William Chumlea - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by William Chumlea
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
This report provides estimates of specific resistivity for a sample of 123 children and adults ag... more This report provides estimates of specific resistivity for a sample of 123 children and adults aged 9-62 y. The mean muscle-specific resistivities for the upper and lower extremities (arm and leg) and trunk of these participants were used to compute estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) from the sum of the corrected total muscle conductive volumes of the arms, legs, and trunk. Mean values for predictions of FFM from S2/Z or from the product of total muscle conductive volume and the density of FFM were not significantly different from means of FFM estimated from body density by underwater weighing. This analysis demonstrates that an estimate of FFM can be obtained by summing the conductive muscle volumes of each body segment derived from the corresponding segment lengths squared, measures of bioelectric impedance, and mean muscle-specific resistivities. These mean estimates of FFM are not as accurate as mean predictions of FFM from S2/Z in regression equations.
International Journal of Obesity
Associations between changes with age in 'fat pattern' and lipoprotein cholesterols durin... more Associations between changes with age in 'fat pattern' and lipoprotein cholesterols during adolescence were analyzed using serial data for 214 boys and girls between 11 and 18 years of age who were participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. The logarithms of the ratios of the subscapular to lateral calf and the subscapular to triceps skinfold thicknesses increased with age in each sex, but the increases were greater in the boys. Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol decreased with age in the boys, but not in the girls. Within annual age-groups, neither plasma LDL cholesterol nor HDL cholesterol were correlated with percent body fat or either of the 'fat pattern' indices in each sex. In 51 children with serial data 5 years apart, changes with age in HDL cholesterol had significant negative correlations with changes in the 'fat pattern' indices that were independent of changes in percent body fat in the boys, but not in the girls. In the girls, changes in the indi...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The use of bioelectric impedance phase angle for predicting body composition was determined in 53... more The use of bioelectric impedance phase angle for predicting body composition was determined in 53 males and 69 females 9-62 y of age. The phase angle describes the amount of reactance (Xc) in a conductor relative to the amount of resistance (R). Bioelectric resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were determined for the whole body and separately for arm, leg, and trunk. Weight, stature, and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body composition was determined from densitometry. Phase angles for the trunk (phi t), leg (phi 1), and whole body (phi w) had significant (p less than 0.05) negative correlations with percent body fat (%BF) in each sex, and positive correlations with fat-free mass (FFM) in males. In multiple regression analyses, phi t was associated significantly with %BF after controlling for age, mean skinfold thickness, and weight/stature2 in each sex. Bioelectric phase angle for the trunk may be useful for predicting %BF in clinical and survey research.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The hypothesis that body composition can be estimated accurately from measurements of the length ... more The hypothesis that body composition can be estimated accurately from measurements of the length and resistance of the body segments was tested. Weight; stature; whole-body resistance; and the resistances, lengths, and circumferences of the leg, trunk, and arm were measured for 135 white men and women aged 18-58 y. Fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (%BF) were obtained from densitometry. The resistance of the whole body was determined almost entirely by the resistances of the arm and the leg. The accuracy of the prediction of FFM from arm length2/arm resistance and of %BF from weight x arm resistance/arm length2 was only marginally less than that obtained by using whole-body measurements. Thus, measurements of the resistance and length of the arm can be used in place of the whole-body methods for estimating body composition from bioelectric impedance.
American journal of mental deficiency
Mean weights for 5-cm stature intervals for three groups of children with trisomy 21 were compare... more Mean weights for 5-cm stature intervals for three groups of children with trisomy 21 were compared with those for a group of nonretarded children. Children with trisomy 21 had statistically significant larger mean weights beginning at statures of 105 to 110 cm for boys and at 95 to 100 cm for girls and at most larger statures analyzed. These statures were typical of 4- to 6-year-old children with trisomy 21. Children with trisomy 21 living in institutions tended to have larger mean weights for each stature interval than did those reared at home. Differences between the trisomy 21 and nonretarded groups were greater for girls than for boys.
