Wiolene Nordi - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Wiolene Nordi

Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed wi... more Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed with diets containing 0, 10 or 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. The intestinal enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP, respectively), non-specific esterase (NSE), lipase (LIP), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were studied using histochemistry in four intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and posterior intestine). Weak proteolitic activity was observed in all intestinal segments for DAP IV and LAP. The activity of NSE and LIP was also weak in all intestines, except for the moderate activity of NSE in the S2 of 20% LBC group after 30 days and in the S1 of 0% LBC group after 60 days. The ACP was detected only in the S2 and S3 of the 10% LBC group after 30 days. Moderate and strong staining was observed in the first three intestinal segments for ALP and weak activity in the posterior intestine. The activi...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

Infectious and non-infectious feet lesions (FL) in livestock have been associated with reduced we... more Infectious and non-infectious feet lesions (FL) in livestock have been associated with reduced welfare, production, carcass and meat quality. Currently, the incidence of FL in sheep and its relationship with carcass quality has not been documented in Canada. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the incidence and type of lesions in Alberta sheep at slaughter and 2) the relationship between FL and carcass quality. A total of 4,487 sheep carcasses were assessed for FL at a slaughter plant in Alberta, Canada between October 2017 and March 2019. Approximately 300 sheep were evaluated monthly by two experienced observers who recorded common infectious (IN) and non-infectious (NIN) lesions. In addition, carcass information including hot carcass weight (HCW), and back fat thickness (BFT) were obtained from the slaughter plant records. Data were analyzed by multivariable regression models using SAS PROC GLIMMIX. Overall, FL incidence was 9.4% (7.0% having one lesion and 2.4% hav...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

Lameness in sheep caused by footrot (FR) is a significant health, welfare, and economic concern w... more Lameness in sheep caused by footrot (FR) is a significant health, welfare, and economic concern worldwide. To date, no studies have documented the incidence of FR or associated risk factors in feedlot lambs in Alberta. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) FR incidence and 2) animal, managerial and environmental risk factors associated with FR in one Southern Alberta, lamb feedlot. Assessments were conducted biweekly (average of 10 pens per visit) by 2 experienced observers. A total of 73,150 lambs were assessed between October 2017 and March 2019. All lame lambs were scored according to a 3-point mobility scale (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe lameness) and physically examined to diagnose the cause of lameness. Risk factors associated with FR were documented and included gender, days on feed (DOF), diet composition, and season. Multivariable regression models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were used to determine significant risk factors. A total of 473 lambs were identified ...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on... more The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8-mo-old conditioned and non-conditioned beef calves, sourced from either a ranch or an auction market. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (245 ± 35.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); source, ranch direct (R) or auction market (A); and rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h. After resting, animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum amyloid-A (SAA) and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations prior to the first loading (L1); after 36 h of transport; prior to and after the additional 4 h of transport, on the day of arrival (0); and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after the 4h transport. Daily standing % and dry matter intake (DMI) were assessed for 3 d after transport. Data were...

Aquaculture International, 2020

Nutraceuticals have been evaluated for their ability to protect and heal the gastrointestinal muc... more Nutraceuticals have been evaluated for their ability to protect and heal the gastrointestinal mucosa, especially in adverse conditions. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of a nutraceutical diet composed of bovine first milk secretion in the intestinal health of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density. Juveniles (140 ± 10 g) distributed into 16 cages and stocked at 50 kg m −3 were fed twice daily with a pelleted and semi-purified diet containing nutraceutical food (NF) in increasing levels, being 0, 10, 20, and 30% of inclusion (n = 4). Quantification of goblet cells containing neutral, acidic (including sialo and sulfomucins) and acidic-neutral mucins, volume (Vv), and surface density (Sv) of the mucosa and thickness of the internal circular muscle layer was determined after 28 experimental days in the middle gut and rectum (RT). The apoptotic rate was analyzed qualitatively according to the intensity (high, medium, and low) of caspase-3 immunostaining in epithelial cells. Performance parameters were not affected by the inclusion of NF in the diets. Juveniles fed 20% and 30% of NF showed a lower number of goblet cells containing sulfomucins than juveniles fed 0% and 10% of NF (P = 0.01) in the RT. In the last segment of the middle gut (S2) and RT, the intensity of caspase-3 immunostaining in enterocytes was inversely related to the concentration of NF added in the diet. The inclusion of 20% and 30% of nutraceutical food in the diet of P. mesopotamicus reduced the rate of apoptosis and the number of goblet cells containing sulfomucin in the last intestinal segments of juveniles subjected to high stocking density, mitigating the effects caused by the adverse condition and being, therefore, beneficial for intestinal health.

Caderno de Ciências Agrárias, 2019

O consumo de alimentos orgânicos está em pleno crescimento no mundo. A busca por alimentos mais p... more O consumo de alimentos orgânicos está em pleno crescimento no mundo. A busca por alimentos mais próximos ao natural, a preocupação com o meio ambiente no processo de produção e segurança alimentar, são os impulsionadores do crescimento deste mercado. São realizadas pesquisas em diversos locais do mundo que buscam conhecer melhor este público consumidor, para traçar as melhores estratégias de venda e fidelização destes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o comportamento e perfil dos consumidores de produtos orgânicos através de um questionário elaborado em uma plataforma digital e divulgado através de uma rede social. Para tal, foram coletadas informações de renda, idade, motivação de compra, principais alimentos adquiridos, locais de compra de alimentos orgânicos. O questionário foi respondido por 259 pessoas, em setembro de 2018. Os resultados demonstraram que os alimentos orgânicos possuem uma ótima aceitação da população, confirmado pelos 91% de entrevistados substituiri...

Journal of Animal Science, 2019

Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used as a non-invasive tool to detect inflammatory processes... more Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used as a non-invasive tool to detect inflammatory processes associated with disease in livestock. The aim of this study was to evaluate IRT as a tool to compare healthy and footrot (FR) affected hooves in feedlot lambs with varying degrees of lameness over two seasons. A total of 106 lame lambs with footrot from a feedlot in Alberta were individually categorized according to a 3-point locomotion scale [1 = mild (n = 7), 2 = moderate (n = 46) and 3 = severe lameness (n = 53)] during the summer (n = 39) and fall (n = 68) of 2018. All lambs were physically examined once by two experienced observers to determine if the lamb had footrot. IRT images of the interdigital space were used to obtain the maximum hoof temperature (MHT) of both FR affected as well as healthy (CT) hooves within the same animal. Generalized linear mixed models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were performed separately for each season and diagnosis and included locomotion score as a fixed eff...

