Wethroe Kapfo - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Wethroe Kapfo

International Journal of Applied Biology and P, 2013

Journal of Life Sciences, 2018

Objectives: The present investigation attempts to study the antioxidant and ant... more Objectives: The present investigation attempts to study the antioxidant and antihemolytic activity of ethyl acetate fraction of the bilimbi extract (BE) and determine the contributory phytochemicals.Methods: Fresh fruits of Averrhoa bilimbi were dried and subjected to 60% aqueous methanol extraction followed by biphasic extraction with ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate fraction (BE) underwent phytochemical screening, analyzed using RP- HPLC and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, RBC protection activity and DNA protection activity.Results: In phytochemical screening analysis, we detected lipids while alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars and amino acids were not detected. HPLC analysis showed prominent peaks at 23, 27 and 37 min under 310 nm. The fraction expressed ABTS.+ radical scavenging acti...

Averrhoa bilimbi L. has various beneficial properties including antidiabetic and antioxidant acti... more Averrhoa bilimbi L. has various beneficial properties including antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The effect of traditional sun drying on the stability of fresh A. bilimbi fruits was investigated by using different methanol/water extracts, and their total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared. The TAC was evaluated using established in vitro models such as 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2´-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging assay, total reducing power, phosphomolybdenum assay and metal chelating activity. All the extracts of the dried fruit showed lower TPC compared to the fresh bilimbi extracts by 23-88%, TAC of which corresponded accordingly. The investigation revealed that A. bilimbi was a good source of antioxidants; however, the drying process of the fruit significantly affected the bioactive compounds.

The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2016

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the effect of traditional sun drying on the ... more Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the effect of traditional sun drying on the antioxidant activity of Averrhoa carambola L using standard antioxidant assays and analytical techniques. Materials and Methods: Star fruit was shade dried and its aqueous acetone extract (SD) prepared. The antioxidant activity of aqueous acetone extract of fresh star fruit (SF) was compared with SD using assays like total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS·+ free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing assay, phosphomolybdenum assay and metal chelating activity. HPLC-ESI-MS and FT-IR was used to identify the phytochemicals in SD and SF. Results: TPC of SD and SF was 1.0 and 2.7gGAE/100g extract respectively. IC50 of SD and SF in DPPH RSA was 100 and 150μg/ml while TEAC of SD and SF were 1.07 and 0.3 respectively. Antioxidant capacity of SD and SF was 392.5 and 113.75mmolesAAE/g extract. IC50 of SD was 147 ppm and that of SF, 123 ppm in TRP. The MCA of SD ...

In the present study, aqueous methanolic extract of Bilimbi and aqueous acetone extract of Star f... more In the present study, aqueous methanolic extract of Bilimbi and aqueous acetone extract of Star fruit were assessed for its anthelminthic activity against adult e arthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Various concentrations of both extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole was used as a reference standard. The result revealed that the bilimbi fruit extract was more effective compared to the standard and star fruit extract with 30.50 and 47 minutes for paralysis and death respectively at the concentration of 100mg/ml, that of standard and star fruit was 34.32 and 48.00 and 40.60 and 57.30 minutes for paralysis and death respectively. The comparative study showed that out of the two, bilimbi fruit extract proves to be a better anthelmintic remedy.

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016

ABSTRACTObjective: The proapoptotic potential of aqueous methanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fru... more ABSTRACTObjective: The proapoptotic potential of aqueous methanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit (AMBE) in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)bearing Swiss albino mice was studied.Methods: Cytotoxicity of the extract on the EAC cells was monitored by tumor growth response, trypan blue exclusion assay, Giemsa staining, DNAfragmentation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The phytochemicalscreening using LC-MS and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was conducted.Results: The extract at 100 mg/kg body weight was significantly cytotoxic toward the cells with approximately 73% growth inhibition on day 12. Itmarkedly decreased the tumor volume by 65% and viable tumor cell by 72%. Giemsa staining of AMBE treated cells displayed apoptotic morphologiessuch as membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic condensation, and apoptotic bodies. Cytotoxicity of the extract to the carcinoma cells through apoptosis wasfurth...

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2008

Antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as a novel class of antibiotics and several candidate... more Antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as a novel class of antibiotics and several candidates are currently in clinical trials. In the present study, new antimicrobial compounds were synthesized by coupling quinazolinone moiety with the fragments of elastin sequences VP, GVP, VGVP and GVGVP. They were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. We are here reporting that heterocyclic conjugated tetra peptide and penta peptide showed enhanced antibacterial activity compare to the conventional antimicrobial drugs.