American Journal of Epidemiology
As a part of the Fels Body Composition Study (an extension of the Fels Longitudinal Study in Yell... more As a part of the Fels Body Composition Study (an extension of the Fels Longitudinal Study in Yellow Springs, Ohio), the hypothesis was examined that a centripetal fat pattern, characterized by a greater proportion of trunkal than extremity adiposity, was associated independent of age and per cent body fat with levels of plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterols and blood pressures. A cross-sectional sample of 303 white men and women, 18 to 57 years of age, measured between September 1976 and August 1979, was selected without regard to diagnosis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or obesity. The degree of centripetal adipose tissue distribution was indexed by the logarithm of the ratio of the subscapular to lateral calf skinfold thicknesses. Per cent body fat was estimated by densitometry. In multiple regression equations controlling for age, age2, and per cent body fat, centripetal fat pattern had a small but significant positive association with systolic blood pressure in men (R2 = ...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Understanding the normal changes in the body and its composition with increasing old age and thei... more Understanding the normal changes in the body and its composition with increasing old age and their health implications are important to the health care and nutritional support of elderly subjects. Distribution statistics for selected body measurements of persons aged 65-80 y are available from the national health surveys. Recumbent anthropometric techniques and B-mode ultrasound may be applicable to measuring those greater than 80 y who have difficulty standing or are chair- or bedfast. The problems of estimating body composition in elderly subjects could be improved by using a four-compartment model. Noninvasive methods, such as anthropometry and bioelectric impedance, could be used to predict body composition in elderly subjects if appropriate equations were available and validated against direct methods. The most pressing need is for the development of suitable reference data for anthropometry and body composition in large representative samples of black, white, Hispanic and Orie...
International Journal of Obesity
In a sample of healthy adults (24 men, 21 women; 54 to 85 years of age) anthropometry was collect... more In a sample of healthy adults (24 men, 21 women; 54 to 85 years of age) anthropometry was collected and body density measured by underwater weighing. Estimates of body fat were computed from body density. The men were significantly larger than the women in body size and have significantly less percent body fat and less subcutaneous fat on their arms and legs. There were no sex differences in measures of subcutaneous fat on the trunk or in estimates of total body fat. Chest and abdominal circumferences were the measurements most highly correlated with total and percent body fat in the men. In the women, abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfolds were highly correlated with percent body fat, as were subscapular and midaxillary skinfold with total body fat.
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Fat-free mass (FFM) values were obtained for 99 males and 114 females (8-68 years) who are partic... more Fat-free mass (FFM) values were obtained for 99 males and 114 females (8-68 years) who are participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. These participants were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and by densitometry using (i) a multi-component model including measures of total body water (TBW) and total body mineral (Fels), (ii) a model with age- and sex-specific values for the density of FFM (Lohman), and (iii), a 2-component model (Siri). In males <25 years, the mean DEXA and Siri values were similar, but both were significantly smaller than the Lohman and Fels means. In females <25years, the mean DEXA values are smaller than those from the other methods. In men aged 25-54 years, the mean DEXA and Fels means showed good correspondence, but the Lohman and Siri means were significantly smaller. In women aged 25-54 years, the DEXA means were considerably smaller than those from the Siri, Lohman and Fels models. At ages >54 years, the findings are tentative be...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Epidemiologic investigations of chronic diseases in relation to body composition require large sa... more Epidemiologic investigations of chronic diseases in relation to body composition require large samples. This necessitates simple, reliable, and portable measures of body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) variables and selected anthropometric characteristics are frequently used to predict body composition for groups or individuals when the application of sophisticated methods is not practical. We address statistical issues pertinent to the formulation of prediction equations for body composition from BIA measures and anthropometry, and factors associated with the accuracy and precision of the prediction equations.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) values at or above the 75th percentile are associated with increa... more Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) values at or above the 75th percentile are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and there are significant correlations between BMI values in childhood and in adulthood. The present study addresses the predictive value of childhood BMI for overweight at 35 +/- 5 y, defined as BMI >28 for men and BMI >26 for women. Analyses of data from 555 white children showed that overweight at age 35 y could be predicted from BMI at younger ages. The prediction is excellent at age 18 y, good at age 13 y, but only moderate at ages <13 y. For 18-y-olds with BMIs above the 60th percentile, the probability of overweight at age 35 y is 34% for men and 37% for women. A clinically applicable method is provided to assign an overweight child to a group with a known probability of high BMI values in adulthood.