Journal of Animal Science, 2019

Forthcoming revisions to Canadian Transport regulations indicate un-weaned and weaned calves can ... more Forthcoming revisions to Canadian Transport regulations indicate un-weaned and weaned calves can be transported a maximum of 12 and 36 h, respectively, before an 8 h rest is required. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rest duration after 12 and 36 h of transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8 mo old beef calves. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (258 ± 23.9 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 4 factorial design: 12 and 36 h of transport; and 0 (R0), 4 (R4), 8 (R8), and 12 (R12) h of rest. After the resting period animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin and lactate concentrations prior to, and after the first and the 4 h transport, and 7 h, 2 and 28 d after the 4 h transport. Standing and lying behavior was assessed for 14 d after transport. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, where transport, and time nested ...

Livestock Science, 2019

One hundred and seventy-four Angus bull calves (248 ± 27.1 kg of body weight (BW), 6-mo-old) were... more One hundred and seventy-four Angus bull calves (248 ± 27.1 kg of body weight (BW), 6-mo-old) were used in a 71 d study to assess the efficacy of the combination of flunixin meglumine and lidocaine in mitigating pain associated with band and knife castration. The experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial design that included castration method-sham (C), band (B) or knife (K); and medicationlidocaine (scrotal ring block 30 mL, 2% HCl lidocaine) and flunixin meglumine (single s.c. dose of 2.2 mg/kg BW) (M), or saline solution (NM). Animals were weighed on d 0 and weekly until d 71 (final BW) post-castration to obtain ADG. Physiological indicators included salivary cortisol collected on d 0 (30, 60, 120 and 240 min), d 2, 8, and weekly until d 48 postcastration; scrotal and eye temperature assessed on d 1, 2, 6, 8, and weekly until d 36 postcastration; fecal samples for E. coli collected on d 0, 2, 6, 8, and 22 post-castration. Behavioral measures included stride length on d 0, 8, and weekly until d 36, visual analog scale (VAS) evaluated during castration, and feeding behavior collected daily from d 0 to d 71 post-castration. Final BW and ADG were greater (P < 0.05) in C than B and K castrated calves. Salivary cortisol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in B and K calves than C calves up to 4-h post-castration, and remained greater in K calves up to 48-h post-castration, while concentrations were lower (P = 0.01) in M than NM calves. Fecal E. coli varied daily (P = 0.01) however, no obvious pattern over time. Scrotal temperature was greatest (P < 0.05) in K, intermediate in C and lowest in B calves, except at 30 min, and 22 and 36 d post-castration where they did not differ from C calves. Eye temperature was greater (P < 0.05) in B and K than C calves on d 2 and 8 post-castration. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed for stride length. The VAS scores were greater (P = 0.01) in K than C and B calves, while NM had greater scores (P < 0.01) than M calves. Dry matter intake and meal size were greater (P = 0.05) in M than NM calves. Meal duration was greater (P = 0.01) in B and C than K calves on d 0, while K calves had greater (P < 0.01) meal duration than C calves 3 1 and 2-wk post-castration. Overall, the combination of flunixin meglumine and lidocaine reduced physiological and behavioral indicators of pain, suggesting that their combined use was effective at mitigating pain associated with band and knife castration.

Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2013

Enteric histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) was studied. At 0, ... more Enteric histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) was studied. At 0, 7, and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 male newborns goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/ml of IgG. Samples of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected at 18, 36, and 96 h of life for analyses of villus height, crypt depth, muscle layer thickness, partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv), density of the absorptive mucosa (Sv), and quantification of goblet cells. Three animals were sampled without colostrum intake (0 h). The histomorphometry was not different between GC and LBC in all segments. In the jejunum, the villus height differed in sampling times (36 h > 0 h and 18 h). The maximum villus height was observed in the jejunum. In the jejunum, crypt depth differed in the sampling times (96 h > 0 and 18 h). Interaction between intestinal segment and sampling times was observed to crypt depth (duodenum 18 h &gt...

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 2019

Colostrum is a source of molecules with nutraceutical features that can attenuate the consequence... more Colostrum is a source of molecules with nutraceutical features that can attenuate the consequences of adverse conditions, such as densification. Thus, the redox balance and tissue development of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density and fed diets containing lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Juveniles were distributed into 16 cages making 50 kg fish m-3 and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion of LBC (n = 4). After 30 days, enteric, hepatic, muscular, renal and branchial tissue were sampled for the determination of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation and protein and nucleotides content. SOD activity and DNA content were higher in 20% LBC compared to the others in the enteric tissue (P < 0.10). ORAC value in erythrocytes was higher in 30% LBC than 0 and 10% LBC (P < 0.10). Juveniles fed 10% LBC showed higher lipid peroxidation in liver than 0 and 20% LBC (P < 0.10) and those fed 20% LBC showed lower protein/RNA ratio compared to the others (P < 0.10). Bovine colostrum determined a decrease in liver protein synthesis and increased in intestinal DNA content with an intake of 20% of this milk secretion. Additionally, LBC increased the protection of the enteric tissue of juveniles from superoxide radicals and blood antioxidant capacity. We conclude that bovine colostrum can be used as a nutraceutical food for fish, with positive effect in redox balance and tissue development in high concentrations of inclusion in the diet, 20 and 30%.

European Journal of Biology, 2019

The electrophoretic profile of serum proteins was investigated in juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicu... more The electrophoretic profile of serum proteins was investigated in juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus and Salminus brasiliensis fed with diets containing bovine colostrum, a nutraceutical food, in lyophilized form (LBC) for either 30 or 60 days. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from juveniles of P. mesopotamicus and S. brasiliensis fed for either 30 or 60 days with diets containing 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC. Serum protein fractions were then determined by electrophoresis in agarose gel. Results: The P. mesopotamicus, an omnivorous fish, showed six serum protein fractions, while the S. brasiliensis, a carnivorous fish, showed four serum protein fractions. In both species the albumin fraction showed higher protein content at 30 days than at 60 days (p<0.05), indicating an inverse relationship with growth. The 5 th and 4 th fraction in mobility from the P. mesopotamicus and S. brasiliensis serum, respectively, were positioned in a gamma-globulin zone. In P. mesopotamicus, the concentration of protein in the gamma-globulin zone was higher at 60 days than at 30 days (p<0.05). In S. brasiliensis, in turn, the concentration of protein in the gamma-globulin zone was higher at 30 days than at 60 days (p<0.05). In juvenile P. mesopotamicus, a higher concentration of protein was also observed in the gamma-globulin zone in the 0% LBC compared to 10% and 20% LBC (p<0.05). Thus, the feeding period influenced only the fractions that were positioned in the albumin and gamma-globulin migration zone in both species. Conclusion: The consumption of bovine colostrum decreased the concentration of protein in gamma-globulin fraction of the P. mesopotamicus, indicating that these juveniles had either less stimulus for their own synthesis of defense elements or an immunosuppressive effect of bovine colostrum ingestion.

