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Papers by Willis Richardson

INNOVATIONS in pharmacy, Jul 12, 2019

The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist's role as vaccination prov... more The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist's role as vaccination providers has been financially and clinically measured. Methods: A broad literature search was conducted up to May 2016 to identify economic or clinical data on pharmacy vaccinations. MEDLINE® and PUBMED databases were searched for publications useful or potentially useful for this review. The NIH and CDC websites were also searched for relevant materials. Search terms included vaccination, pharmacist, economic, pharmacoeconomics, cost, benefits cost-effectiveness, physicians, immunizations, vaccinations, pharmacy vaccines, cost, physician vaccines, financial, benefit, ambulatory pharmacist vaccination, clinical pharmacist, economics, pharmacist vaccine impact. Results: The search yielded a total of 68 articles of which 12 met the criteria to be included in this review. After examining articles for relevance to pharmacy vaccinations, two tables were created to highlight the clinical and economic advantages of the pharmacist as a vaccinator. Conclusion: Pharmacists who administer vaccines are an underutilized provider. This literature review reveals a pattern among studies measuring the pharmacist's impact on vaccination rates, patient preferences, and cost savings. Pharmacists have a history of demonstrated dependability, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. State laws, collaborative agreements, and health plans have continued to prevent patients from using the pharmacy to receive the CDC recommended vaccines. These barriers ultimately delay the Healthy People 2020 goals. Introduction/Background Increasing vaccination rates to reduce infectious diseases remains one of the Healthy People 2020 objectives set forth by the United States Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1, 2 Vaccine innovation and increased vaccination rates were linked with increased survival in the 20 th century. However, certain infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccines, still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. 2 Currently there are 17 vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States 1 , including influenza. Although preventable, influenza is one of the leading infections in the United States and accounts for substantial spending on the consequences associated with the virus. 2 Vaccines remain the most cost-effective intervention in clinical prevention of infectious disease and their proper use is essential. 2 Specifically, children's vaccination programs yield a higher return on investment. Children receiving their vaccinations according to the CDC schedule saves 33,000 lives, prevents 14 million instances of disease, reduces health care cost by 9.9billion,andsaves9.9 billion, and saves 9.9billion,andsaves33.4 billion in indirect cost. In spite of the available vaccines, about 42,000 of adults and 300 children die each year from vaccine preventable diseases. 2 The pharmacists' role as vaccinators dates back to the 1800's. The first organized formal vaccination training for pharmacists

INNOVATIONS in pharmacy, Jul 12, 2019

The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist's role as vaccination prov... more The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist's role as vaccination providers has been financially and clinically measured. Methods: A broad literature search was conducted up to May 2016 to identify economic or clinical data on pharmacy vaccinations. MEDLINE® and PUBMED databases were searched for publications useful or potentially useful for this review. The NIH and CDC websites were also searched for relevant materials. Search terms included vaccination, pharmacist, economic, pharmacoeconomics, cost, benefits cost-effectiveness, physicians, immunizations, vaccinations, pharmacy vaccines, cost, physician vaccines, financial, benefit, ambulatory pharmacist vaccination, clinical pharmacist, economics, pharmacist vaccine impact. Results: The search yielded a total of 68 articles of which 12 met the criteria to be included in this review. After examining articles for relevance to pharmacy vaccinations, two tables were created to highlight the clinical and economic advantages of the pharmacist as a vaccinator. Conclusion: Pharmacists who administer vaccines are an underutilized provider. This literature review reveals a pattern among studies measuring the pharmacist's impact on vaccination rates, patient preferences, and cost savings. Pharmacists have a history of demonstrated dependability, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. State laws, collaborative agreements, and health plans have continued to prevent patients from using the pharmacy to receive the CDC recommended vaccines. These barriers ultimately delay the Healthy People 2020 goals. Introduction/Background Increasing vaccination rates to reduce infectious diseases remains one of the Healthy People 2020 objectives set forth by the United States Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 1, 2 Vaccine innovation and increased vaccination rates were linked with increased survival in the 20 th century. However, certain infectious diseases that can be prevented by vaccines, still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality. 2 Currently there are 17 vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States 1 , including influenza. Although preventable, influenza is one of the leading infections in the United States and accounts for substantial spending on the consequences associated with the virus. 2 Vaccines remain the most cost-effective intervention in clinical prevention of infectious disease and their proper use is essential. 2 Specifically, children's vaccination programs yield a higher return on investment. Children receiving their vaccinations according to the CDC schedule saves 33,000 lives, prevents 14 million instances of disease, reduces health care cost by 9.9billion,andsaves9.9 billion, and saves 9.9billion,andsaves33.4 billion in indirect cost. In spite of the available vaccines, about 42,000 of adults and 300 children die each year from vaccine preventable diseases. 2 The pharmacists' role as vaccinators dates back to the 1800's. The first organized formal vaccination training for pharmacists