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Papers by Wolfgang-albert Flügel

Research paper thumbnail of Landscape dependent derivation of J2000 model parameters for hydrological modelling in ungauged basins

IAHS-AISH publication, 2009

The HRU (Hydrological Response Units) regionalisation concept is realised with GIS-based intersec... more The HRU (Hydrological Response Units) regionalisation concept is realised with GIS-based intersection of landscape parameters such as topography, soils, geology and land use. In many catchments of the world that required data are only available on a coarse spatial resolution and there is often a lack of discharge and precipitation data. But there is a demand to involve these catchments in planning of water management. The assumption of a process-driven feedback between the topography and further landscape components as well as runoff dynamics leads to a modified delineation of process entities by a topographic oriented HRU approach on the base of SRTM elevation data. The approach based on the expectation that the water balance of Ungauged Basins can be estimated using SRTM-based delineations of process-oriented model entities to get an suitable prediction of runoff dynamic with disposable landscape components in spite of a insufficient hydro-meteorological data base.

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of C-Bandscatterometer for Hydrological Tasks

Soil moisture is an important parameter in environmental processes. In the fields of meteorology,... more Soil moisture is an important parameter in environmental processes. In the fields of meteorology, hydrology and agriculture soil moisture is one of the driving factors for the distribution of rainfall into runoff or infiltration and is therefore one of the key parameters in most hydrological models. Therefore, spatial distributed soil moisture data with high temporal resolution could be considered as a valuable information source for model parameterization and validation. The first global soil moisture data from the Scatterometer instrument has been derived by researchers at Technical University Vienna. This data set provides the possibility to work with uniform information independent from the study area worldwide. The integration in hydrological modeling of the Scatterometer product holds the benefit that hydrological models must not be adapted to other test sites when changing the study area. One of the drawbacks of the Scatterometer derived soil moisture is that it is obtained from a low-resolution satellite instrument which results in a coarse spatial resolution. Nevertheless the data set contains information about atmospheric derived soil moisture patterns. This paper describes an application of this data set which supports the methodical approach of applying Scatterometer derived distributed soil moisture data in hydrological modeling. In order to bridge the gap between scales, for example ground truth measurements and Scatterometer pixel scale this data has to be disaggregated by means of physical based downscaling approaches. This is currently undertaken in a research project which is described in the second part of this paper.

Research paper thumbnail of Untersuchungen zum Periglazial auf der König-Georg-Insel Südshetlandinseln/Antartika. Deutsche physiogeographische Forschungen in der Antarktis. - Berichte über die Kampagne 1983/84

Berichte zur Polarforschung = Reports on Polar Research; 1; ISSN 0176-5027, 1985

Research paper thumbnail of Niederschlag, Grundwasser, Abfluß : Ergebnisse aus dem hydrologisch-geomorphologischen Versuchsgebiet "Hollmuth

Research paper thumbnail of Land cover change assessment using object-oriented classification based on image segmentation in the Binah river watershed (Togo and Benin)

Research paper thumbnail of Development of adaptive IWRM options for climate change mitigation and adaptation

Advances in Science and Research, 2011

Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) options related to the impacts of climate c... more Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) options related to the impacts of climate change in the twinning basins of the Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basin (UBRB) are developed based on the results obtained in the different work packages of the BRAH-MATWINN project. They have been described and discussed in Chapter 2 till Chapter 9 and the paper is referring to and is integrating these findings with respect to their application and interpretation for the development of adaptive IWRM options addressing impacts of climate change in river basins. The data and information related to the results discussed in Chapter 2 till 8 have been input to the RBIS as a central component of the IWRMS (Chapter 9). Meanwhile the UDRB has been analysed with respect to IWRM and climate change impacts by various projects, i.e. the GLOWA-Danube BMBF funded project (GLOWA Danube, 2009; Mauser and Ludwig, 2002) the UBRB has not been studied so far in a similar way as it was done in the BRAH-MATWINN project. Therefore the IWRM option development is focussing on the UBRB but the methodology presented can be applied for the UDRB and other river basins as well. Data presented and analysed in this chapter have been elaborated by the BRAHMATWINN project partners and are published in the project deliverable reports available from the project homepage http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=5311&L=2.