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 2017

Besides the immunological benefits of colostrum consumption, this lacteal secretion has a great c... more Besides the immunological benefits of colostrum consumption, this lacteal secretion has a great concentration of biological molecules that can affect gut physiology and fish healthy. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential in the gut of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, fed twice a day with diets containing 0, 10 or 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC). The whole medium and posterior intestine was collected after 30 or 60 experimental days and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was determined as one international unit per milligram of protein, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity as µM of equivalent Trolox per milligram of protein. Only the juvenile pacu were affected by the diet containing LBC (P < 0.05). The juvenile fed 10% LBC showed higher oxygen absorbance capacity than the juveniles fed 20% LBC (P < 0.05). Interaction between diet and period was observed to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.05), juvenile pacu fed 0% LBC and 10% LBC did not change enzyme activity at 30 and 60 days, whereas juvenile fed 20% LBC showed higher value at 60 days compared to 30 days (P < 0.05). The present result reveal that the consumption of diet containing LBC improved SOD activity in the gut of juvenile pacu indicating a possible protective action of this lacteal secretion in an omnivorous fish.

Revista De Educacao Continuada Em Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia, 2014

O pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887), uma especie tropical.de peixe intensamente culti... more O pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887), uma especie tropical.de peixe intensamente cultivada, possui uma fisiologia digestiva intestinal.complexa e que ainda nao esta completamente caracterizada. Este estudo.investigou a distribuicao de enzimas intestinais de juvenis de pacu alimentados..com colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL) como fonte alternativa de proteina da.dieta. A atividade das enzimas foi avaliada no intestino de juvenis de pacu.(peso inicial de 8,5 ± 0,7 g e comprimento de 7,8 ± 0,3 cm) alimentados com..dietas contendo 0%, 10% e 20% de inclusao de CBL por 30 e 60 dias. Os peixes..foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia ate a saciedade e, nas datas de abate,.amostras de quatro segmentos intestinais (S1, S2, S3 e reto) foram coletadas.e processadas para microscopia optica. As enzimas fosfatase acida e alcalina.(FAC e FAL, respectivamente), esterases nao especificas (ENE), lipase (LIP),.dipeptidil aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) e leucina aminopeptidase (LEU).foram estudadas por tecnicas de histoquimica. A atividade das enzimas foi.observada na bordadura em escova dos enterocitos presentes nos segmentos.intestinais. Moderada atividade da DAP IV foi observada nos tres ultimos.segmentos intestinais e diferencas entre os tratamentos nao foram detectadas...As enzimas LEU, ENE e LIP foram fracamente coradas em todos os segmentos.intestinais e a inclusao de 10% ou 20% de CBL na dieta determinou uma.reacao moderada das ENE no segmento S3 apos 60 dias. A atividade da.FAC foi detectada apenas no segmento S1 de juvenis alimentados com 0%.de CBL apos 30 e 60 dias de experimento. Nos outros grupos e segmentos, a.atividade da FAC nao foi detectada. Forte atividade da FAL foi observada no.primeiro segmento intestinal, mas uma fraca reacao foi verificada nos demais.segmentos. A inclusao de 20% de CBL determinou moderada atividade da.FAL no segmento S2 apos 30 e no segmento S1 apos 60 dias. No presente.trabalho, a inclusao de colostro bovino liofilizado na dieta dos juvenis de.pacu nao influenciou a atividade proteolitica intestinal, e a atividade das.enzimas esterases nao especificas e fosfatase alcalina nao foi significativamente.modificada para sugerir interferencia no processo digestivo.

Aquaculture Research, 2015

Bovine colostrum, an alternative food of animal origin provided as partial protein source, may co... more Bovine colostrum, an alternative food of animal origin provided as partial protein source, may constitute an innovative ingredient in fish feeding. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and cellular activity of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Pacu (8.46 ± 0.74 g; 7.75 ± 0.27 cm, n = 18 in triplicate) were stocked into 18 tanks (300 L; 18 fish per tank, in triplicate) and fed with control diet containing 0% of LBC or experimental diet containing 10% and 20% of LBC inclusion for either 30 or 60 days of experiment. IGF-1 serum concentration was not affected (P > 0.05) by the diet containing LBC and experimental period. The intestinal and hepatic cellular activity was not influenced by LBC (P > 0.05); however, intestine protein/RNA decreased at 60 days (P < 0.05). The muscle cellular activity was affected by LBC, highest in fish fed with diet containing 10% of LBC (P < 0.05). Between the periods DNA and protein/RNA increased at 60 days, while RNA, protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratio decreased in this same period (P < 0.05). Increased DNA muscle content indicates fish growth by hyperplasia. The results of the present study is related with suitable development of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues and proper condition of juvenile pacu fed with LBC considering the absence of differences in relation to juveniles that consumed diet without colostrum.

Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2015

The changes in ocean chemistry stemming from anthropogenic CO2 release-termed ocean acidification... more The changes in ocean chemistry stemming from anthropogenic CO2 release-termed ocean acidification (OA)-are predicted to have wide-ranging effects on fish and ultimately threaten global populations. The ability of fish to adapt to environmental change is currently unknown, but phenotypic plasticity has been highlighted as a crucial factor in determining species resilience. Here we show that red drum, a long-lived estuarine-dependent fish species native to the Gulf of Mexico, exhibit respiratory plasticity that increases CO2 excretion capacity when acclimated to OA conditions. Specifically, fish exposed to 14 days of 1000 µatm CO2 had a 32 % reduction in branchial diffusion distance and increased expression of two putative CO2 channel proteins-rhag and rhcg1. No changes were observed in the erythrocyte CO2 transport pathways. Surprisingly, no significant changes in blood chemistry were observed between acclimated and acutely challenged animals; however, a non-significant 30 % drop in the magnitude of plasma [Formula: see text] elevation was observed. Reduced diffusion distance also comes with the cost of increased diffusive water loss, which would require greater osmoregulatory investment by the animal. OA exposure induced increased gill Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity and intestinal nkcc2 expression, supporting both the presumed osmotic stress and increased osmoregulatory investment. However, no differences in standard metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate or aerobic scope were detected between control and OA acclimated individuals. Similarly, no differences in critical swim speed were detected between groups, suggesting the energetic cost related to respiratory plasticity is negligible against background metabolism. The current study demonstrated that red drum exhibit respiratory plasticity with only mild physiological trade-offs; however, this plasticity is insufficient to fully offset the OA-induced acid-base disturbance and as such is unlikely to impact species resilience.

Aquaculture Research, 2015

Growth performance was evaluated in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus... more Growth performance was evaluated in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum for 60 days. The performance variables of weight gain, relative weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, total protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were evaluated as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and energy in the diets. Inclusion of bovine colostrum did not induce differences in the performance of pacu and dourado (P > 0.05), indicating that the diets were adequate and met the nutritional needs of the juveniles. The protein digestibility in both species was improved with the inclusion of the bovine lacteal secretion. Based on the variables studied, the diets with lyophilized bovine colostrum inclusion were nutritionally suitable for both pacu and dourado indicating the possibility to use this lacteal secretion as a partial substitute of dietary protein.

Small Ruminant Research, 2013

Bovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immun... more Bovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immunity for goat kids. Twenty-five female newborn goat kids were randomly allotted into five treatments: goat colostrum A (GCA) or bovine colostrum A (BCA) with 45-55 mg/mL of IgG, lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) with 45-55 mg/mL of IgG, goat colostrum B (GCB) or bovine colostrum B (BCB) with 15-25 mg/mL. The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12 and 24 h after birth, and then, cow milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of age. Blood samples were collected at 0 to 60 days of age to determine total serum protein (TP) and serum protein fractions by electrophoresis. In the last experimental days, 50 and 60, the TP concentration for all groups were higher than at 0 h (P < 0.05) and differences in values after colostrum ingestion were not observed (P < 0.05). The LBC group (2.39 ± 0.09 g/dL) showed lower (P < 0.05) albumin concentration than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB, 3.20 ± 0.09, 2.93 ± 0.09, 3.25 ± 0.09 and 3.07 ± 0.10 g/dL, respectively (P < 0.05), and from birth to five days of life, albumin values were lower (P < 0.05) than at 40 to 60 days of life. At birth, the globulin concentration, 1.87 ± 0.05 g/dL, was lower (P < 0.05) than at 10 to 60 days of life (P < 0.05). The LBC group (1.25 ± 0.04) showed lower (P < 0.05) albumin/globulin ratio than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB (1.36 ± 0.04, 1.38 ± 0.04, 1.48 ± 0.04 and 1.44 ± 0.05, respectively) and, at birth (1.52 ± 0.05), the ratio was higher (P < 0.05) than 0.5 and 1 day of life. The LBC group (0.67 ± 0.04 g/dL) showed higher (P < 0.05) gamma globulin concentration than GCB and BCB (0.48 ± 0.04 and 0.50 ± 0.04 g/dL, respectively), and did not differ (P > 0.05) from GCA and BCA (0.62 ± 0.04 and 0.50 ± 0.04 g/dL, respectively). The lowest (P < 0.05) gamma globulin concentration was observed at birth, 0.24 ± 0.04 g/dL. The results indicate that bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of initial protection for newborn goat kids.

Aquaculture Research, 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) used as pa... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) used as partial source of dietary protein on the histological characteristics of the intestinal epithelium of juvenile dourado Salminus brasiliensis. Juveniles were fed diets containing 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. For the histological study, the intestine was divided into three segments, S1, S2 and posterior intestine. In the S1 segment, interaction between treatment and period was observed in the number of goblet cells containing sialomucin, effect of treatment in the total number of goblet cells and effect of period in the number of goblet cells containing sulphomucins (P < 0.05). In the S2 segment, effect of period was observed in the number of goblet cells containing acid, neutral and total mucins, sialomucins and the partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv) (P < 0.05). In the posterior intestine, effect of period was observed in the thickness of muscle layer and number of goblet cells containing sialomucins and sulphomucins (P < 0.05). Considering the aspects studied, the presence of 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC in the diet did not significantly influence the enteric histological characteristics of juvenile dourado during the period of the study.

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2014

Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed die... more Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed diets containing 0, 10 or 20 % of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. The enzymes intestinal acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP, respectively), nonspecific esterase (NSE), lipase (LIP), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were studied using histochemistry in four intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and rectum). Moderate activity of the DAP IV was detected in the three last intestinal segments, but no differences among the treatments were detected. Enzymes LAP, NSE and LIP were weakly stained in all intestinal segments and the inclusion of 10 or 20 % of LBC in the diet commanded a moderate reaction to NSE in the S3 segment at day 60. ACP activity was detected only in the brush border of the S1 segment of fish fed 0 % LBC for either 30 or 60 days. The activity of ALP was very strong in the first intestinal segment, but a weak reaction was seen in the last segments. The inclusion of 20 % of LBC changed the pattern of staining to the ALP, eliciting moderate staining in S2 at day 30 and S1 at day 60. The consumption of diets containing LBC by juvenile pacu did not have significant implications in intestinal enzymatic activity, which still was not fully stimulated.

Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed wi... more Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed with diets containing 0, 10 or 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. The intestinal enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP, respectively), non-specific esterase (NSE), lipase (LIP), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were studied using histochemistry in four intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and posterior intestine). Weak proteolitic activity was observed in all intestinal segments for DAP IV and LAP. The activity of NSE and LIP was also weak in all intestines, except for the moderate activity of NSE in the S2 of 20% LBC group after 30 days and in the S1 of 0% LBC group after 60 days. The ACP was detected only in the S2 and S3 of the 10% LBC group after 30 days. Moderate and strong staining was observed in the first three intestinal segments for ALP and weak activity in the posterior intestine. The activi...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

Infectious and non-infectious feet lesions (FL) in livestock have been associated with reduced we... more Infectious and non-infectious feet lesions (FL) in livestock have been associated with reduced welfare, production, carcass and meat quality. Currently, the incidence of FL in sheep and its relationship with carcass quality has not been documented in Canada. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the incidence and type of lesions in Alberta sheep at slaughter and 2) the relationship between FL and carcass quality. A total of 4,487 sheep carcasses were assessed for FL at a slaughter plant in Alberta, Canada between October 2017 and March 2019. Approximately 300 sheep were evaluated monthly by two experienced observers who recorded common infectious (IN) and non-infectious (NIN) lesions. In addition, carcass information including hot carcass weight (HCW), and back fat thickness (BFT) were obtained from the slaughter plant records. Data were analyzed by multivariable regression models using SAS PROC GLIMMIX. Overall, FL incidence was 9.4% (7.0% having one lesion and 2.4% hav...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

Lameness in sheep caused by footrot (FR) is a significant health, welfare, and economic concern w... more Lameness in sheep caused by footrot (FR) is a significant health, welfare, and economic concern worldwide. To date, no studies have documented the incidence of FR or associated risk factors in feedlot lambs in Alberta. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) FR incidence and 2) animal, managerial and environmental risk factors associated with FR in one Southern Alberta, lamb feedlot. Assessments were conducted biweekly (average of 10 pens per visit) by 2 experienced observers. A total of 73,150 lambs were assessed between October 2017 and March 2019. All lame lambs were scored according to a 3-point mobility scale (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe lameness) and physically examined to diagnose the cause of lameness. Risk factors associated with FR were documented and included gender, days on feed (DOF), diet composition, and season. Multivariable regression models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were used to determine significant risk factors. A total of 473 lambs were identified ...

Journal of Animal Science, 2020

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on... more The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an 8h rest stop after 36 h of road transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8-mo-old conditioned and non-conditioned beef calves, sourced from either a ranch or an auction market. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (245 ± 35.7 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: conditioning, conditioned (C) or non-conditioned (N); source, ranch direct (R) or auction market (A); and rest, 0 (R0) or 8 (R8) h. After resting, animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), serum amyloid-A (SAA) and creatine kinase (CK) concentrations prior to the first loading (L1); after 36 h of transport; prior to and after the additional 4 h of transport, on the day of arrival (0); and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 28 d after the 4h transport. Daily standing % and dry matter intake (DMI) were assessed for 3 d after transport. Data were...

Aquaculture International, 2020

Nutraceuticals have been evaluated for their ability to protect and heal the gastrointestinal muc... more Nutraceuticals have been evaluated for their ability to protect and heal the gastrointestinal mucosa, especially in adverse conditions. Thus, the present study evaluated the effect of a nutraceutical diet composed of bovine first milk secretion in the intestinal health of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density. Juveniles (140 ± 10 g) distributed into 16 cages and stocked at 50 kg m −3 were fed twice daily with a pelleted and semi-purified diet containing nutraceutical food (NF) in increasing levels, being 0, 10, 20, and 30% of inclusion (n = 4). Quantification of goblet cells containing neutral, acidic (including sialo and sulfomucins) and acidic-neutral mucins, volume (Vv), and surface density (Sv) of the mucosa and thickness of the internal circular muscle layer was determined after 28 experimental days in the middle gut and rectum (RT). The apoptotic rate was analyzed qualitatively according to the intensity (high, medium, and low) of caspase-3 immunostaining in epithelial cells. Performance parameters were not affected by the inclusion of NF in the diets. Juveniles fed 20% and 30% of NF showed a lower number of goblet cells containing sulfomucins than juveniles fed 0% and 10% of NF (P = 0.01) in the RT. In the last segment of the middle gut (S2) and RT, the intensity of caspase-3 immunostaining in enterocytes was inversely related to the concentration of NF added in the diet. The inclusion of 20% and 30% of nutraceutical food in the diet of P. mesopotamicus reduced the rate of apoptosis and the number of goblet cells containing sulfomucin in the last intestinal segments of juveniles subjected to high stocking density, mitigating the effects caused by the adverse condition and being, therefore, beneficial for intestinal health.

Caderno de Ciências Agrárias, 2019

O consumo de alimentos orgânicos está em pleno crescimento no mundo. A busca por alimentos mais p... more O consumo de alimentos orgânicos está em pleno crescimento no mundo. A busca por alimentos mais próximos ao natural, a preocupação com o meio ambiente no processo de produção e segurança alimentar, são os impulsionadores do crescimento deste mercado. São realizadas pesquisas em diversos locais do mundo que buscam conhecer melhor este público consumidor, para traçar as melhores estratégias de venda e fidelização destes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o comportamento e perfil dos consumidores de produtos orgânicos através de um questionário elaborado em uma plataforma digital e divulgado através de uma rede social. Para tal, foram coletadas informações de renda, idade, motivação de compra, principais alimentos adquiridos, locais de compra de alimentos orgânicos. O questionário foi respondido por 259 pessoas, em setembro de 2018. Os resultados demonstraram que os alimentos orgânicos possuem uma ótima aceitação da população, confirmado pelos 91% de entrevistados substituiri...

Journal of Animal Science, 2019

Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used as a non-invasive tool to detect inflammatory processes... more Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used as a non-invasive tool to detect inflammatory processes associated with disease in livestock. The aim of this study was to evaluate IRT as a tool to compare healthy and footrot (FR) affected hooves in feedlot lambs with varying degrees of lameness over two seasons. A total of 106 lame lambs with footrot from a feedlot in Alberta were individually categorized according to a 3-point locomotion scale [1 = mild (n = 7), 2 = moderate (n = 46) and 3 = severe lameness (n = 53)] during the summer (n = 39) and fall (n = 68) of 2018. All lambs were physically examined once by two experienced observers to determine if the lamb had footrot. IRT images of the interdigital space were used to obtain the maximum hoof temperature (MHT) of both FR affected as well as healthy (CT) hooves within the same animal. Generalized linear mixed models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were performed separately for each season and diagnosis and included locomotion score as a fixed eff...

