Mercury (~100° K) is lower than the one on Mars (~130°K) and there is a similar anomaly on Earth, in the sense of thermosphere. " http://www.svemir-ipaksevrti.com/ If the data about the Moon are checked: " Surface temp. on the moon: a minimum on equator 100° K, and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter measured the lowest summer temperatures in craters at the southern pole at 35 K (−238 ° C; −397 °F) and just 26 K (−247 °C; −413 °F) close to the winter solstice in north polar Hermite Crater. This is the coldest temperature in the Solar System eve measured by a spacecraft, colder even than the surface of Pluto. " https:// en.wikipedia.org/ These results (evidence) could by no means be related to the decrease of intensity of radiation with the square distance from the source (Sun). If there are any evidence to support the opposite view, then the inverse-square law does not apply any more. The examples to support the negation of vacuum can be found in the entire volume of the Universe, there is the particle gathering to form nebulae, etc., instead of abiding the law of equalizing the different particles' pressures inside a volume. (" That said, gas in a vacuum system at normal conditions, between atmospheric pressure and somewhere slightly below 1 torr, is dense enough that it will flow towards the lower pressure – the mechanical pump inlet. ") https:// vacaero.com/information-resources/vacuum-pump-technology-education-and-training/9364-gas-molecules-and-gas-flow.html) When comparing the formations of nebulae in the Universe and clouds on Pluto, on the moon of Titan, or on Earth, one can identify the commonality of the phenomenon, which does not depend on the laws of vacuum. The formation occurs under the same principles when talking about the formation of matter structure, due to the attraction and other forces that are present inside the milieu, known as matter. The fact that matter measuring in the space outside the atmosphere is impossible does not mean we have to shut our eyes before the evidence of its existence.

Even though it is being steadily abandoned, the theory of the creation of Earth, stating that Ear... more Even though it is being steadily abandoned, the theory of the creation of Earth, stating that Earth was hot at the beginning and have been steadily cooling down since, is still the dominant one. In that theory (of course, the wrong one) there is an explanation of iron sinking towards the center of Earth, which has been regarded as "clear evidence" that the nucleus of Earth consists of melted iron, as the nucleus is more dense than the rest of Earth. ("The pressure in the center is more than 3-4 million bar, and the temperature is 3 000 – 4 000 K. It is believed that the nucleus consists of iron and nickel and the mantle of silicate minerals. " Wikipedia) It is absolutely unnecessary to relate the density of nucleus to the heavy and dense element of iron when it is generally accepted that, due to pressure, there is always a more dense layer of matter at the bottom then at the top. It is obvious from the table on Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Earth#Internal_structure and it would be very interesting to sort the layers according to the density of particular atoms. The ground upon which people walk, or Earth's crust, posesses the greatest variety of natural elements, which decreases towards the lower layers. If the composition of magma or basaltic rocks is analyzed, it becomes obvious that many elements, existing in crust, are absent from the layers of upper mantle and mantle. Iron is present in all of these three upper layers; it did not sink, after all, probably because it had not been introduced to the idea of sinking. In the composition of stars, measured by spectroscopy, only hydrogen and helium are present there, with more complex atoms being present only in traces. If we add this to the earlier mentioned facts, we can conclude that, with the increase of temperature (above the melting point of the elements included), the complexity of atoms is reduced and in the end there are permanently only hydrogen and helium (in a smaller share). This image can be expanded onto the geology of our own planet. It shows that ice ages on Earth keep shortening steadily and there is a constant increase in temperature. 70-140 tons of space matter is falling daily on Earth and it adds up to the small but steady increase of pressure inside the planet.

"If one's argument is: "It must be like that, because there is a sequence", it would be unfair if... more "If one's argument is: "It must be like that, because there is a sequence", it would be unfair if they had guessed by accident, or, as it is said: "Even a blind hen sometimes finds a grain of corn". On the contrary, they had terribly embarrassed themselves and now, as always when they lose, they offer some (senseless) explanations that Charon was the cause of their problems. In the case of Saturn, scientists claim that its satellites are the keepers of the rings, that the rings would disappear without them, and now, there is an opposite approach, claiming that the satellites are the cause for the rings not to appear. "