Process Biochemistry, 2013

The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of non-aqueous organic solvent on structural... more The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of non-aqueous organic solvent on structural stability, molecular integrity and structure of ␣-amylase. The activity and thermal stability of the enzyme was measured before and after treatment with non polar solvent (i.e. hexane). The activity was found to be marginally affected and thermal stability was found to be significantly increased after treatment with hexane. The enzyme was found to be more resistant to thermal inactivation in hexane compared to in an aqueous buffer. The fluorescence measurement indicated a blue shift of 3 nm in the emission maximum (max) probably due to a minor change in the polarity of aromatic amino acid residues after treatment with a non-aqueous solvent. Assessment of thermal denaturation profile, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) binding and acrylamide quenching of the enzyme suggested an increase in the molecular integrity and overall stability of the enzyme after treatment with hexane. However, these entire molecular events were not accompanied by any major change in the secondary structure. Our findings suggest that treatment of proteins or enzymes in non-aqueous solvents could be an attractive and cost-effective strategy to improve their structural stability without compromising their biological functions.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011

Synthesis of a series of urea/thiourea/acetamide/sulphonamide derivatives of quinazolinones conju... more Synthesis of a series of urea/thiourea/acetamide/sulphonamide derivatives of quinazolinones conjugated lysine has been reported. Structures of the products have been determined by standard spectroscopical studies. All the compounds have been screened for their antibacterial studies and structure-activity relationship has been developed. The activity profile revealed that the compounds containing urea and thiourea functionalities along with fluoro group have exerted a highly potent activity. Thus, the title compounds represent a novel class of potent antimicrobial agents.

Ethanolic extract of Randia uliginosa DC Leaf (EERUL) was assessed for its anthelmintic and anti ... more Ethanolic extract of Randia uliginosa DC Leaf (EERUL) was assessed for its anthelmintic and anti inflammatory activity by in vitro methods. Anthelminthic activity was performed on adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with that of intestinal round worm parasite of human beings, the bioassay involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. Albendazole was used as standard reference. EERUL showed significant activity at the concentration of 100mg/ml with 44.50 and 58 minutes for paralysis and death respectively. In vitro anti inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay, human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity at different concentrations. Diclofenac Sodium was used as a standard reference drug. The extract showed in vitro anti inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation, the percentage of inhibition was ...

International Journal of Applied Biology and P, 2013

Journal of Life Sciences, 2018

Objectives: The present investigation attempts to study the antioxidant and ant... more Objectives: The present investigation attempts to study the antioxidant and antihemolytic activity of ethyl acetate fraction of the bilimbi extract (BE) and determine the contributory phytochemicals.Methods: Fresh fruits of Averrhoa bilimbi were dried and subjected to 60% aqueous methanol extraction followed by biphasic extraction with ethyl acetate and water. The ethyl acetate fraction (BE) underwent phytochemical screening, analyzed using RP- HPLC and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS.+) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, RBC protection activity and DNA protection activity.Results: In phytochemical screening analysis, we detected lipids while alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars and amino acids were not detected. HPLC analysis showed prominent peaks at 23, 27 and 37 min under 310 nm. The fraction expressed ABTS.+ radical scavenging acti...

Averrhoa bilimbi L. has various beneficial properties including antidiabetic and antioxidant acti... more Averrhoa bilimbi L. has various beneficial properties including antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. The effect of traditional sun drying on the stability of fresh A. bilimbi fruits was investigated by using different methanol/water extracts, and their total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) compared. The TAC was evaluated using established in vitro models such as 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging activity, 2,2´-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging assay, total reducing power, phosphomolybdenum assay and metal chelating activity. All the extracts of the dried fruit showed lower TPC compared to the fresh bilimbi extracts by 23-88%, TAC of which corresponded accordingly. The investigation revealed that A. bilimbi was a good source of antioxidants; however, the drying process of the fruit significantly affected the bioactive compounds.

The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2016

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the effect of traditional sun drying on the ... more Objective: The objective of the study was to analyse the effect of traditional sun drying on the antioxidant activity of Averrhoa carambola L using standard antioxidant assays and analytical techniques. Materials and Methods: Star fruit was shade dried and its aqueous acetone extract (SD) prepared. The antioxidant activity of aqueous acetone extract of fresh star fruit (SF) was compared with SD using assays like total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS·+ free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing assay, phosphomolybdenum assay and metal chelating activity. HPLC-ESI-MS and FT-IR was used to identify the phytochemicals in SD and SF. Results: TPC of SD and SF was 1.0 and 2.7gGAE/100g extract respectively. IC50 of SD and SF in DPPH RSA was 100 and 150μg/ml while TEAC of SD and SF were 1.07 and 0.3 respectively. Antioxidant capacity of SD and SF was 392.5 and 113.75mmolesAAE/g extract. IC50 of SD was 147 ppm and that of SF, 123 ppm in TRP. The MCA of SD ...

