Will Starkel - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Will Starkel
Geological Society of America eBooks, 2013
ABSTRACT
Geological Society of America Special Papers, 2013
ABSTRACT
Bulletin of Volcanology, 2013
The central Snake River Plain (CSRP) of southern Idaho and northern Nevada, USA, forms part of th... more The central Snake River Plain (CSRP) of southern Idaho and northern Nevada, USA, forms part of the Columbia River-Yellowstone large igneous province. Volcanic rocks of the province are compositionally bimodal (basalt-rhyolite), and the rhyolites produce a broadly time-transgressive record of a hotspot which is currently located under Yellowstone. Snake River Plain rhyolites represent hot (>850°C), dry magmas and have field characteristics consistent with high emplacement temperatures. Individual ignimbrite sheets reach 1,000 km 3 and exhibit little to no compositional zonation on a large scale but reveal considerable complexity on a crystal scale, particularly with regard to pyroxene compositions. Multiple pyroxene compositions may exist in a single ignimbrite which, along with multiple glass compositions in widely dispersed fallout tephra, suggests complex storage of rhyolite prior to eruption. Unlike most igneous rocks, the mineral cargo of the CSRP rhyolites exhibits little isotopic variability, with unimodal 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values returned from plagioclase grains inferred to represent the combination of strong crystal-melt coupling and rapid diffusional re-equilibriation. All the rhyolites within the CSRP have a characteristic low-δ 18 O signature; with >20,000 km 3 of rhyolite exhibiting this depletion, the CSRP represents the largest low-δ 18 O province on Earth. The low-18 O nature of the rhyolites requires assimilation of hydrothermally altered materials which may be from altered Eocene batholithic rocks or from down-dropped intracaldera tuffs. The wide range of crustal assimilants, with highly variable radiogenic isotope characteristics, available in the CSRP is permissive of a variety of petrogenetic models based on radiogenic isotopic data.
The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho,... more The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho, consist of a sequence of rhyolitic volcanic units known to share similar ages and chemistry with upper units of the Cougar Point Tuff (CPT), a series of high-grade ignimbrites associated with the Bruneau-Jarbidge (BJ) eruptive center 120 km south of WBH. The
Geosphere
The McDermitt caldera (western USA) is commonly considered the point of origin of the Yellowstone... more The McDermitt caldera (western USA) is commonly considered the point of origin of the Yellowstone hotspot, yet until now no geologic map existed of the caldera and its geology and development were incompletely documented. We developed a comprehensive geologic framework through detailed and re connaissance geologic mapping, extensive petrographic and chemical analy sis, and highprecision 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating. The caldera formed during eruption of the 16.39 ± 0.02 Ma (n = 3) McDermitt Tuff (named here), which is strongly zoned from peralkaline, aphyric, highSi rhyolite (comendite) to metaluminous, abundantly anorthoclasephyric, trachydacite, or Ferich andesite (icelandite). The McDermitt caldera formed in an area that had undergone two episodes of Eocene intermediate volcanism at 47 and 39 Ma and major middle Miocene volcanism that led continuously to caldera formation. Eruption of the Steens Basalt, the oldest Miocene activity, began before 16.69 Ma. Exclusively mafic magmas erupted initially. Rhyolite lavas erupted as early as 16.69 Ma, contem poraneous with upper parts of the Steens Basalt, and the proportion of rhyolite increased steadily until eruption of the McDermitt Tuff. Precaldera silicic activ ity was diverse and almost entirely effusive, including metaluminous to mildly peralkaline, sparsely anorthoclasephyric rhyolite to peralkaline, aphyric rhyo lite to quartzsanidinesodic amphibole porphyritic rhyolite at 16.41 Ma. Meta luminous to peraluminous biotite rhyolite lavas and domes were emplaced around what is now the caldera wall in 4 areas at 16.62, 16.49, and 16.38 Ma. Eruption of the McDermitt Tuff generated the irregularly keyholeshaped, 40 × 30-22 km McDermitt caldera. Collapse occurred mostly along a narrow ringfault zone of discrete faults with variable downwarp into the caldera be tween faults. Minor parallel faults locally widen the zone to as much as 6 km. We find no evidence that the McDermitt caldera consists of multiple nested calderas, as previously postulated. Total collapse was no more than ~1 km, and total erupted volume was ~1000 km 3 , of which 50%-85% is intracaldera tuff. Uncertainties in these estimates arise because an intracaldera tuff section is exposed only along the western edge of the caldera, and