Research paper thumbnail of Land cover classification in hilly watersheds using SAR backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence information

Research paper thumbnail of The Saale-Project -A multidisciplinary approach towards sustainable integrative catchment management

Research paper thumbnail of Impacts of irrigation agriculture on water quality in Mediterranean coastal wetlands

Research paper thumbnail of Twinning European and South Asian river basins to enhance capacity and implement adaptive integrated water resources management approaches – results from the EC-project BRAHMATWINN

Advances in Science and Research, 2011

The EC-project BRAHMATWINN was carrying out a harmonised integrated water resources management (I... more The EC-project BRAHMATWINN was carrying out a harmonised integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach as addressed by the European Water Initiative (EWI) in headwater river systems of alpine mountain massifs of the twinning Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basins (UBRB) in Europe and Southeast Asia respectively. Social and natural scientists in cooperation with water law experts and local stakeholders produced the project outcomes presented in Chapter 2 till Chapter 10 of this publication. BRAHMATWINN applied a holistic approach towards IWRM comprising climate modelling, socioeconomic and governance analysis and concepts together with methods and integrated tools of applied Geoinformatics. A detailed description of the deliverables produced by the BRAHMATWINN project is published on the project homepage http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de.

Research paper thumbnail of Ein integrativer Ansatz zur landschaftsbezogenen Typisierung von Feuchtgebieten im Einzugsgebiet des Umzimvubu, Ostkap-Provinz, Südafrika

Research paper thumbnail of Parameterizing hydrological, erosion and solute transport models by application of remote sensing in the ARSGISIP project

IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)

ABSTRACT The overall objective of the ARSGISIP project is to promote the application of remote se... more ABSTRACT The overall objective of the ARSGISIP project is to promote the application of remote sensing techniques and GIS integration for the parameterization of physically based dynamic models. Activities of the first project year towards the common environmental problems of water pollution, floods and land degradation are presented within representative European catchments located in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The contribution of optical and radar remote sensing techniques for model parameterization is discussed. The scientific approach concentrates on deriving physical parameters describing soil and vegetation cover by means of land use classifications using Landsat TM/MSS, IRS-1C LISS/PAN, SPOT HRV/MIR, ERS-1/2 SAR/WiFS, and JERS-1 SAR

Research paper thumbnail of Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis

Technology, 2009

Page 1. Technology, Resource Management & Development, 2009, Vol. 6, 57-85 Applied Geoinforma... more Page 1. Technology, Resource Management & Development, 2009, Vol. 6, 57-85 Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis. Wolfgang-Albert Flügel Abstract The paper presents Geoinformatics ...

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Wetland and Landscape Modeling. A Case Study from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Wetlands are very sensitive to ecosystem changes, so integrated analyses and modeling of their pr... more Wetlands are very sensitive to ecosystem changes, so integrated analyses and modeling of their process dynamics as well as their interaction with other hydrologic and ecological components provide valuable information for impact assessment. However, since wetland processes are complex, research methods aiming to improve the understanding of wetland dynamics in a landscape perspective must comprise a multidisciplinary and integrated approach. Thus, a project was initiated to model the landscape dynamics of afforestation and their effects on wetlands in the semi-arid Umzimvubu basin, South Africa. The resultant landscape model integrates both the local wetland process dynamics with the larger scale landscape dynamics, while considering the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of these respective scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated process studies and modelling simulations of hillslope hydrology and interflow dynamics using the HILLS model

Environmental Modelling & Software, 1998

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Using MODFLOW/MODPATH combined with GIS analysis for groundwater modelling in the alluvial aquifer of the river Sieg, Germany

… -Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern …, 1995

US Wolfgang-Albert Flügel & Christian Mich! the areai discretization obtained by the groundwater ... more US Wolfgang-Albert Flügel & Christian Mich! the areai discretization obtained by the groundwater model using finite elements or finite differences. Commonly used finite difference models in groundwater hydrology are based on the mathematical techniques developed by Trescott et al. (1976) ...

