William Shedd - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by William Shedd

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2014

The niche of many deep-sea species remains poorly resolved despite decades of seafloor exploratio... more The niche of many deep-sea species remains poorly resolved despite decades of seafloor exploration. Without better information on the distribution and habitat preference of key species, a complete understanding of the ecology of deep-sea communities will remain unattainable. It is increasingly apparent that cold-water corals are among the dominant foundation species in the deep sea, providing both structurally complex habitat and significant ecosystem services. In this study, the niche and distribution of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was evaluated using the maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. Ecological niche models were constructed for a broad region of the northern Gulf of Mexico using data gridded at a spatial resolution of 25 m, including bathymetry, substrate type, export productivity, and aragonite saturation state at depth. Fine-scale models were constructed at a resolution of 5 m using only remotely sensed bathymetric and surface reflectivity data. The broad-scale model performed well, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.981. All fine-scale models performed well when verified using training data (average AUC of 0.963) and when validated using independent occurrence data from a new geographic region (average AUC of 0.937). The distribution of L. pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was found to be controlled primarily by depth, local topography, and availability of hard substrate. While these factors have long been associated with the success of cold-water corals, their relative importance has never been quantified in the Gulf of Mexico, making it historically difficult to precisely delineate L. pertusa's niche and predict its distribution in unexplored regions. Given these results, we suggest that future expeditions combine remotely sensed data with niche modelling techniques to increase the efficiency of deep-sea exploration.

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2010

Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled site... more Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled sites of fluid-gas expulsion from the little-studied middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (below water depths of 1000 m). Dives were focused on 15 locations ...

The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program ... more The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program between the US Department of Energy and an international industrial consortium under the leadership of Chevron, conducted its ``Leg II'' logging-while-drilling operations in April and May of 2009. JIP Leg II was intended to expand the existing JIP work from previous emphasis on fine-grained sedimentary

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites in the Gulf of Mexico during a 21 day drilling program in April and May, 2009. Using both petroleum systems and seismic stratigraphic approaches, the exploration focus for Leg II was to identify sites with the potential for gas hydrate-saturated sand reservoirs. The data

The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program ... more The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program between the US Department of Energy and an international industrial consortium under the leadership of Chevron, conducted its ``Leg II'' logging-while-drilling operations in April and May of 2009. GC 955 was one of three sites drilled during Leg II. Three holes were drilled at the

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites in the Gulf of Mexico during a 21 day drilling program in April and May, 2009. Using both petroleum systems and seismic stratigraphic approaches, the exploration focus for Leg II was to identify sites with the potential for gas hydrate-saturated sand reservoirs. Two holes

... to characterize the potential gas hydrate resource in the Gulf of Mexico conducted within the... more ... to characterize the potential gas hydrate resource in the Gulf of Mexico conducted within the Minerals Management Service (Frye, 2008), industry ... Logs from the WR 313 #1 well show normal resistive sandy shale in the stratigraphic equivalent section, indicating that the sandy ...

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) began on April 16, 2009... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) began on April 16, 2009, with the mobilization of the semi-submersible drilling vessel Helix Q4000 at sea in the Gulf of Mexico and drilling was conducted in the Walker Ridge, Green Canyon and the Alaminos Canyon lease blocks. The primary objective of the Gulf of Mexico JIP Leg II program was the collection of a comprehensive suite of logging-while-drilling (LWD) data within gas hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs. The LWD sensors just above the drill bit provided important new information on the nature of the sediments and the occurrence of gas hydrate. The two holes drilled at Walker Ridge yielded evidence of a laterally continuous thick fracture-filling gas hydrate section, but more importantly both wells also encountered sand reservoirs, between 40 to 50-ft-thick, highly saturated with gas hydrate. Gas hydrate-bearing sands were also drilled in two of the three Green Canyon wells, with one occurrence roughly 1...

The Continental Slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico hosts diverse chemosynthetic communities at ... more The Continental Slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico hosts diverse chemosynthetic communities at oil and gas seeps. A new, multi-disciplinary investigation of sites in the 1000 to 2800 m range has been sponsored by the U.S. Minerals Management Service and NOAA Ocean Exploration. This program will extend knowledge of the Gulf of Mexico chemosynthetic ecosystem in the zones anticipated to receive energy exploration and production activities over the coming decades. A nested survey approach was developed to identify representative sampling sites within this vast offshore area. Potential sites where chemosynthetic community might occur were selected on the basis geophysical, geochemical, and satellite remote-sensing indicators. A list of twenty high-priority targets was compiled from this review. Nineteen of these locations were surveyed during a reconnaissance cruise conducted on R/V GYRE from 11 to 25 March 2006. At each site, the seafloor was imaged using a drift camera system compri...