It is generally accepted today that cyclones are related to the rotation of celestial objects. St... more It is generally accepted today that cyclones are related to the rotation of celestial objects. Studies have confirmed the existence of cyclones at the poles of gas giants and Sun. Observations also point out beyond any doubt that the cyclones exist at the galactic centers, at the so-called pulsars and at the neutron stars. Rotation around their own axis is a characteristic of every star (without exceptions), cluster of stars, most of the galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Rotation around their own axis is omnipresent in Universe. When an object rotates, its gravitational force also rotates with it. Its range is unlimited, but it decreases with the square of the distance, i.e., the influence of gravitational force decreases with the increase of distance. Although the influence of gravitational force becomes minimal already after a distance of a light-year, its role in shaping the system is very important. Everything should be observed in a vast period of time. The longer the period, the more organized the system is. Every object has many layers, due to different forces of pressure in the depths of the object. Where the forces of pressure are the strongest, there the matter is the most solid. It is so at the centers of objects. It is not about having iron or other metals of high density here; the same matter is more solid at the center than in the surface area. The cyclones appear as the consequence of the liquid (or gaseous) object's rotation. For the majority of stars, the cyclones are relatively shallow and do not go deep into the object, because the majority of stars in our galaxy – which should probably be some kind of an average value for the whole Universe – are slowly-rotating red stars (70% of all stars in our galaxy are small, slowly-rotating red stars, with other red and yellow stars included here). As time passes by, the cyclones start having more and more important role in shaping the objects, due to absorption of the warmer matter at the bottom of the cyclone and the colder one at its top. The cyclone's velocity is higher than the velocity of the surrounding matter, which steadily accelerates, influenced by the cyclone. As time passes by, it can be seen as a difference in velocities of the

The data from our system make the basis of the knowledge, but if the existing data for 900 stars ... more The data from our system make the basis of the knowledge, but if the existing data for 900 stars and the majority of galaxies are included, these facts become clear:
- The rings occur only around the objects, which have their own independent rotation around their axis;
- The size of a ring is directly correlated with mass, the speed of rotation, the temperature and the quantity of matter around an object;
- The existence of a ring is not related with the mass of an object and its speed of rotation.

As a rule, if a star possesses a lower temperature, there is also a slower rotation and its color... more As a rule, if a star possesses a lower temperature, there is also a slower rotation and its color has the nuances of red. As the temperature grows, the speed of the star's rotation around its axis also grows and its color changes from red through yellow into white and blue. Although stars possess significantly different masses, they all strictly abide this law, with only a very small number of exceptions to it.
Mass / radius
The radius of a star (mass/radius relation) acts similarly; if the temperature is lower, the radius is bigger, and with the increase of temperature and the speed of rotation there is a decrease of the radius.

The sun light must have obviously been changing its nature on its way from the Sun to our planet.... more The sun light must have obviously been changing its nature on its way from the Sun to our planet. It is visible on Sun and on Earth, but not between these two objects. There is no visible light immediately outside the atmosphere. The decrease of light visibility is in a direct relation to the density of the atmosphere: the more sparse is the atmosphere, the less of light and the more of darkness is there.
Correlating this fact with other objects of our system we can see that the behavior of the objects with atmosphere is identical, while the objects with an unsignificant or no atmosphere at all have only a surface that is lighted, followed by a field without light.

The new conceptions of the universe. Circular flow of matter: the formation, growth, disintegrati... more The new conceptions of the universe. Circular flow of matter: the formation, growth, disintegration. Rotation within the universe as the basic event.

Drafts by Weitter Duckss

This article is about a constant growth of objects and systems in the Universe, based on: the for... more This article is about a constant growth of objects and systems in the Universe, based on: the forces of matter attraction (gravity), rotation and its speed with their effects, too, the creation of whirls and cyclones as a result of the rotation of objects, systems and the Universe.
The creation of light is related to the effects and force of waves (radiation) in their collision with visible matter. It is proven here that a redshift is directly related to the weakening intensity of waves to the distant objects.
Instead of being over-intellectual, this text, as a form of evidence, also introduces images, created by the direct observation (NASA, ESA, etc.) or based on the observations of the other astronomers and their published findings.

A rotating object has its movement direction (planets, stars) and that direction is inside the ne... more A rotating object has its movement direction (planets, stars) and that direction is inside the next bigger rotating object (galaxy), which also has a movement direction inside the universe, as a result of rotation… The rotation of universe satisfies the results of the observations: the objects closer to us move slower than the more distant objects, with the most distant objects being the fastest. That is a reflection of the relations inside galaxies – nothing new about it. The telescopes are not designed to foretell the past but to estimate the distance and speed of the celestial objects.
It goes similar with the devices for measuring background radiation, which estimate the distance from the source to the device, i.e. Earth.
Let’s assume it originates from the Big Bang. If a background radiation from 13 billion of years ago travels at the speed of light, while matter at its best travels 10% slower, with taking the same starting place into account – how is it possible for them to meet now? What is the calculation that explains it?