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1996
Fat-free mass and total and percentage body fat were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiomet... more Fat-free mass and total and percentage body fat were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total-body and segmental impedance measures were taken at 16 frequencies from 5 to 1300 kHz in a sample of white men and women aged 18-30 y. Plots of total-body and segmental impedance against frequency for each individual indicated that the general shape of these curves was described by the same mathematical function consisting of three components-ai, bi, and ci,-that contain information derived from the individual measurements of impedance summarized across the spectrum of current frequencies. Total-body and segmental multifrequency impedance were significantly correlated with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, and osmolality. Regression models of body composition with total-body or segmental impedance measures at discrete frequencies or the impedance spectrum variables were similar to corresponding findings for impedance models at 50 kHz. The...
The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2009
To determine the relationship of abdominal circumference with increased left ventricular mass (LV... more To determine the relationship of abdominal circumference with increased left ventricular mass (LVM) from young adulthood into old age. Cross-sectional echocardiographic images were taken from 182 men and 220 women in the Fels Longitudinal Study 20 to 75 years of age to determine left ventricular mass. Left ventricular mass was divided by stature raised to the power of 2.7 (LVM/ht2.7) in order to minimize the impact of heart size variation from body size without overcompensating for the adverse effect of obesity. Abdominal circumference was measured and BMI calculated from stature and weight and categories of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were determined using published cut points. Regression models were used to describe the relationships of age, abdominal circumference, BMI and self-reported physical activity to LVM/ht2.7. Age, abdominal circumference and BMI were each positively and significantly related to an increased LVM/ht2.7 in men and women (p < 0.05). In the m...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
This report provides estimates of specific resistivity for a sample of 123 children and adults ag... more This report provides estimates of specific resistivity for a sample of 123 children and adults aged 9-62 y. The mean muscle-specific resistivities for the upper and lower extremities (arm and leg) and trunk of these participants were used to compute estimates of fat-free mass (FFM) from the sum of the corrected total muscle conductive volumes of the arms, legs, and trunk. Mean values for predictions of FFM from S2/Z or from the product of total muscle conductive volume and the density of FFM were not significantly different from means of FFM estimated from body density by underwater weighing. This analysis demonstrates that an estimate of FFM can be obtained by summing the conductive muscle volumes of each body segment derived from the corresponding segment lengths squared, measures of bioelectric impedance, and mean muscle-specific resistivities. These mean estimates of FFM are not as accurate as mean predictions of FFM from S2/Z in regression equations.