Analyzing the magnitude of oil discharges from natural hydrocarbon seeps is important in improvin... more Analyzing the magnitude of oil discharges from natural hydrocarbon seeps is important in improving our understanding of carbon contribution as oil migrates from deeper sediments to the water column, and then eventually to the atmosphere. Liquid hydrocarbon seepage in the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is associated with deep cutting faults, associated with vertical salt movement, that provide conduits for the upward migration of oil and gas. Seeps transform surface geology and generate prominent geophysical targets that can be identified on 3-D seismic data as seafloor amplitude anomalies maps that correlate with the underlying deep fault systems. Using 3D seismic data, detailed mapping of the northern GOM has identified more than 21,000 geophysical anomalies across the basin. In addition to seismic data, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have proven to be a reliable tool for localizing natural seepage of oil. We used a Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA)...

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015

ABSTRACT Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve u... more ABSTRACT Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing SZ in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.

Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the RADARSAT platform were used to detect an... more Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the RADARSAT platform were used to detect and inventory persistent layers of oil released from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Previously published inventories of natural oil seeps in the Gulf have been limited in scope and have relied on manual interpretation of satellite images (Mitchell et al. 1999; De Beukelaer et al. 2003). We developed a texture classifying neural network algorithm (TCNNA) to rapidly identify floating oil-layers in a semi-supervised operation. Oil layers, known as slicks, were recognized as long (10 km), narrow (100 m), often curvilinear streaks with distinct points of origin where oil reaches the ocean surface. After training the TCNNA over known seep areas and under a range of environmental and viewing conditions, the procedure was applied to 426 separate images that covered ocean areas of 100x100 km (Standard Beam Mode), 102 images that covered ocean areas of 450x450 km(ScanSAR Wide Beam Mode), and 8...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2014

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan 12, 2014

On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout occurred, releasing more oil than any acci... more On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout occurred, releasing more oil than any accidental spill in history. Oil release continued for 87 d and much of the oil and gas remained in, or returned to, the deep sea. A coral community significantly impacted by the spill was discovered in late 2010 at 1,370 m depth. Here we describe the discovery of five previously unknown coral communities near the Macondo wellhead and show that at least two additional coral communities were impacted by the spill. Although the oil-containing flocullent material that was present on corals when the first impacted community was discovered was largely gone, a characteristic patchy covering of hydrozoans on dead portions of the skeleton allowed recognition of impacted colonies at the more recently discovered sites. One of these communities was 6 km south of the Macondo wellhead and over 90% of the corals present showed the characteristic signs of recent impact. The other community, 22 km southeast...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2013

ABSTRACT

Unconventional Energy Resources: Making the Unconventional Conventional: 29th Annual, 2009

... 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, West Virginia 26507 Collett, Timothy S. US Geological Sur... more ... 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, West Virginia 26507 Collett, Timothy S. US Geological Survey Denver Federal Center MS-939 Box 25046 ... Walker Ridge 313 The WR 313 drill site lies in ~6,500 ft of water within the “Terrebonne” mini-basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico. ...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2010

Copyright 2010, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 20... more Copyright 2010, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2010 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 3–6 May 2010. This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of ...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2008

Copyright 2008, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 20... more Copyright 2008, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 5–8 May 2008. This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of ...

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012

... Ray Boswell a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author ,T... more ... Ray Boswell a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author ,Timothy S. Collett b , Matthew Frye c ... and Kendall (2002), presented detailed geophysical evidence of gas hydrate occurrence within multiple units with the Terrebonne mini-basin in ...

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012

Logging-while-drilling data acquired during the 2009 Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Gas Hydrate Joint Indus... more Logging-while-drilling data acquired during the 2009 Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II program combined with features observed in seismic data allow assessment of the depositional environment, geometry, and internal architecture of gas-hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs from three sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM): Walker Ridge 313, Alaminos Canyon 21, and Green Canyon 955. The

Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2014

The niche of many deep-sea species remains poorly resolved despite decades of seafloor exploratio... more The niche of many deep-sea species remains poorly resolved despite decades of seafloor exploration. Without better information on the distribution and habitat preference of key species, a complete understanding of the ecology of deep-sea communities will remain unattainable. It is increasingly apparent that cold-water corals are among the dominant foundation species in the deep sea, providing both structurally complex habitat and significant ecosystem services. In this study, the niche and distribution of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was evaluated using the maximum entropy (Maxent) approach. Ecological niche models were constructed for a broad region of the northern Gulf of Mexico using data gridded at a spatial resolution of 25 m, including bathymetry, substrate type, export productivity, and aragonite saturation state at depth. Fine-scale models were constructed at a resolution of 5 m using only remotely sensed bathymetric and surface reflectivity data. The broad-scale model performed well, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.981. All fine-scale models performed well when verified using training data (average AUC of 0.963) and when validated using independent occurrence data from a new geographic region (average AUC of 0.937). The distribution of L. pertusa in the Gulf of Mexico was found to be controlled primarily by depth, local topography, and availability of hard substrate. While these factors have long been associated with the success of cold-water corals, their relative importance has never been quantified in the Gulf of Mexico, making it historically difficult to precisely delineate L. pertusa's niche and predict its distribution in unexplored regions. Given these results, we suggest that future expeditions combine remotely sensed data with niche modelling techniques to increase the efficiency of deep-sea exploration.