Research paper thumbnail of ARSGISIP: a European project on the application of remote sensing techniques for the parameterization of hydrological, erosion and solute transport models

ABSTRACT The overall objective of the EU project ARSGISIP is to promote the application of remote... more ABSTRACT The overall objective of the EU project ARSGISIP is to promote the application of remote sensing techniques and GIS integration for the parameterization of hydrological, erosion, and solute transport models. Activities of the first project stage are presented, emphasizing the common environmental problem of nutrient leaching within two representative basins located in Germany and Austria. The scientific approach is focused on physical parameters describing soil and vegetation cover by means of multi-resolution and multi-spectral land-use classifications using Landsat-5 TM and IRS-1C PAN data. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the advantage of Earth Observation (EO) data for model parameterization when compared with traditional methods of field mapping.

Research paper thumbnail of Factors controlling groundwater recharge in the mountainous hard-rock Aravalli terrain

Recharge is one of the key hydrological parameters for assessment, budgeting, management, and mod... more Recharge is one of the key hydrological parameters for assessment, budgeting, management, and modelling of groundwater resources. To have a measure of groundwater recharge, it is necessary to obtain precise information on the factors governing infiltration and loss from the groundwater system. The present study focused on the Aravalli terrain of India covering ~ 25 000 km 2 area in between N23º30′-N26º18′ and E72º24′-E74º36′. Evaluation of individual and combined influence of hydrogeological and non-geological parameters on groundwater recharge was set as the main objective, and linear multiple-regression was chosen as the technique. Groundwater recharge is manifested by seasonal fluctuations of groundwater level, and is used as the dependent variable in the regression analysis. Standardised partial regression coefficients have been used as a measure of factor-influence and as a tool for sensitivity analysis. With accumulation of temporal data, the mean value of water-table fluctuation varies, and with the variation of the responsive parameter, the partial regression-coefficients of the regressors also vary. Therefore, confidence intervals of regression coefficients have been used in the present study to check model uncertainty. The multipleregression established that frequency of "deficient rainfall" i.e. amount of rainfall required to ensure normal aquifer-recharge (mean water-table rise) is the most important recharge-controlling parameter. Therefore, it has been interpreted that inadequacy of groundwater recharge is largely determined by the frequency of deficient-rainfall. Depth, elevation, vegetation, lineament buffer, and density of lineament count and lineament-intersection are found to be other parameters positively influencing seasonal water-level fluctuations.

Research paper thumbnail of Water Area Extraction Using Geocoded High Resolution Imagery of TerraSAR-X Radar Satellite in Cloud Prone Brahmaputra River Valley

In this study, supervised pixel based maximum likelyhood classifier (MLC) was evaluated for diffe... more In this study, supervised pixel based maximum likelyhood classifier (MLC) was evaluated for differentiating water area from non-water area in a cloud prone river valley region using images obtained from German TerraSAR-X radar satellite. TerraSAR-X satellite microwave data acquired on 8th May 2008 was used for a test site in Brahmputra river valley, India. The performance of traditional supervised (MLC) classification method was evaluated on TerraSAR's X band strip geo coded high resolution (6 meter) images in VV polarization channel. The 42 training sites for water area and 40 training sites for non-water areas were carefully selected over the entire image where optical Resourcesat-1 LISS IV multi-spectral image and preclassification ground truth were used as apriori knowledge. The calculated backscatter coefficient ranges from approximately-24.1 to 6.5 dB where water areas usually have low dB value around-20 dB. Overall classification accuracy was 94.92 %. This study shows that high resolution TerraSAR-X radar satellite image have advantage of weather independence over optical data. Furthermore, the supervised (MLC) classification can be used for extraction of water area from single band high resolution radar images where traditional water area extraction methods i.e., NDVI, NDWI etc., can not be used on radar images.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrologica! response units (HRUs) to preserve basin heterogeneity in hydrological modelling using PRMS/MMS - case study in the Brôl basin, Germany