There is again something wrong with the law and a constant! M90 is 58.7 ± 2.8 Mly away and, can ... more There is again something wrong with the law and a constant! M90 is 58.7 ± 2.8 Mly away and, can you imagine the „miracle“: it has a blue shift of −282 ± 4 km/s !
According to „nobody-knows-whose-constant“, the galaxies that are 32,6 Mly away should possess the speed of some 700 km/s and on the double distance of 65,2 Mly they should have the speed of increasing distance of some 1.400 km/s, etc.

It is interesting that
NGC 1.600 is 149,3 Kly away and its speed is 4.681 km/s,
NGC 7320c is 35 Mly away and with the speed of (a red shift) 5.985 ± 9,
NGC 5010 that is 469 Mly away has the speed of distancing of 2.975 ± 27, and the galaxy
NGC 280 that is 469 Mly away has the speed of distancing of 3.878!

Ha, ha .. the guys that measure these values must have missed something or Hubble´s law and the constant don't apply (any value of the constant).

At the distance of 52 ± 3 (M86) there is a blue shift (-244 ± 5 km/s) that is also present with the galaxy M90 at the distance of 58.7 ± 2.8 (−282 ± 4), while the other galaxies at the same distance (Messier 61, NGC 4216 , Messier 60, NGC 4526, Messier 99 (except NGC 4419 -0,0009 (-342)) are with a positive sign and completely different speeds.
I wonder where „the Doppler effect (caused by the rolling of ball bearings over the rubber sheet in order to achieve a particular motion)“ gets stretched and spread over?
It is impossible to find a galaxy that is under the rule of Hubble's law or some constants (any of them) either.
An average reader's common sense is sufficient to understand that the galaxies in this table also reduce and increase their speeds like in our local group of galaxies.
This may be a characteristic because all the observed galaxies are not in the same direction?

After a certain distance it is impossible to register a blue shift, although it has been confirme... more After a certain distance it is impossible to register a blue shift, although it has been confirmed beyond all doubts that moving towards, bypassing and colliding of galaxies must definitely result with a negative speed, i.e., a blue spectral shift (approaching of some galaxies to other ones).
Therefore, a blue spectral shift is a common law of nature, significantly present in the universe because of the rotation of the whole volume. The objects closer to the centre rotate relatively slowly and the objects in the outer area of the universe rotate at the fastest speed.

Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx) Journal, 2019

American Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Link http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/journal/paperinfo?journalid=301&doi=10.11648/j.ajaa.20180603.13, 2018

Ha, ha .. the guys that measure these values must have missed something or Hubble´s law and the constant don't apply (any value of the constant).

Inside this process there is a process of growth and disintegration of elements, which is related... more Inside this process there is a process of growth and disintegration of elements, which is related to temperature and rotation. The atoms of the lower order are generally present on smaller objects: asteroids, comets and the majority of satellites and smaller planets. 1 When an object's mass is sufficiently increased, given other forces, too, it becomes geologically active. Its temperature grows inside and outside its crust, due to the formation of heated core. The atoms of the higher order are created under these conditions. The more active and warm a planet is, the higher is the presence of the higher order elements. However, at certain point temperature begins to destroy (disintegrate) higher elements.

The stars with (a very) fast rotation have a disk of gas (there can sometimes be no disk, if ther... more The stars with (a very) fast rotation have a disk of gas (there can sometimes be no disk, if there are only small quantities of matter in the stellar surroundings and it happens rarely, because the increase of a stellar speed is related to the influx of matter to the whirls and cyclones at the poles of a star).
The stars with a very fast rotation around their axes have an increased emission of radiation at their poles, which sometimes can vary, due to the increased influx of matter into cyclone or a faster whirl.

"The relation is obvious: the greatest speed is related to the oldest and most distant objects. ... more "The relation is obvious: the greatest speed is related to the oldest and most distant objects.

How can, then, Hubble's law be valid? How can universe be spreading with the increasing speed, if that applies only for the oldest and most distant galaxies?

