William Hammitt - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by William Hammitt

Leisure Sciences, 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between wilderness use encounters a... more The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between wilderness use encounters and degree of privacy achieved at three locations within a wilderness. The theoretical perspective of the research was grounded in environmental psychology, which emphasized the dynamic nature of person and situation fit, rather than the sociology of normative behavior. The study depicted privacy as a dependent

Increasingly, wilderness managers must choose between the objective of wildness ("untrammeled" wi... more Increasingly, wilderness managers must choose between the objective of wildness ("untrammeled" wilderness) and the objectives of naturalness and solitude. This dilemma has surfaced with awareness of the pervasiveness of human influence in wilderness and that regulation is often the only way to maintain outstanding opportunities for solitude. Should we trammel wilderness to compensate for unnatural effects of human activity or, to avoid trammeling wilderness, should we allow conditions to become increasingly unnatural? Should we restrict access and behavior to preserve opportunities for solitude, knowing this will exacerbate supply/demand problems and deny visitors a sense of freedom and spontaneity? This paper discusses this dilemma and opportunities for research in support of different objectives.

CABI eBooks, 2017

Describing the fundamental elements of research methods for leisure, recreation and tourism, this... more Describing the fundamental elements of research methods for leisure, recreation and tourism, this second edition is updated throughout. Part I provides a broad overview of the research process in leisure, recreation and tourism with a chapter specifically devoted to understanding the entire research process that will then be fully covered in successive chapters, giving the student the opportunity to think about all associated steps and processes involved in research as a whole. Part II covers the fundamental concepts and processes involved in conducting research. Individual chapters are devoted to the nature and importance of research, basic research concepts and designs, finding and summarizing the existing research, the measurement of variables, and writing a research proposal for scientific inquiry. Part III looks at survey research, qualitative research methods, grounded theory methodology, evaluation research, and basic principles of the design and analysis of experimental research, and cross-cultural research and visual research methods issues and concerns. Part IV deals with tools used in analysing data and testing hypotheses. Individual chapters discuss how to summarize data, use of inferential data analysis, uses of parametric (t-tests and ANOVA) and non-parametric (c2) tests (new to this editions are: Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H-Test and the Wilcoxon Signed-rank Test), correlation analysis, simple linear regression and factor analytical procedures (PCA). Part V provides an extensive discussion about how to communicate and report research results via four types of research reports: class assignments; a thesis or dissertation; a research journal article; and a technical report. The book has 17 chapters and a subject index.

Journal of Leisure Research, Jul 1, 1982

This paper challenges the traditional ”re-create” definition of recreation, offering in its place... more This paper challenges the traditional ”re-create” definition of recreation, offering in its place a restorative orientation based on Attention Restoration Theory. It will be argued and demonstrated that we are not in the business of ”re-creating” something that has been lost, but rather, in the business of restoring people's mental well-being that has been fatigued. Outdoor recreation researchers and managers should be concerned with restorative environments and experiences, not the ”re-creating” of lost human properties and benefits. The paper begins with a demonstration to illustrate the difference between restoration and re-creation, follows with a conceptual presentation of Attention Restoration Theory and the components of restorative environments, and ends with some psychophysiological evidence from natural and outdoor recreation environments that support a restoration approach to outdoor recreation management. The conclusion proposes that we are restoration recreationists, with a philosophical role not much different from restoration ecologists, restoration architects, and restorative psychologists.

Ocean & Coastal Management, Oct 1, 2016

This study used choice modeling to assess demand by saltwater anglers and non-anglers, visiting t... more This study used choice modeling to assess demand by saltwater anglers and non-anglers, visiting the South Carolina coast, for value-added experiences and services associated with charter boat trips. Diverse non-fishing trip attributes including onboard amenities, onshore activities, quality of captain and crew, onboard nature-based tourism, onboard culture-based tourism and interpretation and education services were tested. Sampling of saltwater, recreational fishing, license owners and coastal tourists in 2013 produced 544 surveys (anglers ¼ 277, non-anglers ¼ 267). Study results showed that both groups placed importance on Quality of Captain and Crew, Onboard Amenities and Boat Fee. Only non-anglers placed importance on Onboard Nature-based Tourism. The marginal willingness to pay of Quality of Captain and Crew (high level