A modified concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and their application using the Precipit... more A modified concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and their application using the Precipitation Runoff Modelling System/ Modular Modelling System (PRMS/MMS) hydrological basin model is discussed. The method is based on a thorough hydrological systems analysis, and HRUs are delineated by GIS analysis using the physio­ graphic properties of the distributed basin: topography, soils, geology, rainfall and land use. Applied

Research paper thumbnail of Landscape dependent derivation of J2000 model parameters for hydrological modelling in ungauged basins

IAHS-AISH publication, 2009

The HRU (Hydrological Response Units) regionalisation concept is realised with GIS-based intersec... more The HRU (Hydrological Response Units) regionalisation concept is realised with GIS-based intersection of landscape parameters such as topography, soils, geology and land use. In many catchments of the world that required data are only available on a coarse spatial resolution and there is often a lack of discharge and precipitation data. But there is a demand to involve these catchments in planning of water management. The assumption of a process-driven feedback between the topography and further landscape components as well as runoff dynamics leads to a modified delineation of process entities by a topographic oriented HRU approach on the base of SRTM elevation data. The approach based on the expectation that the water balance of Ungauged Basins can be estimated using SRTM-based delineations of process-oriented model entities to get an suitable prediction of runoff dynamic with disposable landscape components in spite of a insufficient hydro-meteorological data base.

Research paper thumbnail of Effectiveness of C-Bandscatterometer for Hydrological Tasks

Soil moisture is an important parameter in environmental processes. In the fields of meteorology,... more Soil moisture is an important parameter in environmental processes. In the fields of meteorology, hydrology and agriculture soil moisture is one of the driving factors for the distribution of rainfall into runoff or infiltration and is therefore one of the key parameters in most hydrological models. Therefore, spatial distributed soil moisture data with high temporal resolution could be considered as a valuable information source for model parameterization and validation. The first global soil moisture data from the Scatterometer instrument has been derived by researchers at Technical University Vienna. This data set provides the possibility to work with uniform information independent from the study area worldwide. The integration in hydrological modeling of the Scatterometer product holds the benefit that hydrological models must not be adapted to other test sites when changing the study area. One of the drawbacks of the Scatterometer derived soil moisture is that it is obtained from a low-resolution satellite instrument which results in a coarse spatial resolution. Nevertheless the data set contains information about atmospheric derived soil moisture patterns. This paper describes an application of this data set which supports the methodical approach of applying Scatterometer derived distributed soil moisture data in hydrological modeling. In order to bridge the gap between scales, for example ground truth measurements and Scatterometer pixel scale this data has to be disaggregated by means of physical based downscaling approaches. This is currently undertaken in a research project which is described in the second part of this paper.

Research paper thumbnail of Untersuchungen zum Periglazial auf der König-Georg-Insel Südshetlandinseln/Antartika. Deutsche physiogeographische Forschungen in der Antarktis. - Berichte über die Kampagne 1983/84

Berichte zur Polarforschung = Reports on Polar Research; 1; ISSN 0176-5027, 1985

Research paper thumbnail of Niederschlag, Grundwasser, Abfluß : Ergebnisse aus dem hydrologisch-geomorphologischen Versuchsgebiet "Hollmuth

Research paper thumbnail of Land cover change assessment using object-oriented classification based on image segmentation in the Binah river watershed (Togo and Benin)

Research paper thumbnail of Development of adaptive IWRM options for climate change mitigation and adaptation

Advances in Science and Research, 2011

Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) options related to the impacts of climate c... more Adaptive Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) options related to the impacts of climate change in the twinning basins of the Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basin (UBRB) are developed based on the results obtained in the different work packages of the BRAH-MATWINN project. They have been described and discussed in Chapter 2 till Chapter 9 and the paper is referring to and is integrating these findings with respect to their application and interpretation for the development of adaptive IWRM options addressing impacts of climate change in river basins. The data and information related to the results discussed in Chapter 2 till 8 have been input to the RBIS as a central component of the IWRMS (Chapter 9). Meanwhile the UDRB has been analysed with respect to IWRM and climate change impacts by various projects, i.e. the GLOWA-Danube BMBF funded project (GLOWA Danube, 2009; Mauser and Ludwig, 2002) the UBRB has not been studied so far in a similar way as it was done in the BRAH-MATWINN project. Therefore the IWRM option development is focussing on the UBRB but the methodology presented can be applied for the UDRB and other river basins as well. Data presented and analysed in this chapter have been elaborated by the BRAHMATWINN project partners and are published in the project deliverable reports available from the project homepage http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de/index.php?id=5311&L=2.