outflow tuff is not completely mapped. Megabreccia and mesobreccia are common in intracal dera tuff in the complete section. Intracaldera tuff is strongly rheomorphic, scrambling the compositional zoning, which is locally better preserved in out flow sections. However, outflow tuff is also strongly rheomorphic where it was deposited over steep topography. The caldera underwent postcollapse resurgent uplift driven by intrusion of icelandite magma, which also erupted from two major vents and as wide spread lavas. Major igneous activity around the McDermitt caldera lasted from before 16.7 to 16.1 Ma, although minor highalumina olivine tholeiite lavas were emplaced ca. 14.9 Ma in the youngest recognized igneous activity. Tuffaceous sediments as much as 210 m thick filled the caldera, although whether deposition preceded, followed, or spanned resurgence is unresolved. Although formed during regional extension, the caldera is cut only at its west ern and eastern margins by much younger, highangle normal faults that re sulted in gentle (~10°) eastward tilting of the caldera. Numerous hydrothermal systems probably related to caldera magmatism and focused along caldera structures produced Hg, Zrrich U (some along the western caldera ring fracture dated as 16.3 Ma), Ga, and minor Au mineral ization. Lithium deposits formed throughout the intracaldera tuffaceous sedi ments, probably ca. 14.9 Ma. Silicic volcanism around the McDermitt caldera is some of the oldest of the Yellowstone hotspot, but the caldera is younger than two known calderas in northwestern Nevada. Published data show that silicic activity as old as at McDermitt is also found from the Silver City area of southwestern Idaho to the Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field in Nevada east of McDermitt. As recognized by others, an area of ~40,000 km 2 mostly in northwestern Nevada and south eastern Oregon underwent major silicic activity before ca. 16.0 Ma. The McDermitt caldera is similar to calderas of the middle Cenozoic ig nimbrite flareup of the Great Basin, especially in strong compositional zoning and large volume of erupted tuff, collapse along a distinct ringfracture system, abundance of megabreccia in intracaldera tuff, and resurgence. The greatest differences are that McDermitt is larger in area than all except a few flareup calderas and underwent far less collapse (~1 km versus 3-4 km to as much as 6 km). The McDermitt caldera may be an analog for the buried calderas of the GEOSPHERE
The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho,... more The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho, consist of a sequence of rhyolitic volcanic units known to share similar ages and chemistry with upper units of the Cougar Point Tuff (CPT), a series of high-grade ignimbrites associated with the Bruneau-Jarbidge (BJ) eruptive center 120 km south of WBH. The
Geological Society of America eBooks, 2013
ABSTRACT
Geological Society of America Special Papers, 2013
ABSTRACT
Bulletin of Volcanology, 2013
The central Snake River Plain (CSRP) of southern Idaho and northern Nevada, USA, forms part of th... more The central Snake River Plain (CSRP) of southern Idaho and northern Nevada, USA, forms part of the Columbia River-Yellowstone large igneous province. Volcanic rocks of the province are compositionally bimodal (basalt-rhyolite), and the rhyolites produce a broadly time-transgressive record of a hotspot which is currently located under Yellowstone. Snake River Plain rhyolites represent hot (>850°C), dry magmas and have field characteristics consistent with high emplacement temperatures. Individual ignimbrite sheets reach 1,000 km 3 and exhibit little to no compositional zonation on a large scale but reveal considerable complexity on a crystal scale, particularly with regard to pyroxene compositions. Multiple pyroxene compositions may exist in a single ignimbrite which, along with multiple glass compositions in widely dispersed fallout tephra, suggests complex storage of rhyolite prior to eruption. Unlike most igneous rocks, the mineral cargo of the CSRP rhyolites exhibits little isotopic variability, with unimodal 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values returned from plagioclase grains inferred to represent the combination of strong crystal-melt coupling and rapid diffusional re-equilibriation. All the rhyolites within the CSRP have a characteristic low-δ 18 O signature; with >20,000 km 3 of rhyolite exhibiting this depletion, the CSRP represents the largest low-δ 18 O province on Earth. The low-18 O nature of the rhyolites requires assimilation of hydrothermally altered materials which may be from altered Eocene batholithic rocks or from down-dropped intracaldera tuffs. The wide range of crustal assimilants, with highly variable radiogenic isotope characteristics, available in the CSRP is permissive of a variety of petrogenetic models based on radiogenic isotopic data.