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2010

Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled site... more Use of DSV ALVIN (2006) and ROV JASON II (2007) provided access to never observed or sampled sites of fluid-gas expulsion from the little-studied middle and lower continental slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico (below water depths of 1000 m). Dives were focused on 15 locations ...

The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program ... more The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program between the US Department of Energy and an international industrial consortium under the leadership of Chevron, conducted its ``Leg II'' logging-while-drilling operations in April and May of 2009. JIP Leg II was intended to expand the existing JIP work from previous emphasis on fine-grained sedimentary

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites in the Gulf of Mexico during a 21 day drilling program in April and May, 2009. Using both petroleum systems and seismic stratigraphic approaches, the exploration focus for Leg II was to identify sites with the potential for gas hydrate-saturated sand reservoirs. The data

The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program ... more The Gulf of Mexico gas hydrates Joint Industry Project (the JIP), a cooperative research program between the US Department of Energy and an international industrial consortium under the leadership of Chevron, conducted its ``Leg II'' logging-while-drilling operations in April and May of 2009. GC 955 was one of three sites drilled during Leg II. Three holes were drilled at the

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II drilling program visited three sites in the Gulf of Mexico during a 21 day drilling program in April and May, 2009. Using both petroleum systems and seismic stratigraphic approaches, the exploration focus for Leg II was to identify sites with the potential for gas hydrate-saturated sand reservoirs. Two holes

... to characterize the potential gas hydrate resource in the Gulf of Mexico conducted within the... more ... to characterize the potential gas hydrate resource in the Gulf of Mexico conducted within the Minerals Management Service (Frye, 2008), industry ... Logs from the WR 313 #1 well show normal resistive sandy shale in the stratigraphic equivalent section, indicating that the sandy ...

The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) began on April 16, 2009... more The Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II (JIP Leg II) began on April 16, 2009, with the mobilization of the semi-submersible drilling vessel Helix Q4000 at sea in the Gulf of Mexico and drilling was conducted in the Walker Ridge, Green Canyon and the Alaminos Canyon lease blocks. The primary objective of the Gulf of Mexico JIP Leg II program was the collection of a comprehensive suite of logging-while-drilling (LWD) data within gas hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs. The LWD sensors just above the drill bit provided important new information on the nature of the sediments and the occurrence of gas hydrate. The two holes drilled at Walker Ridge yielded evidence of a laterally continuous thick fracture-filling gas hydrate section, but more importantly both wells also encountered sand reservoirs, between 40 to 50-ft-thick, highly saturated with gas hydrate. Gas hydrate-bearing sands were also drilled in two of the three Green Canyon wells, with one occurrence roughly 1...

The Continental Slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico hosts diverse chemosynthetic communities at ... more The Continental Slope of the northern Gulf of Mexico hosts diverse chemosynthetic communities at oil and gas seeps. A new, multi-disciplinary investigation of sites in the 1000 to 2800 m range has been sponsored by the U.S. Minerals Management Service and NOAA Ocean Exploration. This program will extend knowledge of the Gulf of Mexico chemosynthetic ecosystem in the zones anticipated to receive energy exploration and production activities over the coming decades. A nested survey approach was developed to identify representative sampling sites within this vast offshore area. Potential sites where chemosynthetic community might occur were selected on the basis geophysical, geochemical, and satellite remote-sensing indicators. A list of twenty high-priority targets was compiled from this review. Nineteen of these locations were surveyed during a reconnaissance cruise conducted on R/V GYRE from 11 to 25 March 2006. At each site, the seafloor was imaged using a drift camera system compri...

Analyzing the magnitude of oil discharges from natural hydrocarbon seeps is important in improvin... more Analyzing the magnitude of oil discharges from natural hydrocarbon seeps is important in improving our understanding of carbon contribution as oil migrates from deeper sediments to the water column, and then eventually to the atmosphere. Liquid hydrocarbon seepage in the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is associated with deep cutting faults, associated with vertical salt movement, that provide conduits for the upward migration of oil and gas. Seeps transform surface geology and generate prominent geophysical targets that can be identified on 3-D seismic data as seafloor amplitude anomalies maps that correlate with the underlying deep fault systems. Using 3D seismic data, detailed mapping of the northern GOM has identified more than 21,000 geophysical anomalies across the basin. In addition to seismic data, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images have proven to be a reliable tool for localizing natural seepage of oil. We used a Texture Classifier Neural Network Algorithm (TCNNA)...

