Wilder Ramirez - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Wilder Ramirez
Description/Abstract This report is intended to serve as a status report, which essentially trans... more Description/Abstract This report is intended to serve as a status report, which essentially transmits the data that have been collected to date on the Large Block Test (LBT). The analyses of data will be performed during FY98, and then a complete report will be ...
This paper presents interpretations derived from the analysis of the postburn drilling results fr... more This paper presents interpretations derived from the analysis of the postburn drilling results from the Hoe Creek 3 experiment. Sixteen partially cored boreholes were drilled using an HQ triple-tube core barrel. The general objectives of this work were to establish the characteristics of the burn cavity and of the materials within and surrounding the cavity. The lateral extent of the burn and the characteristics of the collapsed region overlying the burn cavity were also to be investigated. Important conclusions derived from this study include the following: (1) The horizontally drilled link borehole strongly controlled burn cavity shape and location; no significant combustion occurred below the link; (2) the slag may have acted as an insulation blanket, protecting the coal below the horizontal link borehole; (3) significant roof collapse occurred during the course of the experiment, probably inducing substantial heat losses; (4) the lateral extent of the burn was greatest along the Felix 2 seam; the cavity outline in plan view is shaped like a teardrop; a vertical transverse cross section through the cavity shows a mushroom-shaped outline; (5) roof collapse after the end of the experiment filled much of the space within and above the cavity, producing a mechanically disturbed zone full of voids and weak materials. A zone of fractures or loosened material exists in the remaining (uncollapsed) roof and wall materials, surrounding and paralleling the upper margins of the collapsed region. A void zone was found near the bottom of the collapsed region.
Biogeochemistry, 2006
Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined at four sites in three rainf... more Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined at four sites in three rainforest streams draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. La Selva is located at the base of the last remaining intact rainforest transect from 30 m above sea level to 3000 m along the entire Caribbean slope of Central America. Steam SRP levels can be naturally high there due to regional, geothermal groundwater discharged at ambient temperature. Monitoring since 1988 has revealed distinctive long-term differences in background SRP and total P (TP) for three streams in close proximity, and identified the impact of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) events on SRP-enriched reaches. Mean interannual SRP concentrations (± standard deviation) were 89 ± 53µg/l in the Salto (1988–1996), 21 ± 39µg/l in the Pantano (1988–1998), and 26 ± 35µg/l in the Sabalo (1988–1996). After January, 1997 the separate upland-lowland contributions to discharge and SRP load were determined monthly in the Salto. SRP in Upper Salto was low (19 ± 8µg/l, 1997–2002) until enriched at␣the upland-lowland transition by regional groundwater. Mean SRP concentration in Lower␣Salto (108 ± 104µg/l) was typically highest February–April, the driest months, and lowest July–September, the wettest. SRP concentration was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in Lower Salto when ENSO data were omitted (1992 and 1998–1999), but not in the Upper Salto, Pantano, or Sabalo. TP was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in all three streams when ENSO data were omitted. High SRP springs and seeps along the Lower Salto contributed 36% of discharge but 85% of SRP export 1997–2001. Annual SRP flux from the total Salto watershed (1997–2001) averaged 2.9 kg/ha year, but only 0.6 kg/ha year from the Upper Salto. A dye tracer injection showed that pore water environments were distinctly different between Upper and Lower Salto. Upper Salto had high surface water–pore water exchange, high dissolved oxygen, low SRP, and low conductivity similar to surface water, and Lower Salto had low surface water–pore water exchange, low dissolved oxygen, high SRP, and high conductivity reflecting geothermal groundwater influence. SRP export from the Salto was controlled by regional groundwater transfer, which in similar volcanic settings could be a significant P source. However, ENSO events modified the SRP concentration in the Salto suggesting that long-term monitoring is required to understand underlying SRP dynamics and P flux to downstream communities.
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 2003
Objective.-Through the review of patient records seen by the New Mexico-1 Disaster Medical Assist... more Objective.-Through the review of patient records seen by the New Mexico-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (NM-1DMAT) after various disasters, we hoped to find patterns that might help in disaster planning. Our hypothesis was that flood and hurricane victims have different medical conditions and needs.