The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho,... more The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho, consist of a sequence of rhyolitic volcanic units known to share similar ages and chemistry with upper units of the Cougar Point Tuff (CPT), a series of high-grade ignimbrites associated with the Bruneau-Jarbidge (BJ) eruptive center 120 km south of WBH. The
Geosphere
The McDermitt caldera (western USA) is commonly considered the point of origin of the Yellowstone... more The McDermitt caldera (western USA) is commonly considered the point of origin of the Yellowstone hotspot, yet until now no geologic map existed of the caldera and its geology and development were incompletely documented. We developed a comprehensive geologic framework through detailed and re connaissance geologic mapping, extensive petrographic and chemical analy sis, and highprecision 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating. The caldera formed during eruption of the 16.39 ± 0.02 Ma (n = 3) McDermitt Tuff (named here), which is strongly zoned from peralkaline, aphyric, highSi rhyolite (comendite) to metaluminous, abundantly anorthoclasephyric, trachydacite, or Ferich andesite (icelandite). The McDermitt caldera formed in an area that had undergone two episodes of Eocene intermediate volcanism at 47 and 39 Ma and major middle Miocene volcanism that led continuously to caldera formation. Eruption of the Steens Basalt, the oldest Miocene activity, began before 16.69 Ma. Exclusively mafic magmas erupted initially. Rhyolite lavas erupted as early as 16.69 Ma, contem poraneous with upper parts of the Steens Basalt, and the proportion of rhyolite increased steadily until eruption of the McDermitt Tuff. Precaldera silicic activ ity was diverse and almost entirely effusive, including metaluminous to mildly peralkaline, sparsely anorthoclasephyric rhyolite to peralkaline, aphyric rhyo lite to quartzsanidinesodic amphibole porphyritic rhyolite at 16.41 Ma. Meta luminous to peraluminous biotite rhyolite lavas and domes were emplaced around what is now the caldera wall in 4 areas at 16.62, 16.49, and 16.38 Ma. Eruption of the McDermitt Tuff generated the irregularly keyholeshaped, 40 × 30-22 km McDermitt caldera. Collapse occurred mostly along a narrow ringfault zone of discrete faults with variable downwarp into the caldera be tween faults. Minor parallel faults locally widen the zone to as much as 6 km. We find no evidence that the McDermitt caldera consists of multiple nested calderas, as previously postulated. Total collapse was no more than ~1 km, and total erupted volume was ~1000 km 3 , of which 50%-85% is intracaldera tuff. Uncertainties in these estimates arise because an intracaldera tuff section is exposed only along the western edge of the caldera, and outflow tuff is not completely mapped. Megabreccia and mesobreccia are common in intracal dera tuff in the complete section. Intracaldera tuff is strongly rheomorphic, scrambling the compositional zoning, which is locally better preserved in out flow sections. However, outflow tuff is also strongly rheomorphic where it was deposited over steep topography. The caldera underwent postcollapse resurgent uplift driven by intrusion of icelandite magma, which also erupted from two major vents and as wide spread lavas. Major igneous activity around the McDermitt caldera lasted from before 16.7 to 16.1 Ma, although minor highalumina olivine tholeiite lavas were emplaced ca. 14.9 Ma in the youngest recognized igneous activity. Tuffaceous sediments as much as 210 m thick filled the caldera, although whether deposition preceded, followed, or spanned resurgence is unresolved. Although formed during regional extension, the caldera is cut only at its west ern and eastern margins by much younger, highangle normal faults that re sulted in gentle (~10°) eastward tilting of the caldera. Numerous hydrothermal systems probably related to caldera magmatism and focused along caldera structures produced Hg, Zrrich U (some along the western caldera ring fracture dated as 16.3 Ma), Ga, and minor Au mineral ization. Lithium deposits formed throughout the intracaldera tuffaceous sedi ments, probably ca. 14.9 Ma. Silicic volcanism around the McDermitt caldera is some of the oldest of the Yellowstone hotspot, but the caldera is younger than two known calderas in northwestern Nevada. Published data show that silicic activity as old as at McDermitt is also found from the Silver City area of southwestern Idaho to the Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field in Nevada east of McDermitt. As recognized by others, an area of ~40,000 km 2 mostly in northwestern Nevada and south eastern Oregon underwent major silicic activity before ca. 16.0 Ma. The McDermitt caldera is similar to calderas of the middle Cenozoic ig nimbrite flareup of the Great Basin, especially in strong compositional zoning and large volume of erupted tuff, collapse along a distinct ringfracture system, abundance of megabreccia in intracaldera tuff, and resurgence. The greatest differences are that McDermitt is larger in area than all except a few flareup calderas and underwent far less collapse (~1 km versus 3-4 km to as much as 6 km). The McDermitt caldera may be an analog for the buried calderas of the GEOSPHERE
The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho,... more The West Bennett Hills (WBH), on the north side of the Snake River Plain (SRP) of southern Idaho, consist of a sequence of rhyolitic volcanic units known to share similar ages and chemistry with upper units of the Cougar Point Tuff (CPT), a series of high-grade ignimbrites associated with the Bruneau-Jarbidge (BJ) eruptive center 120 km south of WBH. The