International Journal of Obesity
Associations between changes with age in 'fat pattern' and lipoprotein cholesterols durin... more Associations between changes with age in 'fat pattern' and lipoprotein cholesterols during adolescence were analyzed using serial data for 214 boys and girls between 11 and 18 years of age who were participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. The logarithms of the ratios of the subscapular to lateral calf and the subscapular to triceps skinfold thicknesses increased with age in each sex, but the increases were greater in the boys. Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol decreased with age in the boys, but not in the girls. Within annual age-groups, neither plasma LDL cholesterol nor HDL cholesterol were correlated with percent body fat or either of the 'fat pattern' indices in each sex. In 51 children with serial data 5 years apart, changes with age in HDL cholesterol had significant negative correlations with changes in the 'fat pattern' indices that were independent of changes in percent body fat in the boys, but not in the girls. In the girls, changes in the indi...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The use of bioelectric impedance phase angle for predicting body composition was determined in 53... more The use of bioelectric impedance phase angle for predicting body composition was determined in 53 males and 69 females 9-62 y of age. The phase angle describes the amount of reactance (Xc) in a conductor relative to the amount of resistance (R). Bioelectric resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were determined for the whole body and separately for arm, leg, and trunk. Weight, stature, and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body composition was determined from densitometry. Phase angles for the trunk (phi t), leg (phi 1), and whole body (phi w) had significant (p less than 0.05) negative correlations with percent body fat (%BF) in each sex, and positive correlations with fat-free mass (FFM) in males. In multiple regression analyses, phi t was associated significantly with %BF after controlling for age, mean skinfold thickness, and weight/stature2 in each sex. Bioelectric phase angle for the trunk may be useful for predicting %BF in clinical and survey research.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The hypothesis that body composition can be estimated accurately from measurements of the length ... more The hypothesis that body composition can be estimated accurately from measurements of the length and resistance of the body segments was tested. Weight; stature; whole-body resistance; and the resistances, lengths, and circumferences of the leg, trunk, and arm were measured for 135 white men and women aged 18-58 y. Fat-free mass (FFM) and percent body fat (%BF) were obtained from densitometry. The resistance of the whole body was determined almost entirely by the resistances of the arm and the leg. The accuracy of the prediction of FFM from arm length2/arm resistance and of %BF from weight x arm resistance/arm length2 was only marginally less than that obtained by using whole-body measurements. Thus, measurements of the resistance and length of the arm can be used in place of the whole-body methods for estimating body composition from bioelectric impedance.
American journal of mental deficiency
Mean weights for 5-cm stature intervals for three groups of children with trisomy 21 were compare... more Mean weights for 5-cm stature intervals for three groups of children with trisomy 21 were compared with those for a group of nonretarded children. Children with trisomy 21 had statistically significant larger mean weights beginning at statures of 105 to 110 cm for boys and at 95 to 100 cm for girls and at most larger statures analyzed. These statures were typical of 4- to 6-year-old children with trisomy 21. Children with trisomy 21 living in institutions tended to have larger mean weights for each stature interval than did those reared at home. Differences between the trisomy 21 and nonretarded groups were greater for girls than for boys.
American Journal of Epidemiology
As a part of the Fels Body Composition Study (an extension of the Fels Longitudinal Study in Yell... more As a part of the Fels Body Composition Study (an extension of the Fels Longitudinal Study in Yellow Springs, Ohio), the hypothesis was examined that a centripetal fat pattern, characterized by a greater proportion of trunkal than extremity adiposity, was associated independent of age and per cent body fat with levels of plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterols and blood pressures. A cross-sectional sample of 303 white men and women, 18 to 57 years of age, measured between September 1976 and August 1979, was selected without regard to diagnosis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or obesity. The degree of centripetal adipose tissue distribution was indexed by the logarithm of the ratio of the subscapular to lateral calf skinfold thicknesses. Per cent body fat was estimated by densitometry. In multiple regression equations controlling for age, age2, and per cent body fat, centripetal fat pattern had a small but significant positive association with systolic blood pressure in men (R2 = ...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Understanding the normal changes in the body and its composition with increasing old age and thei... more Understanding the normal changes in the body and its composition with increasing old age and their health implications are important to the health care and nutritional support of elderly subjects. Distribution statistics for selected body measurements of persons aged 65-80 y are available from the national health surveys. Recumbent anthropometric techniques and B-mode ultrasound may be applicable to measuring those greater than 80 y who have difficulty standing or are chair- or bedfast. The problems of estimating body composition in elderly subjects could be improved by using a four-compartment model. Noninvasive methods, such as anthropometry and bioelectric impedance, could be used to predict body composition in elderly subjects if appropriate equations were available and validated against direct methods. The most pressing need is for the development of suitable reference data for anthropometry and body composition in large representative samples of black, white, Hispanic and Orie...
International Journal of Obesity
In a sample of healthy adults (24 men, 21 women; 54 to 85 years of age) anthropometry was collect... more In a sample of healthy adults (24 men, 21 women; 54 to 85 years of age) anthropometry was collected and body density measured by underwater weighing. Estimates of body fat were computed from body density. The men were significantly larger than the women in body size and have significantly less percent body fat and less subcutaneous fat on their arms and legs. There were no sex differences in measures of subcutaneous fat on the trunk or in estimates of total body fat. Chest and abdominal circumferences were the measurements most highly correlated with total and percent body fat in the men. In the women, abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfolds were highly correlated with percent body fat, as were subscapular and midaxillary skinfold with total body fat.