The same applies for the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Let us apply here the idea of „small“ and „big“ universe. CMB, just as light, hasn't got even the theoretical possibility to arrive from the „small“ universe, particularly because the speed of light (and cosmic microwave background, too) are in the terms of speed beyond the spreading speed of universe, according to Big Bang. These types of radiation have always been moving in the outer direction and there is no possibility for them to be moving inwards (radiation supposedly arriving from all directions, from the „edges“ of universe)."

"When checking a database, it is found that the objects of the same mass can have completely diff... more "When checking a database, it is found that the objects of the same mass can have completely different temperatures, ranging from stellar spectral class M to O (- WR 2, type WN4-s, 16 M Sun, temperature 141.000 K; -μ Columbae, type O, mass 16 M of Sun, temperature 33.000 K; – VY Canis Majoris, type M, mass 17 M of Sun, temperature 3.490 K).
Based on these examples of the same masses and different temperatures, it can be ruled out that thermonuclear reaction inside a star is the cause of its temperature level. Same or similar levels of mass and identical chemical composition of stars should produce the same amount of thermonuclear fusion of matter and consequently the same or similar level of temperature. These examples prove the opposite, i.e., that this is not the case."

"If we follow the idea that the temperature of a planet is related to the small distance from the... more "If we follow the idea that the temperature of a planet is related to the small distance from the star that is supposed to be the source of temperature, then there is no explanation for HIP 78530 b (R/B 7.), which is 710 AU far from its main star, similarly like Jupiter (and like R/B 23; R/B 17; R/B 13; R/B 9; R/B 5). The majority of exoplanets from the table is at the distances from 0.02 do 0.05 AU from their main stars, however, to make a conclusion that the influence of a star's proximity is dominant for the temperature of a planet, without realizing they are at the same distance:"

"All gained data are formed on the base of relating the spectral shift to the speed of galactic m... more "All gained data are formed on the base of relating the spectral shift to the speed of galactic movement (expansion) and relating the spectral shift to the distance of an object was not considered. Greater distance weakens the intensity (force) of waves (radiation). Lesser intensity of waves is registered as a greater shift into red."

long ago as migrating sand dunes. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS When we know that the atmos... more long ago as migrating sand dunes. Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
When we know that the atmosphere is mostly (95.97%) of CO2 and that CO2 freezes at -56.6 ° C (CO 2 has a melting point -56.6 ° C (triple point at 5.1 atm) and sublimates already with - 78.5 ° C. Wikipedia), that are the minimum temperature on Mars -143 ° C and examining the picture that shows that the rock (picture) consists of a series of thin layers of leaf I can determine how carried out the stages of CO2 on Mars.
CO2 from the atmosphere during the night, on area outside the Arctic Circle, it freezes and creates a thin crust which covers the sand borne the wind that is steady due to temperature differences and formed thin layers of which eventually produced a very porous rock. Frozen crust which does not cover the sand or parts which reveal winds evaporate into the atmosphere. So on Mars, there is a circular process of CO2. The atmosphere of CO2 on Mars can not prosper because of its permanent removal from the atmosphere due to low night temperatures and yet lower temperatures in polar regions (-143 ° C). On the polar regions have accumulation of deposits of CO2 because are temperature below of sublimation point (-78.5 ° C) and melting point (-56.6 ° C).

The analysis of this topic is a continuation of " The causal relation between a star and its temp... more The analysis of this topic is a continuation of " The causal relation between a star and its temperature, gravity, radius and color " https://www.academia.edu/18485381/ The_causal_relation_between_a_star_and_its_temperature_gravity_radius_and_co lor and " Why there are differences in structure of the objects in our system? " https:// www.academia.edu/28066462/ Why_there_are_differences_in_structure_of_the_objects_in_our_system. The goal of the analysis is to point at the existence of real evidence that there is no matter combustion process through the radioactive disintegration of complex atoms. The key points of this study are the number of stars in the Milky Way galaxy (100-400 billion (2.5×10 11 ±1.5×10 11), the assessment of the star ratio in the Milky Way, the red-colored stars (type M) that make more than 76,45%, the orange-colored stars (type K) 12,1%, the yellow-colored stars (type G) 7,6%, which altogether make 96,15% of the total quantity of stars in the galaxy of Milky Way) and other stars 3,85% (Harvard spectral classification), by observing the stars inside and outside the main sequence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. The analysis is to begin with the table 1, in which masses and temperatures of some stars are given; it is showed with a few examples that stars with a similar mass do not have a similar temperature and can be one or more spectral classes far from each other, often even at the opposite ends (μ Columbae, type O, mass 16 M of Sun, temperature 33 000 K – VY Canis Majoris, type M, mass 17 M of Sun, temperature 3 490 K). The stars are composed of 71% of hydrogen, 27% of helium and the rest are the other elements; therefore, it seems realistic and objective to analyze stars of the same or similar masses, because the chemical compositions are similar. However, there is no indication from the mass of an object that the combustion under the same conditions provides the same or similar temperatures. With taking into consideration the fact that some smaller value as a corrective factor needs to exist, due to different layout and masses of the objects, orbiting around a star, it is all the same impossible to balance the relation, because the differences in temperature are too big. It can be ruled out with a total certainty that a bigger mass of a star at the same time means the higher temperature of the same star.