Description/Abstract This report is intended to serve as a status report, which essentially trans... more Description/Abstract This report is intended to serve as a status report, which essentially transmits the data that have been collected to date on the Large Block Test (LBT). The analyses of data will be performed during FY98, and then a complete report will be ...
This paper presents interpretations derived from the analysis of the postburn drilling results fr... more This paper presents interpretations derived from the analysis of the postburn drilling results from the Hoe Creek 3 experiment. Sixteen partially cored boreholes were drilled using an HQ triple-tube core barrel. The general objectives of this work were to establish the characteristics of the burn cavity and of the materials within and surrounding the cavity. The lateral extent of the burn and the characteristics of the collapsed region overlying the burn cavity were also to be investigated. Important conclusions derived from this study include the following: (1) The horizontally drilled link borehole strongly controlled burn cavity shape and location; no significant combustion occurred below the link; (2) the slag may have acted as an insulation blanket, protecting the coal below the horizontal link borehole; (3) significant roof collapse occurred during the course of the experiment, probably inducing substantial heat losses; (4) the lateral extent of the burn was greatest along the Felix 2 seam; the cavity outline in plan view is shaped like a teardrop; a vertical transverse cross section through the cavity shows a mushroom-shaped outline; (5) roof collapse after the end of the experiment filled much of the space within and above the cavity, producing a mechanically disturbed zone full of voids and weak materials. A zone of fractures or loosened material exists in the remaining (uncollapsed) roof and wall materials, surrounding and paralleling the upper margins of the collapsed region. A void zone was found near the bottom of the collapsed region.
Biogeochemistry, 2006
Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined at four sites in three rainf... more Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined at four sites in three rainforest streams draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. La Selva is located at the base of the last remaining intact rainforest transect from 30 m above sea level to 3000 m along the entire Caribbean slope of Central America. Steam SRP levels can be naturally high there due to regional, geothermal groundwater discharged at ambient temperature. Monitoring since 1988 has revealed distinctive long-term differences in background SRP and total P (TP) for three streams in close proximity, and identified the impact of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) events on SRP-enriched reaches. Mean interannual SRP concentrations (± standard deviation) were 89 ± 53µg/l in the Salto (1988–1996), 21 ± 39µg/l in the Pantano (1988–1998), and 26 ± 35µg/l in the Sabalo (1988–1996). After January, 1997 the separate upland-lowland contributions to discharge and SRP load were determined monthly in the Salto. SRP in Upper Salto was low (19 ± 8µg/l, 1997–2002) until enriched at␣the upland-lowland transition by regional groundwater. Mean SRP concentration in Lower␣Salto (108 ± 104µg/l) was typically highest February–April, the driest months, and lowest July–September, the wettest. SRP concentration was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in Lower Salto when ENSO data were omitted (1992 and 1998–1999), but not in the Upper Salto, Pantano, or Sabalo. TP was positively correlated to the inverse of discharge in all three streams when ENSO data were omitted. High SRP springs and seeps along the Lower Salto contributed 36% of discharge but 85% of SRP export 1997–2001. Annual SRP flux from the total Salto watershed (1997–2001) averaged 2.9 kg/ha year, but only 0.6 kg/ha year from the Upper Salto. A dye tracer injection showed that pore water environments were distinctly different between Upper and Lower Salto. Upper Salto had high surface water–pore water exchange, high dissolved oxygen, low SRP, and low conductivity similar to surface water, and Lower Salto had low surface water–pore water exchange, low dissolved oxygen, high SRP, and high conductivity reflecting geothermal groundwater influence. SRP export from the Salto was controlled by regional groundwater transfer, which in similar volcanic settings could be a significant P source. However, ENSO events modified the SRP concentration in the Salto suggesting that long-term monitoring is required to understand underlying SRP dynamics and P flux to downstream communities.
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 2003
Objective.-Through the review of patient records seen by the New Mexico-1 Disaster Medical Assist... more Objective.-Through the review of patient records seen by the New Mexico-1 Disaster Medical Assistance Team (NM-1DMAT) after various disasters, we hoped to find patterns that might help in disaster planning. Our hypothesis was that flood and hurricane victims have different medical conditions and needs.