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Fat-free mass (FFM) values were obtained for 99 males and 114 females (8-68 years) who are partic... more Fat-free mass (FFM) values were obtained for 99 males and 114 females (8-68 years) who are participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study. These participants were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and by densitometry using (i) a multi-component model including measures of total body water (TBW) and total body mineral (Fels), (ii) a model with age- and sex-specific values for the density of FFM (Lohman), and (iii), a 2-component model (Siri). In males <25 years, the mean DEXA and Siri values were similar, but both were significantly smaller than the Lohman and Fels means. In females <25years, the mean DEXA values are smaller than those from the other methods. In men aged 25-54 years, the mean DEXA and Fels means showed good correspondence, but the Lohman and Siri means were significantly smaller. In women aged 25-54 years, the DEXA means were considerably smaller than those from the Siri, Lohman and Fels models. At ages >54 years, the findings are tentative be...
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Epidemiologic investigations of chronic diseases in relation to body composition require large sa... more Epidemiologic investigations of chronic diseases in relation to body composition require large samples. This necessitates simple, reliable, and portable measures of body composition. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) variables and selected anthropometric characteristics are frequently used to predict body composition for groups or individuals when the application of sophisticated methods is not practical. We address statistical issues pertinent to the formulation of prediction equations for body composition from BIA measures and anthropometry, and factors associated with the accuracy and precision of the prediction equations.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) values at or above the 75th percentile are associated with increa... more Body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) values at or above the 75th percentile are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood, and there are significant correlations between BMI values in childhood and in adulthood. The present study addresses the predictive value of childhood BMI for overweight at 35 +/- 5 y, defined as BMI >28 for men and BMI >26 for women. Analyses of data from 555 white children showed that overweight at age 35 y could be predicted from BMI at younger ages. The prediction is excellent at age 18 y, good at age 13 y, but only moderate at ages <13 y. For 18-y-olds with BMIs above the 60th percentile, the probability of overweight at age 35 y is 34% for men and 37% for women. A clinically applicable method is provided to assign an overweight child to a group with a known probability of high BMI values in adulthood.
The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1996
Fat-free mass and total and percentage body fat were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiomet... more Fat-free mass and total and percentage body fat were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total-body and segmental impedance measures were taken at 16 frequencies from 5 to 1300 kHz in a sample of white men and women aged 18-30 y. Plots of total-body and segmental impedance against frequency for each individual indicated that the general shape of these curves was described by the same mathematical function consisting of three components-ai, bi, and ci,-that contain information derived from the individual measurements of impedance summarized across the spectrum of current frequencies. Total-body and segmental multifrequency impedance were significantly correlated with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, and osmolality. Regression models of body composition with total-body or segmental impedance measures at discrete frequencies or the impedance spectrum variables were similar to corresponding findings for impedance models at 50 kHz. The...
The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 2009
To determine the relationship of abdominal circumference with increased left ventricular mass (LV... more To determine the relationship of abdominal circumference with increased left ventricular mass (LVM) from young adulthood into old age. Cross-sectional echocardiographic images were taken from 182 men and 220 women in the Fels Longitudinal Study 20 to 75 years of age to determine left ventricular mass. Left ventricular mass was divided by stature raised to the power of 2.7 (LVM/ht2.7) in order to minimize the impact of heart size variation from body size without overcompensating for the adverse effect of obesity. Abdominal circumference was measured and BMI calculated from stature and weight and categories of overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were determined using published cut points. Regression models were used to describe the relationships of age, abdominal circumference, BMI and self-reported physical activity to LVM/ht2.7. Age, abdominal circumference and BMI were each positively and significantly related to an increased LVM/ht2.7 in men and women (p < 0.05). In the m...