"A blue or red shift is possible only if a rotation exists and it is absolutely impossible if the... more "A blue or red shift is possible only if a rotation exists and it is absolutely impossible if there is an expansion or explosion. Let us replace the Moon's orbit with the universe now. We can see that the results of COBE are obtained in the orbit. The rotation of the universe is the only thing that makes blue shift possible, i.e., that some celestial objects can move towards us.

The most distant space objects, as seen through the astronomic devices, are estimated to move at the speed of some 270 000 km/sec. These objects are situated in a so-called equatorial part of the universe and their path is of the round form.

With that speed and the diameter of 27 billion of light-years, a celestial object from that part of the universe requires some 94,5 billion of years to make a single turn (2 x 13,7 x π x 1,1), which at the same time makes one turn of the rotation of the universe.

The rotation of the universe can also be proved with the existence of the gravity, i.e., the attraction of one object by another object. It is absolutely impossible to explain the gravity satisfactorily in a volume that is expanding at the speed of radiation, or the so-called light."

Science keeps falling into a trap these days and continues to observe the objects in the Universe... more Science keeps falling into a trap these days and continues to observe the objects in the Universe without taking into account the most important factor: the importance of influence of the temperature level that belongs to an observed object. The similarities of the other objects to Earth have been rather frequently imposed to us, over and over again, as the attempts to prove the wrong hypotheses. It is generally accepted that there are higher temperatures in the objects and spaces that are closer to a star, as well as the fact that elements and compounds have significantly different working temperatures at which either of these change their aggregate state, from solid into liquid or they sublimate, and from liquid into gas and vice versa. The working temperature of water is from 0 to +100°C; oxygen from-218,35 to-188,14°C; nitrogen from-209,86 to-195,75°C; methane from-182,5 to-161,49; hydrogen from-259,14 to-252,87°C; helium from-272,20 to-268,934°C; sulphur dioxide from-72 do-10°C , etc. The process that initiates with the working temperature starts with heating up, which makes it possible for the aggregate state to change from solid into liquid (or sublimate into gas) and from liquid into gas. There is a reverse process when the elements and compounds, after their breakthrough from an object into its atmosphere, meet the temperatures that are lower than the boiling point, when gas turns liquid, or the melting point, when gas or liquid turn solid. There is a vast number of examples for the influence of the temperature level on the beginning of the process of changing the aggregate state of different elements and compounds. The lower working temperature of nitrogen on Pluto is closer to solid state. There are two sources of temperature on Pluto: internal one, which is generated due to the influence of tidal waves of the binary system with Charon, and the external one, generated by Sun and being different in perihelion and aphelion, on the light and dark side and on the equator and the poles. If the temperature on Pluto is considered here, minimal one being-229°C and maximal one being-218°C, and the atmosphere being insignificant (the surface pressure is around 1 Pa, while on Earth it is 101,325 kPa), it is easy to demonstrate which processes and with which elements and compounds will take place there. It needs to be said that surface temperatures are not the same as the internal ones, which in a particular places, where, due to the tidal forces, a friction takes place and matter emissions or crusts occur, become higher than maximal ones (when the friction stops, matter gets cooled down, i.e., the temperature lowers rapidly with the increase of distance to the point of friction). By the quantity of elements and compounds in the atmosphere or on the surface of an object it is possible to determine quite precisely the temperatures in the internal parts of that object. On the moon of Io, these temperatures reach above-10°C, because there is SO 2 in the atmosphere and it is the compound that changes its aggregate state on Io (there is a liquid SO 2 in the craters). Low temperatures on Io turn this compound into crystals, which end up on the surface very quickly. The difference between Io and Europa is in the tidal forces, which are stronger on a closer object, which also has a higher density and a more complex chemical structure. On Europa, the working

