William Liem - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by William Liem
There are several features of complex systems that make creating change in K-12 education difficu... more There are several features of complex systems that make creating change in K-12 education difficult, including: delays between the intervention and outcome, unexpected or confusing responses to interventions, and differences in how individuals and groups experience the same systems. The concept of “accumulation” provides important insight into how misperceptions, delays, and counter-intuitive system responses occur in education change efforts. Stock [BE1] and Flow Diagrams are visual tools to identify and visually describe key accumulations in the systems and facilitate conversations to understand systems better. The purpose of this brief is to describe how the concept of accumulation can help us understand system behavior and to introduce how stock and flow diagrams can be used to help us model problems and find solutions in K-12 education
Feedback effects causing unintended or unanticipated consequences of actions -When we can't see o... more Feedback effects causing unintended or unanticipated consequences of actions -When we can't see or understand the system as a whole, our well-intentioned actions may have side effects that make the problem worse in the long-run. Let's say our district has low test scores, so we double down on time spent preparing for standardized tests. In the short term, test scores may improve. But there is an unintended consequence: with the added pressure on testing, teachers become burnt out and students become less engaged in learning. Ultimately, the test scores drop further. Accumulations and history dependence -The behavior of a system is not only influenced by what is going on right at this moment, but the history of accumulated experiences of people in that system. A high school parent outreach coordinator may initiate large scale listening sessions and free brunches to build relationships with parents, but parents' perceptions and experience of the school may be influenced by the accumulated positive and negative experiences over years of interacting with the school --both as a parent but also as a student themselves. Traditional program design tools, such as logic models, help us develop, negotiate, and communicate our change efforts in a clear, linear way (i.e. Resources --> Activities --> Outputs --> Outcomes --> Impact). However, these tools can fail to account for the characteristics of complex problems, causing our best plans to fail or lead to surprising results.
Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 2021
Indonesia reported the first two cases of COVID-19 from Depok City, West Java, on March 2, 2020. ... more Indonesia reported the first two cases of COVID-19 from Depok City, West Java, on March 2, 2020. This study aimed to evaluate the strategic response for reducing the COVID-19 transmission which mainly comprised case management, large-scale social restrictions, including micro-scale social restrictions, and the development of drugs and vaccines. The data were collected from the Indonesian Government’s official websites and the latest information from March 2020 to May 2021. Furthermore, a logical framework approach and a theory of change were used to describe, evaluate, and strengthen the strategic response. The current strategic response has not reduce the COVID-19 transmission. As of May 30, 2021, 1,879,730 confirmed cases with 101,639 active cases,1,663,998 recovered, and 50,404 deaths have been reported from 34 provinces. The case management faced a high positive rate and case fatality. Furthermore, the large-scale social restrictions have not increased public awareness and behav...
Systems Thinking Iceberg: Diving Beneath the Surface in Education Systems
Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, 2022
While supports for people with disabilities have increased, significant healthcare and financial ... more While supports for people with disabilities have increased, significant healthcare and financial barriers persist. Stateadministered Medicaid Buy-In programs for working people with disabilities, distinct from broader buy-in discussions that have emerged as some states consider expanding access to health insurance, are intended to incentivize employment and protect against a loss of Long-Term Services and Supports. Loss of these services would be detrimental to a person's ability to access daily living and workforce participation supporting services. This paper explores identified drivers of and barriers to participation, outcomes, and the current state of programs that are currently in place. Authors conducted a systematic literature search to identify evidence published in peer-review journals. Additionally, a policy scan using information from government sources for the 45 stateadministered buy-in programs was completed. The results indicate that state Medicaid Buy-In programs vary dramatically in their construction and presentation, with eligibility and administration information or lack thereof having the potential to significantly affect a person's decision making around benefit enrollment and employment. Findings are discussed in the context of additional recent state and federal policy efforts to improve outcomes around employment, income, and asset generation for people with disabilities.