In the present study, aqueous methanolic extract of Bilimbi and aqueous acetone extract of Star f... more In the present study, aqueous methanolic extract of Bilimbi and aqueous acetone extract of Star fruit were assessed for its anthelminthic activity against adult e arthworms (Pheretima posthuma). Various concentrations of both extracts were tested and results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms. Albendazole was used as a reference standard. The result revealed that the bilimbi fruit extract was more effective compared to the standard and star fruit extract with 30.50 and 47 minutes for paralysis and death respectively at the concentration of 100mg/ml, that of standard and star fruit was 34.32 and 48.00 and 40.60 and 57.30 minutes for paralysis and death respectively. The comparative study showed that out of the two, bilimbi fruit extract proves to be a better anthelmintic remedy.

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 2016

ABSTRACTObjective: The proapoptotic potential of aqueous methanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fru... more ABSTRACTObjective: The proapoptotic potential of aqueous methanol extract of Averrhoa bilimbi fruit (AMBE) in vivo against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)bearing Swiss albino mice was studied.Methods: Cytotoxicity of the extract on the EAC cells was monitored by tumor growth response, trypan blue exclusion assay, Giemsa staining, DNAfragmentation, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The phytochemicalscreening using LC-MS and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was conducted.Results: The extract at 100 mg/kg body weight was significantly cytotoxic toward the cells with approximately 73% growth inhibition on day 12. Itmarkedly decreased the tumor volume by 65% and viable tumor cell by 72%. Giemsa staining of AMBE treated cells displayed apoptotic morphologiessuch as membrane blebbing, cytoplasmic condensation, and apoptotic bodies. Cytotoxicity of the extract to the carcinoma cells through apoptosis wasfurth...

International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2008

Antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as a novel class of antibiotics and several candidate... more Antimicrobial peptides have been recognized as a novel class of antibiotics and several candidates are currently in clinical trials. In the present study, new antimicrobial compounds were synthesized by coupling quinazolinone moiety with the fragments of elastin sequences VP, GVP, VGVP and GVGVP. They were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. We are here reporting that heterocyclic conjugated tetra peptide and penta peptide showed enhanced antibacterial activity compare to the conventional antimicrobial drugs.

Process Biochemistry, 2013

The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of non-aqueous organic solvent on structural... more The aim of the present study is to assess the effect of non-aqueous organic solvent on structural stability, molecular integrity and structure of ␣-amylase. The activity and thermal stability of the enzyme was measured before and after treatment with non polar solvent (i.e. hexane). The activity was found to be marginally affected and thermal stability was found to be significantly increased after treatment with hexane. The enzyme was found to be more resistant to thermal inactivation in hexane compared to in an aqueous buffer. The fluorescence measurement indicated a blue shift of 3 nm in the emission maximum (max) probably due to a minor change in the polarity of aromatic amino acid residues after treatment with a non-aqueous solvent. Assessment of thermal denaturation profile, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) binding and acrylamide quenching of the enzyme suggested an increase in the molecular integrity and overall stability of the enzyme after treatment with hexane. However, these entire molecular events were not accompanied by any major change in the secondary structure. Our findings suggest that treatment of proteins or enzymes in non-aqueous solvents could be an attractive and cost-effective strategy to improve their structural stability without compromising their biological functions.

European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2011

Synthesis of a series of urea/thiourea/acetamide/sulphonamide derivatives of quinazolinones conju... more Synthesis of a series of urea/thiourea/acetamide/sulphonamide derivatives of quinazolinones conjugated lysine has been reported. Structures of the products have been determined by standard spectroscopical studies. All the compounds have been screened for their antibacterial studies and structure-activity relationship has been developed. The activity profile revealed that the compounds containing urea and thiourea functionalities along with fluoro group have exerted a highly potent activity. Thus, the title compounds represent a novel class of potent antimicrobial agents.

Ethanolic extract of Randia uliginosa DC Leaf (EERUL) was assessed for its anthelmintic and anti ... more Ethanolic extract of Randia uliginosa DC Leaf (EERUL) was assessed for its anthelmintic and anti inflammatory activity by in vitro methods. Anthelminthic activity was performed on adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with that of intestinal round worm parasite of human beings, the bioassay involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. Albendazole was used as standard reference. EERUL showed significant activity at the concentration of 100mg/ml with 44.50 and 58 minutes for paralysis and death respectively. In vitro anti inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay, human red blood cell membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity at different concentrations. Diclofenac Sodium was used as a standard reference drug. The extract showed in vitro anti inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation, the percentage of inhibition was ...