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015

ABSTRACT Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve u... more ABSTRACT Analysis of the magnitude of oil discharged from natural hydrocarbon seeps can improve understanding of the carbon cycle and the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) ecosystem. With use of a large archive of remote sensing data, in combination with geophysical and multibeam data, we identified, mapped, and characterized natural hydrocarbon seeps in the Macondo prospect region near the wreck site of the drill-rig Deepwater Horizon (DWH). Satellite image processing and the cluster analysis revealed locations of previously undetected seep zones. Including duplicate detections, a total of 562 individual gas plumes were also observed in multibeam surveys. In total, SAR imagery confirmed 52 oil-producing SZ in the study area. In almost all cases gas plumes were associated with oil-producing seep zones. The cluster of seeps in the vicinity of lease block MC302 appeared to host the most persistent and prolific oil vents. Oil slicks and gas plumes observed over the DWH site were consistent with discharges of residual oil from the wreckage. In contrast with highly persistent oil seeps observed in the Green Canyon and Garden Banks lease areas, the seeps in the vicinity of Macondo Prospect were intermittent. The difference in the number of seeps and the quantity of surface oil detected in Green Canyon was almost two orders of magnitude greater than in Mississippi Canyon.

Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the RADARSAT platform were used to detect an... more Satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from the RADARSAT platform were used to detect and inventory persistent layers of oil released from natural seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Previously published inventories of natural oil seeps in the Gulf have been limited in scope and have relied on manual interpretation of satellite images (Mitchell et al. 1999; De Beukelaer et al. 2003). We developed a texture classifying neural network algorithm (TCNNA) to rapidly identify floating oil-layers in a semi-supervised operation. Oil layers, known as slicks, were recognized as long (10 km), narrow (100 m), often curvilinear streaks with distinct points of origin where oil reaches the ocean surface. After training the TCNNA over known seep areas and under a range of environmental and viewing conditions, the procedure was applied to 426 separate images that covered ocean areas of 100x100 km (Standard Beam Mode), 102 images that covered ocean areas of 450x450 km(ScanSAR Wide Beam Mode), and 8...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2014

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jan 12, 2014

On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout occurred, releasing more oil than any acci... more On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout occurred, releasing more oil than any accidental spill in history. Oil release continued for 87 d and much of the oil and gas remained in, or returned to, the deep sea. A coral community significantly impacted by the spill was discovered in late 2010 at 1,370 m depth. Here we describe the discovery of five previously unknown coral communities near the Macondo wellhead and show that at least two additional coral communities were impacted by the spill. Although the oil-containing flocullent material that was present on corals when the first impacted community was discovered was largely gone, a characteristic patchy covering of hydrozoans on dead portions of the skeleton allowed recognition of impacted colonies at the more recently discovered sites. One of these communities was 6 km south of the Macondo wellhead and over 90% of the corals present showed the characteristic signs of recent impact. The other community, 22 km southeast...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2013

ABSTRACT

Unconventional Energy Resources: Making the Unconventional Conventional: 29th Annual, 2009

... 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, West Virginia 26507 Collett, Timothy S. US Geological Sur... more ... 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, West Virginia 26507 Collett, Timothy S. US Geological Survey Denver Federal Center MS-939 Box 25046 ... Walker Ridge 313 The WR 313 drill site lies in ~6,500 ft of water within the “Terrebonne” mini-basin in the northern Gulf of Mexico. ...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2010

Copyright 2010, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 20... more Copyright 2010, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2010 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 3–6 May 2010. This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of ...

Offshore Technology Conference, 2008

Copyright 2008, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 20... more Copyright 2008, Offshore Technology Conference This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 5–8 May 2008. This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of ...

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012

... Ray Boswell a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author ,T... more ... Ray Boswell a , Corresponding Author Contact Information , E-mail The Corresponding Author ,Timothy S. Collett b , Matthew Frye c ... and Kendall (2002), presented detailed geophysical evidence of gas hydrate occurrence within multiple units with the Terrebonne mini-basin in ...

Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2012

Logging-while-drilling data acquired during the 2009 Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Gas Hydrate Joint Indus... more Logging-while-drilling data acquired during the 2009 Gulf of Mexico (GoM) Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II program combined with features observed in seismic data allow assessment of the depositional environment, geometry, and internal architecture of gas-hydrate-bearing sand reservoirs from three sites in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM): Walker Ridge 313, Alaminos Canyon 21, and Green Canyon 955. The