Journal of Animal Science, 2019

Forthcoming revisions to Canadian Transport regulations indicate un-weaned and weaned calves can ... more Forthcoming revisions to Canadian Transport regulations indicate un-weaned and weaned calves can be transported a maximum of 12 and 36 h, respectively, before an 8 h rest is required. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of rest duration after 12 and 36 h of transport on physiological and behavioral indicators of welfare in 7–8 mo old beef calves. Three hundred and twenty weaned calves (258 ± 23.9 kg BW) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 4 factorial design: 12 and 36 h of transport; and 0 (R0), 4 (R4), 8 (R8), and 12 (R12) h of rest. After the resting period animals were transported for an additional 4 h. A subset of 12 animals/treatment were sampled for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), haptoglobin and lactate concentrations prior to, and after the first and the 4 h transport, and 7 h, 2 and 28 d after the 4 h transport. Standing and lying behavior was assessed for 14 d after transport. Data was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, where transport, and time nested ...

Livestock Science, 2019

One hundred and seventy-four Angus bull calves (248 ± 27.1 kg of body weight (BW), 6-mo-old) were... more One hundred and seventy-four Angus bull calves (248 ± 27.1 kg of body weight (BW), 6-mo-old) were used in a 71 d study to assess the efficacy of the combination of flunixin meglumine and lidocaine in mitigating pain associated with band and knife castration. The experiment consisted of a 3 × 2 factorial design that included castration method-sham (C), band (B) or knife (K); and medicationlidocaine (scrotal ring block 30 mL, 2% HCl lidocaine) and flunixin meglumine (single s.c. dose of 2.2 mg/kg BW) (M), or saline solution (NM). Animals were weighed on d 0 and weekly until d 71 (final BW) post-castration to obtain ADG. Physiological indicators included salivary cortisol collected on d 0 (30, 60, 120 and 240 min), d 2, 8, and weekly until d 48 postcastration; scrotal and eye temperature assessed on d 1, 2, 6, 8, and weekly until d 36 postcastration; fecal samples for E. coli collected on d 0, 2, 6, 8, and 22 post-castration. Behavioral measures included stride length on d 0, 8, and weekly until d 36, visual analog scale (VAS) evaluated during castration, and feeding behavior collected daily from d 0 to d 71 post-castration. Final BW and ADG were greater (P < 0.05) in C than B and K castrated calves. Salivary cortisol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in B and K calves than C calves up to 4-h post-castration, and remained greater in K calves up to 48-h post-castration, while concentrations were lower (P = 0.01) in M than NM calves. Fecal E. coli varied daily (P = 0.01) however, no obvious pattern over time. Scrotal temperature was greatest (P < 0.05) in K, intermediate in C and lowest in B calves, except at 30 min, and 22 and 36 d post-castration where they did not differ from C calves. Eye temperature was greater (P < 0.05) in B and K than C calves on d 2 and 8 post-castration. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed for stride length. The VAS scores were greater (P = 0.01) in K than C and B calves, while NM had greater scores (P < 0.01) than M calves. Dry matter intake and meal size were greater (P = 0.05) in M than NM calves. Meal duration was greater (P = 0.01) in B and C than K calves on d 0, while K calves had greater (P < 0.01) meal duration than C calves 3 1 and 2-wk post-castration. Overall, the combination of flunixin meglumine and lidocaine reduced physiological and behavioral indicators of pain, suggesting that their combined use was effective at mitigating pain associated with band and knife castration.

Czech Journal of Animal Science, 2013

Enteric histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) was studied. At 0, ... more Enteric histology of newborn goat kids fed lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) was studied. At 0, 7, and 14 h of life 15 male newborns received 5% of body weight of lyophilized bovine colostrum and 14 male newborns goat colostrum (GC), both with 55 mg/ml of IgG. Samples of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected at 18, 36, and 96 h of life for analyses of villus height, crypt depth, muscle layer thickness, partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv), density of the absorptive mucosa (Sv), and quantification of goblet cells. Three animals were sampled without colostrum intake (0 h). The histomorphometry was not different between GC and LBC in all segments. In the jejunum, the villus height differed in sampling times (36 h > 0 h and 18 h). The maximum villus height was observed in the jejunum. In the jejunum, crypt depth differed in the sampling times (96 h > 0 and 18 h). Interaction between intestinal segment and sampling times was observed to crypt depth (duodenum 18 h &gt...

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 2019

Colostrum is a source of molecules with nutraceutical features that can attenuate the consequence... more Colostrum is a source of molecules with nutraceutical features that can attenuate the consequences of adverse conditions, such as densification. Thus, the redox balance and tissue development of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus subjected to high stocking density and fed diets containing lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Juveniles were distributed into 16 cages making 50 kg fish m-3 and fed diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% inclusion of LBC (n = 4). After 30 days, enteric, hepatic, muscular, renal and branchial tissue were sampled for the determination of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation and protein and nucleotides content. SOD activity and DNA content were higher in 20% LBC compared to the others in the enteric tissue (P < 0.10). ORAC value in erythrocytes was higher in 30% LBC than 0 and 10% LBC (P < 0.10). Juveniles fed 10% LBC showed higher lipid peroxidation in liver than 0 and 20% LBC (P < 0.10) and those fed 20% LBC showed lower protein/RNA ratio compared to the others (P < 0.10). Bovine colostrum determined a decrease in liver protein synthesis and increased in intestinal DNA content with an intake of 20% of this milk secretion. Additionally, LBC increased the protection of the enteric tissue of juveniles from superoxide radicals and blood antioxidant capacity. We conclude that bovine colostrum can be used as a nutraceutical food for fish, with positive effect in redox balance and tissue development in high concentrations of inclusion in the diet, 20 and 30%.

European Journal of Biology, 2019

The electrophoretic profile of serum proteins was investigated in juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicu... more The electrophoretic profile of serum proteins was investigated in juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus and Salminus brasiliensis fed with diets containing bovine colostrum, a nutraceutical food, in lyophilized form (LBC) for either 30 or 60 days. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from juveniles of P. mesopotamicus and S. brasiliensis fed for either 30 or 60 days with diets containing 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC. Serum protein fractions were then determined by electrophoresis in agarose gel. Results: The P. mesopotamicus, an omnivorous fish, showed six serum protein fractions, while the S. brasiliensis, a carnivorous fish, showed four serum protein fractions. In both species the albumin fraction showed higher protein content at 30 days than at 60 days (p<0.05), indicating an inverse relationship with growth. The 5 th and 4 th fraction in mobility from the P. mesopotamicus and S. brasiliensis serum, respectively, were positioned in a gamma-globulin zone. In P. mesopotamicus, the concentration of protein in the gamma-globulin zone was higher at 60 days than at 30 days (p<0.05). In S. brasiliensis, in turn, the concentration of protein in the gamma-globulin zone was higher at 30 days than at 60 days (p<0.05). In juvenile P. mesopotamicus, a higher concentration of protein was also observed in the gamma-globulin zone in the 0% LBC compared to 10% and 20% LBC (p<0.05). Thus, the feeding period influenced only the fractions that were positioned in the albumin and gamma-globulin migration zone in both species. Conclusion: The consumption of bovine colostrum decreased the concentration of protein in gamma-globulin fraction of the P. mesopotamicus, indicating that these juveniles had either less stimulus for their own synthesis of defense elements or an immunosuppressive effect of bovine colostrum ingestion.