The data from the table clearly point out that it is quite difficult to recognize the pattern tha... more The data from the table clearly point out that it is quite difficult to recognize the pattern that could attract the attention with its clarity and simplicity. If we take a fact that higher density also means more complex chemical structure of the objects, regarding chemical elements and compounds, we can conclude that an object's density has no clear regularity. The object 67P/Churymov-Garasimenko, classified as a comet, has a lower density of all so-called gaseous planets. Although it is relatively close to Sun, its aggregate state is solid, so Philae could easily land on its surface. This fact clearly states that gaseous planets are solid (and solid/melted) objects with impressive atmospheres. There are solid objects with even lower density: Pan 0,42 g/cm3, Atlas 0,46 g/cm3, Pandora 0,48 g/cm3 – all of them the satellites of Saturn. Etc.

The Universe is the main theme, which is discussed in this paper. The objectives are creating the... more The Universe is the main theme, which is discussed in this paper. The objectives are creating the sequence of relations or connections of two or more relations of evidence (for example, mass – radius) to create new measurable values. The observation starts from the obvious (red stars make up to 76,45% of all stars in our galaxy) and namely such importance is given to that matter. Making conclusions based on some spectacular, but minor values, is avoided (for example, shiny blue stars make only 0,00003% from the total quantity of the stars in our galaxy). The analysis of every topic is based on the big totalities (the total number of galaxies, the total number of stars in the Milky Way), on the regularities that apply to all observed units – with the exceptions included – or phenomena related to all objects, avoiding the partial or individual separated parts of the totality. The Universe is here analyzed through the formation of matter, its growth and disintegration. Rotation is introduced as a feature that must be addressed to; it creates the relations between the neighboring and distant objects. The age of the Universe is analyzed through the approximate minimal assessment of time needed for some object to reach a particular stage by gathering matter, for example: a time needed to create a cluster of stars, consisting of a few tens of thousands of stars in a single place, due to the gravitational force and rotation. The analysis starts from the assessment that the majority of notions and evidence are generally familiar to vast majority of readers, therefore no particular links, leading to the definitions of a star, a galaxy, rotation, blue and red spectral shift, etc., are cited here. The notions such as gravity, tidal forces, rotation, etc., do not follow officially accepted definitions and they often differ structurally; for example, gravity is a sum of effects of the gravitational force and rotation, due to which EM forces also rotate and thus influence the objects within the orbit, but also further away, until the limits of the gravitational force are reached. The component of time also needs to be acknowledged here. The hierarchy that follows generally and widely accepted rules is not used within this paper. The whole paper is an abstract, a material that contains no endless explanations. Only minimal quantity of needed evidence are introduced here, as a result of the experience gained in many discussions on several forums in the Republic of Croatia, United States (2) and Russian Federation (2), etc. These discussions have contributed to the quality of this paper and hereby I thank to all who have participated in these discussions and to the visitors (there were more than 100 000 visits to my themes on portals with over 1 000 comments, even without the data for my own web-site). Light

Where does it even come from, the claim that the explosion of an object, composed of hydrogen and... more Where does it even come from, the claim that the explosion of an object, composed of hydrogen and helium, delivers its non-existing complex elements? If the stars before the explosion were composed only of the complex elements, then again, their small quantity presents only a neglectable significance, which can not be related to the complex particles of 100 – 400 billion of stellar systems. Besides, there is the disintegration of particles at work, due to the enormous explosion (the estimates are that only a small part of the stellar matter remains as a nebula).
The nebulae are generally composed of hydrogen and some helium, and other elements existing in insignificant quantities..

„A quote of a part of the text from the year of 2008: „... Celestial objects rotate around their ... more „A quote of a part of the text from the year of 2008: „... Celestial objects rotate around their axes; the rotation creates waves, which travel away from an object and in that way create repulsion forces, which prevent the objects, captured in the orbits around them, from falling onto them. Electromagnetic forces constantly direct smaller objects towards the greater, dominant object, which, due to its rotation, constantly repulses and deflects the incoming object until it gets captured in the orbit of the dominant object. That is why objects oscillate on their trajectories; electromagnetic forces of repulsion and attraction simultaneously affect them… “ “. http://www.svemir-ipaksevrti.com/the-Universe-rotating.html#5b