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Papers by Werner Bergmann

Tumulte - Excesse - Pogrome, 2020

Anti-Semitism in Germany, 2018

Scholars of German-Jewish history have long thought of anti-Jewish pogroms as being characteristi... more Scholars of German-Jewish history have long thought of anti-Jewish pogroms as being characteristic of, and mostly confined to, medieval Germany or Imperial Russia. Yet, this view marginalizes the significance of anti-Jewish violence in Germany in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which occurred with surprising regularity and involved different degrees of violence. Historians, who have so far mainly focused on the development of antisemitic theories and politics, have neglected to analyze how antisemitic ideas and violence against Jews were connected during the formative years of modern antisemitism in Germany. The editors of this collection of essays set themselves the task of closing the gap between the theory of antisemitism and actual antisemitic violence. Inspired by a session of the 1997 annual conference of the German Studies Association, it brings together several case studies. These range from the “Hep Hep” riots of 1819 to the November Pogroms in 1938, thus span...

Antisemitism Before and Since the Holocaust, 2017

Since the start of the third millennium, new developments in the manifestation of antisemitism an... more Since the start of the third millennium, new developments in the manifestation of antisemitism and its public discussion have been observable in Germany, while the same can be said to apply to the political efforts to monitor and combat it. In my view, there are contradictory trends. How the situation is assessed depends in essence on which dimension of antisemitism we focus on. In this chapter, we will discuss, using quantitative data, the trends that emerged in Germany since the German reunification in 1990.

Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 1986

Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 1998

International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 2009

Racial and ethnic violence takes many forms. Genocides, ethnic cleansing, pogroms, civil wars, an... more Racial and ethnic violence takes many forms. Genocides, ethnic cleansing, pogroms, civil wars, and violent separatist movements are the most obvious and extreme expressions, but less organized violence such as rioting, and hate crimes by individuals or small groups are products of racial and ethnic conflict as well. Also, the distribution of criminal violence within societies, which may or may not be aimed at members of another group, is in some places a by-product of ongoing conflicts between superior and subordinated racial or ethnic groups. Although estimates of the number of deaths attributable to ethnic violence vary widely, range of eleven to twenty million given for the period between 1945 and the early 1990s show the gravity of this type of conflict (Williams 1994, 50). So it comes as no surprise that scholars have paid increasing attention to such conflicts over the last decades.

Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra en undersokelse som HL-senteret har gjennomfort om de... more Denne rapporten presenterer resultatene fra en undersokelse som HL-senteret har gjennomfort om den norske befolkningens holdninger til joder og andre minoriteter. Datainnsamlingen ble foretatt i november 2011 av TNS Gallup. Det var 1522 respondenter som deltok i undersokelsen. Resultatene viser at stereotypiske forestillinger om joder eksisterer i det norske samfunnet. Samlet sett har 12,5 prosent av befolkningen utpregede fordommer mot joder. I europeisk sammenheng er utbredelsen av antisemittiske forestillinger dermed relativt liten i Norge, pa niva med Storbritannia, Nederland, Danmark og Sverige. Enkelte antisemittiske forestillinger er imidlertid sterkere til stede i den norske befolkningen. Hele 19 prosent av respondentene stotter for eksempel pastanden «Verdens joder arbeider i det skjulte for a fremme jodiske interesser» og 26 prosent mener det er riktig at «Joder ser pa seg selv som bedre enn andre». Antisemittisme kan ogsa males gjennom negative folelser og sosial distanse...

Control of Violence, 2010

Anti-Jewish riots in Europe of the last 200 years show specific clusters in terms of the phases a... more Anti-Jewish riots in Europe of the last 200 years show specific clusters in terms of the phases and regions, in which there were specific causes for the outbreaks of collective violence. In an historical analysis five phases are chosen as exemplary for escalations of the level of destruction: the phase from 1819 to 1880; the two Russian pogrom waves of 1881–1883 and 1903–1906; the pogrom wave that took place in the context of the founding of the Polish nation-state; and finally, the pogroms accompanying the beginning of the German military campaign against the Soviet Union in 1941. It can be shown that in crisis situations like revolutions, war, and regime change, which are characterized by how the status of groups change or threaten to change rapidly, violence is deployed as a means for reversing social status and affirming the dominant status of the majority group. In these situations, state control is either absent or weak, which opens up opportunities to act; in addition, the control authorities of the state itself may become actors in the violent actions. Thus forms a favorable opportunity structure for pogroms that also demonstrate a high level of violence.

Geschichte des Antisemitismus, 2020

Revue d�Histoire de la Shoah, 2018

Geschichte des Antisemitismus, 2004