All over the Map: A Systematic Literature Review and State Policy Scan of Medicaid Buy-In Programs for Working Individuals with Disabilities
SSRN Electronic Journal
There are several features of complex systems that make creating change in K-12 education difficu... more There are several features of complex systems that make creating change in K-12 education difficult, including: delays between the intervention and outcome, unexpected or confusing responses to interventions, and differences in how individuals and groups experience the same systems. The concept of “accumulation” provides important insight into how misperceptions, delays, and counter-intuitive system responses occur in education change efforts. Stock [BE1] and Flow Diagrams are visual tools to identify and visually describe key accumulations in the systems and facilitate conversations to understand systems better. The purpose of this brief is to describe how the concept of accumulation can help us understand system behavior and to introduce how stock and flow diagrams can be used to help us model problems and find solutions in K-12 education
Feedback effects causing unintended or unanticipated consequences of actions -When we can't see o... more Feedback effects causing unintended or unanticipated consequences of actions -When we can't see or understand the system as a whole, our well-intentioned actions may have side effects that make the problem worse in the long-run. Let's say our district has low test scores, so we double down on time spent preparing for standardized tests. In the short term, test scores may improve. But there is an unintended consequence: with the added pressure on testing, teachers become burnt out and students become less engaged in learning. Ultimately, the test scores drop further. Accumulations and history dependence -The behavior of a system is not only influenced by what is going on right at this moment, but the history of accumulated experiences of people in that system. A high school parent outreach coordinator may initiate large scale listening sessions and free brunches to build relationships with parents, but parents' perceptions and experience of the school may be influenced by the accumulated positive and negative experiences over years of interacting with the school --both as a parent but also as a student themselves. Traditional program design tools, such as logic models, help us develop, negotiate, and communicate our change efforts in a clear, linear way (i.e. Resources --> Activities --> Outputs --> Outcomes --> Impact). However, these tools can fail to account for the characteristics of complex problems, causing our best plans to fail or lead to surprising results.
Kesmas: National Public Health Journal, 2021
Indonesia reported the first two cases of COVID-19 from Depok City, West Java, on March 2, 2020. ... more Indonesia reported the first two cases of COVID-19 from Depok City, West Java, on March 2, 2020. This study aimed to evaluate the strategic response for reducing the COVID-19 transmission which mainly comprised case management, large-scale social restrictions, including micro-scale social restrictions, and the development of drugs and vaccines. The data were collected from the Indonesian Government’s official websites and the latest information from March 2020 to May 2021. Furthermore, a logical framework approach and a theory of change were used to describe, evaluate, and strengthen the strategic response. The current strategic response has not reduce the COVID-19 transmission. As of May 30, 2021, 1,879,730 confirmed cases with 101,639 active cases,1,663,998 recovered, and 50,404 deaths have been reported from 34 provinces. The case management faced a high positive rate and case fatality. Furthermore, the large-scale social restrictions have not increased public awareness and behav...
Systems Thinking Iceberg: Diving Beneath the Surface in Education Systems
Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, 2022
While supports for people with disabilities have increased, significant healthcare and financial ... more While supports for people with disabilities have increased, significant healthcare and financial barriers persist. Stateadministered Medicaid Buy-In programs for working people with disabilities, distinct from broader buy-in discussions that have emerged as some states consider expanding access to health insurance, are intended to incentivize employment and protect against a loss of Long-Term Services and Supports. Loss of these services would be detrimental to a person's ability to access daily living and workforce participation supporting services. This paper explores identified drivers of and barriers to participation, outcomes, and the current state of programs that are currently in place. Authors conducted a systematic literature search to identify evidence published in peer-review journals. Additionally, a policy scan using information from government sources for the 45 stateadministered buy-in programs was completed. The results indicate that state Medicaid Buy-In programs vary dramatically in their construction and presentation, with eligibility and administration information or lack thereof having the potential to significantly affect a person's decision making around benefit enrollment and employment. Findings are discussed in the context of additional recent state and federal policy efforts to improve outcomes around employment, income, and asset generation for people with disabilities.
All over the Map: A Systematic Literature Review and State Policy Scan of Medicaid Buy-In Programs for Working Individuals with Disabilities
SSRN Electronic Journal