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 2017

Besides the immunological benefits of colostrum consumption, this lacteal secretion has a great c... more Besides the immunological benefits of colostrum consumption, this lacteal secretion has a great concentration of biological molecules that can affect gut physiology and fish healthy. This study evaluated the antioxidant potential in the gut of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and dourado, Salminus brasiliensis, fed twice a day with diets containing 0, 10 or 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC). The whole medium and posterior intestine was collected after 30 or 60 experimental days and the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was determined as one international unit per milligram of protein, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity as µM of equivalent Trolox per milligram of protein. Only the juvenile pacu were affected by the diet containing LBC (P < 0.05). The juvenile fed 10% LBC showed higher oxygen absorbance capacity than the juveniles fed 20% LBC (P < 0.05). Interaction between diet and period was observed to superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (P < 0.05), juvenile pacu fed 0% LBC and 10% LBC did not change enzyme activity at 30 and 60 days, whereas juvenile fed 20% LBC showed higher value at 60 days compared to 30 days (P < 0.05). The present result reveal that the consumption of diet containing LBC improved SOD activity in the gut of juvenile pacu indicating a possible protective action of this lacteal secretion in an omnivorous fish.

Revista De Educacao Continuada Em Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia, 2014

O pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887), uma especie tropical.de peixe intensamente culti... more O pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus, Holmberg 1887), uma especie tropical.de peixe intensamente cultivada, possui uma fisiologia digestiva intestinal.complexa e que ainda nao esta completamente caracterizada. Este estudo.investigou a distribuicao de enzimas intestinais de juvenis de pacu alimentados..com colostro bovino liofilizado (CBL) como fonte alternativa de proteina da.dieta. A atividade das enzimas foi avaliada no intestino de juvenis de pacu.(peso inicial de 8,5 ± 0,7 g e comprimento de 7,8 ± 0,3 cm) alimentados com..dietas contendo 0%, 10% e 20% de inclusao de CBL por 30 e 60 dias. Os peixes..foram alimentados duas vezes ao dia ate a saciedade e, nas datas de abate,.amostras de quatro segmentos intestinais (S1, S2, S3 e reto) foram coletadas.e processadas para microscopia optica. As enzimas fosfatase acida e alcalina.(FAC e FAL, respectivamente), esterases nao especificas (ENE), lipase (LIP),.dipeptidil aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) e leucina aminopeptidase (LEU).foram estudadas por tecnicas de histoquimica. A atividade das enzimas foi.observada na bordadura em escova dos enterocitos presentes nos segmentos.intestinais. Moderada atividade da DAP IV foi observada nos tres ultimos.segmentos intestinais e diferencas entre os tratamentos nao foram detectadas...As enzimas LEU, ENE e LIP foram fracamente coradas em todos os segmentos.intestinais e a inclusao de 10% ou 20% de CBL na dieta determinou uma.reacao moderada das ENE no segmento S3 apos 60 dias. A atividade da.FAC foi detectada apenas no segmento S1 de juvenis alimentados com 0%.de CBL apos 30 e 60 dias de experimento. Nos outros grupos e segmentos, a.atividade da FAC nao foi detectada. Forte atividade da FAL foi observada no.primeiro segmento intestinal, mas uma fraca reacao foi verificada nos demais.segmentos. A inclusao de 20% de CBL determinou moderada atividade da.FAL no segmento S2 apos 30 e no segmento S1 apos 60 dias. No presente.trabalho, a inclusao de colostro bovino liofilizado na dieta dos juvenis de.pacu nao influenciou a atividade proteolitica intestinal, e a atividade das.enzimas esterases nao especificas e fosfatase alcalina nao foi significativamente.modificada para sugerir interferencia no processo digestivo.

Aquaculture Research, 2015

Bovine colostrum, an alternative food of animal origin provided as partial protein source, may co... more Bovine colostrum, an alternative food of animal origin provided as partial protein source, may constitute an innovative ingredient in fish feeding. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and cellular activity of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues of juvenile pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus fed with lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) were evaluated. Pacu (8.46 ± 0.74 g; 7.75 ± 0.27 cm, n = 18 in triplicate) were stocked into 18 tanks (300 L; 18 fish per tank, in triplicate) and fed with control diet containing 0% of LBC or experimental diet containing 10% and 20% of LBC inclusion for either 30 or 60 days of experiment. IGF-1 serum concentration was not affected (P > 0.05) by the diet containing LBC and experimental period. The intestinal and hepatic cellular activity was not influenced by LBC (P > 0.05); however, intestine protein/RNA decreased at 60 days (P < 0.05). The muscle cellular activity was affected by LBC, highest in fish fed with diet containing 10% of LBC (P < 0.05). Between the periods DNA and protein/RNA increased at 60 days, while RNA, protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratio decreased in this same period (P < 0.05). Increased DNA muscle content indicates fish growth by hyperplasia. The results of the present study is related with suitable development of enteric, hepatic and muscle tissues and proper condition of juvenile pacu fed with LBC considering the absence of differences in relation to juveniles that consumed diet without colostrum.

Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2015

The changes in ocean chemistry stemming from anthropogenic CO2 release-termed ocean acidification... more The changes in ocean chemistry stemming from anthropogenic CO2 release-termed ocean acidification (OA)-are predicted to have wide-ranging effects on fish and ultimately threaten global populations. The ability of fish to adapt to environmental change is currently unknown, but phenotypic plasticity has been highlighted as a crucial factor in determining species resilience. Here we show that red drum, a long-lived estuarine-dependent fish species native to the Gulf of Mexico, exhibit respiratory plasticity that increases CO2 excretion capacity when acclimated to OA conditions. Specifically, fish exposed to 14 days of 1000 µatm CO2 had a 32 % reduction in branchial diffusion distance and increased expression of two putative CO2 channel proteins-rhag and rhcg1. No changes were observed in the erythrocyte CO2 transport pathways. Surprisingly, no significant changes in blood chemistry were observed between acclimated and acutely challenged animals; however, a non-significant 30 % drop in the magnitude of plasma [Formula: see text] elevation was observed. Reduced diffusion distance also comes with the cost of increased diffusive water loss, which would require greater osmoregulatory investment by the animal. OA exposure induced increased gill Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity and intestinal nkcc2 expression, supporting both the presumed osmotic stress and increased osmoregulatory investment. However, no differences in standard metabolic rate, maximum metabolic rate or aerobic scope were detected between control and OA acclimated individuals. Similarly, no differences in critical swim speed were detected between groups, suggesting the energetic cost related to respiratory plasticity is negligible against background metabolism. The current study demonstrated that red drum exhibit respiratory plasticity with only mild physiological trade-offs; however, this plasticity is insufficient to fully offset the OA-induced acid-base disturbance and as such is unlikely to impact species resilience.

Aquaculture Research, 2015

Growth performance was evaluated in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus... more Growth performance was evaluated in juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 20% of lyophilized bovine colostrum for 60 days. The performance variables of weight gain, relative weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, total protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were evaluated as well as apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and energy in the diets. Inclusion of bovine colostrum did not induce differences in the performance of pacu and dourado (P > 0.05), indicating that the diets were adequate and met the nutritional needs of the juveniles. The protein digestibility in both species was improved with the inclusion of the bovine lacteal secretion. Based on the variables studied, the diets with lyophilized bovine colostrum inclusion were nutritionally suitable for both pacu and dourado indicating the possibility to use this lacteal secretion as a partial substitute of dietary protein.

Small Ruminant Research, 2013

Bovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immun... more Bovine colostrum in natura or lyophilized was evaluated as an alternative source of passive immunity for goat kids. Twenty-five female newborn goat kids were randomly allotted into five treatments: goat colostrum A (GCA) or bovine colostrum A (BCA) with 45-55 mg/mL of IgG, lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) with 45-55 mg/mL of IgG, goat colostrum B (GCB) or bovine colostrum B (BCB) with 15-25 mg/mL. The animals received 5% of body weight of colostrum at 0, 12 and 24 h after birth, and then, cow milk twice a day and concentrate ad libitum until 60 days of age. Blood samples were collected at 0 to 60 days of age to determine total serum protein (TP) and serum protein fractions by electrophoresis. In the last experimental days, 50 and 60, the TP concentration for all groups were higher than at 0 h (P < 0.05) and differences in values after colostrum ingestion were not observed (P < 0.05). The LBC group (2.39 ± 0.09 g/dL) showed lower (P < 0.05) albumin concentration than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB, 3.20 ± 0.09, 2.93 ± 0.09, 3.25 ± 0.09 and 3.07 ± 0.10 g/dL, respectively (P < 0.05), and from birth to five days of life, albumin values were lower (P < 0.05) than at 40 to 60 days of life. At birth, the globulin concentration, 1.87 ± 0.05 g/dL, was lower (P < 0.05) than at 10 to 60 days of life (P < 0.05). The LBC group (1.25 ± 0.04) showed lower (P < 0.05) albumin/globulin ratio than GCA, GCB, BCA and BCB (1.36 ± 0.04, 1.38 ± 0.04, 1.48 ± 0.04 and 1.44 ± 0.05, respectively) and, at birth (1.52 ± 0.05), the ratio was higher (P < 0.05) than 0.5 and 1 day of life. The LBC group (0.67 ± 0.04 g/dL) showed higher (P < 0.05) gamma globulin concentration than GCB and BCB (0.48 ± 0.04 and 0.50 ± 0.04 g/dL, respectively), and did not differ (P > 0.05) from GCA and BCA (0.62 ± 0.04 and 0.50 ± 0.04 g/dL, respectively). The lowest (P < 0.05) gamma globulin concentration was observed at birth, 0.24 ± 0.04 g/dL. The results indicate that bovine colostrum can be used as an alternative source of initial protection for newborn goat kids.

Aquaculture Research, 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) used as pa... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) used as partial source of dietary protein on the histological characteristics of the intestinal epithelium of juvenile dourado Salminus brasiliensis. Juveniles were fed diets containing 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. For the histological study, the intestine was divided into three segments, S1, S2 and posterior intestine. In the S1 segment, interaction between treatment and period was observed in the number of goblet cells containing sialomucin, effect of treatment in the total number of goblet cells and effect of period in the number of goblet cells containing sulphomucins (P < 0.05). In the S2 segment, effect of period was observed in the number of goblet cells containing acid, neutral and total mucins, sialomucins and the partial volume of the absorptive mucosa (Vv) (P < 0.05). In the posterior intestine, effect of period was observed in the thickness of muscle layer and number of goblet cells containing sialomucins and sulphomucins (P < 0.05). Considering the aspects studied, the presence of 0%, 10% or 20% of LBC in the diet did not significantly influence the enteric histological characteristics of juvenile dourado during the period of the study.

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2014

Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed die... more Enzyme activity was evaluated in the intestine of juvenile pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, fed diets containing 0, 10 or 20 % of lyophilized bovine colostrum (LBC) inclusion for either 30 or 60 days. The enzymes intestinal acid and alkaline phosphatase (ACP and ALP, respectively), nonspecific esterase (NSE), lipase (LIP), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were studied using histochemistry in four intestinal segments (S1, S2, S3 and rectum). Moderate activity of the DAP IV was detected in the three last intestinal segments, but no differences among the treatments were detected. Enzymes LAP, NSE and LIP were weakly stained in all intestinal segments and the inclusion of 10 or 20 % of LBC in the diet commanded a moderate reaction to NSE in the S3 segment at day 60. ACP activity was detected only in the brush border of the S1 segment of fish fed 0 % LBC for either 30 or 60 days. The activity of ALP was very strong in the first intestinal segment, but a weak reaction was seen in the last segments. The inclusion of 20 % of LBC changed the pattern of staining to the ALP, eliciting moderate staining in S2 at day 30 and S1 at day 60. The consumption of diets containing LBC by juvenile pacu did not have significant implications in intestinal enzymatic activity, which still was not fully stimulated.