Journal of park and recreation administration, Apr 18, 2010

Walking and day hiking on nature trails are popular activities that occur in most park and forest... more Walking and day hiking on nature trails are popular activities that occur in most park and forest recreation areas, but the public commonly does not recognize trails as developed facilities that require design, construction and maintenance. Trail use impacts, such as tread and surface erosion, vegetation wear and disappearance, and trail widening, are costly repairs that need constant monitoring and maintenance. However, despite the rapid growth of the demand for park and recreational services, government budget cutbacks and public resistance to tax increases occurring over the last several decades have placed parks in a difficult financial situation. Providing park agencies with information regarding economic benefits derived from trail services and facilities will assist them in highlighting the importance of these services, justifying the need for more funds from the government, as well as supporting the implementation of revenue capture policies through user fees. Accordingly, the main focus of this study is to determine the economic values park visitors place on trail facilities and services at a state park using a nonmarket valuation tool. To estimate park visitors' economic benefits of trail use, a contingent valuation method component was incorporated into the questionnaire. The sampling frame for this study included visitors to a state park in South Carolina. Of 543 visitors intercepted, 305 questionnaires were returned, and 248 responses were acceptable for the economic benefit analysis. Using the bivariate probit model, the estimated economic benefits for management and maintenance of park trails are 4.76andthe954.76 and the 95% confidence intervals are between 4.76andthe953.81 and $5.71. Decision makers are challenged with determining the feasibility of park maintenance and sustaining the current conditions of facilities. In particular, hiking is known to be one of the primary uses by individuals visiting parks but the provision of trail services have not kept pace with the management and maintenance needs given declining government budgets. Implications of how the study finding can be used for administration and management decisions are discussed in two different ways (1) fee-based revenue analysis and (2) costbenefit analysis. Although this study is a case analysis involving trail use at one state park in South Carolina, the methods and results presented could be applicable to trail use at an array of local and state parks to estimate economic benefits of trail resources.

A RESTORATIVE DEFINITION FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION occur? Not in the practical sense, but in a theor... more A RESTORATIVE DEFINITION FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION occur? Not in the practical sense, but in a theoretical sense. What are the psychological and physiological qualities that underpin the creation anew during recreation? What is the theoretical foundation and/or process by which the recreate of recreation occurs? The basic purpose and premise of this paper is to challenge you by saying "We (outdoor recreationists) are NOT in the recreation business, but rather, the restoration business." In most situations we are not involved in the process of creating anew something that is lost within humans, but rather, restoring something within them that has been weakened or fatigued. This restorative defi nition of outdoor recreation will be developed by addressing four major themes entitled: The ARGUMENT, DEMONSTRATION, ART, and EVIDENCE. 2.0 The Argument Kelly, (1996) states that "recreation stems from the Latin recreatio, which refers to restoration or recovery. The term implies the recreation of energy or the restoration of ability to function. Recreation contains the concept of restoration of wholeness of mind, spirit, and body. It presupposes some other activity that depletes, tires, or deteriorates that wholeness" (p. 25). There are several key words in Kelly's statement that support the argument for a RESTORE rather than RECREATE, defi nition of outdoor recreation. A restorative defi nition for outdoor recreation argues that recovery is involved, where an ability to function is restored, involving the mind and body, and presupposes some other process that leads to tiring or deterioration within humans that prevents functioning as desired. Unfortunately, Kelly does not elaborate to provide a psychological and theoretical foundation for how the tiring or deterioration occurs, nor how the restorative process occurs involving the mind and body. But fortunately for us, Kaplan (1995) in his elaborations of Attention Restorative Theory (ART) and restorative environments/experiences, does provide a psychological and theoretical explanation for the deterioration and recovery processes involved.

Environmental Management, Jul 1, 1981

Recreational use of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has increased remarkably d... more Recreational use of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park has increased remarkably during recent years. To better manage the stream resource for visitor needs and at the same time preserve it for future generations, a user study was initiated in 1978. Use patterns, both spatial and temporal, and possible accompanying ecological impacts at three streams were investigated. Sampling

University Microfilms eBooks, 1979

ABSTRACT

Journal of Leisure Research, 1984

Leisure Sciences, 1984

Westin (1967), in his Privacy and Freedom, suggests that there are four basic functions of privac... more Westin (1967), in his Privacy and Freedom, suggests that there are four basic functions of privacy in society (personal autonomy, emotional release, self‐evaluation, limited and protected communication). Westin's theoretical model was examined for its utility in understanding the functions of privacy in wilderness environments. Importance ratings of 106 wilderness users for 28 scale items which characterized the privacy functions were

Tourism recreation research, 1985

National parks are commonly conceived as serving a stereotyped role within tourism-recreation del... more National parks are commonly conceived as serving a stereotyped role within tourism-recreation delivery systems. They are often thought of as being destination parks that visitors drive more than a day to reach and spend several days visiting. National parks are also stereotyped as serving a national and international audience, in pursuit of tourism activities. Ten major U. S. national parks were examined to determine if the activites participated in, the reasons for pursuing the activities, and visitor use patterns, agreed with the stereotyped role of national parks. Results indicated that two general categories of parks exist: regional parks for specialized publics and the commonly conceived national parks for generalized publics.