Research paper thumbnail of Land cover classification in hilly watersheds using SAR backscatter intensity and interferometric coherence information

Research paper thumbnail of The Saale-Project -A multidisciplinary approach towards sustainable integrative catchment management

Research paper thumbnail of Impacts of irrigation agriculture on water quality in Mediterranean coastal wetlands

Research paper thumbnail of Twinning European and South Asian river basins to enhance capacity and implement adaptive integrated water resources management approaches – results from the EC-project BRAHMATWINN

Advances in Science and Research, 2011

The EC-project BRAHMATWINN was carrying out a harmonised integrated water resources management (I... more The EC-project BRAHMATWINN was carrying out a harmonised integrated water resources management (IWRM) approach as addressed by the European Water Initiative (EWI) in headwater river systems of alpine mountain massifs of the twinning Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basins (UBRB) in Europe and Southeast Asia respectively. Social and natural scientists in cooperation with water law experts and local stakeholders produced the project outcomes presented in Chapter 2 till Chapter 10 of this publication. BRAHMATWINN applied a holistic approach towards IWRM comprising climate modelling, socioeconomic and governance analysis and concepts together with methods and integrated tools of applied Geoinformatics. A detailed description of the deliverables produced by the BRAHMATWINN project is published on the project homepage http://www.brahmatwinn.uni-jena.de.

Research paper thumbnail of Ein integrativer Ansatz zur landschaftsbezogenen Typisierung von Feuchtgebieten im Einzugsgebiet des Umzimvubu, Ostkap-Provinz, Südafrika

Research paper thumbnail of Parameterizing hydrological, erosion and solute transport models by application of remote sensing in the ARSGISIP project

IEEE 1999 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IGARSS'99 (Cat. No.99CH36293)

ABSTRACT The overall objective of the ARSGISIP project is to promote the application of remote se... more ABSTRACT The overall objective of the ARSGISIP project is to promote the application of remote sensing techniques and GIS integration for the parameterization of physically based dynamic models. Activities of the first project year towards the common environmental problems of water pollution, floods and land degradation are presented within representative European catchments located in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The contribution of optical and radar remote sensing techniques for model parameterization is discussed. The scientific approach concentrates on deriving physical parameters describing soil and vegetation cover by means of land use classifications using Landsat TM/MSS, IRS-1C LISS/PAN, SPOT HRV/MIR, ERS-1/2 SAR/WiFS, and JERS-1 SAR

Research paper thumbnail of Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis

Technology, 2009

Page 1. Technology, Resource Management & Development, 2009, Vol. 6, 57-85 Applied Geoinforma... more Page 1. Technology, Resource Management & Development, 2009, Vol. 6, 57-85 Applied Geoinformatics for sustainable IWRM and climate change impact analysis. Wolfgang-Albert Flügel Abstract The paper presents Geoinformatics ...

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated Wetland and Landscape Modeling. A Case Study from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Wetlands are very sensitive to ecosystem changes, so integrated analyses and modeling of their pr... more Wetlands are very sensitive to ecosystem changes, so integrated analyses and modeling of their process dynamics as well as their interaction with other hydrologic and ecological components provide valuable information for impact assessment. However, since wetland processes are complex, research methods aiming to improve the understanding of wetland dynamics in a landscape perspective must comprise a multidisciplinary and integrated approach. Thus, a project was initiated to model the landscape dynamics of afforestation and their effects on wetlands in the semi-arid Umzimvubu basin, South Africa. The resultant landscape model integrates both the local wetland process dynamics with the larger scale landscape dynamics, while considering the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of these respective scales.

Research paper thumbnail of Integrated process studies and modelling simulations of hillslope hydrology and interflow dynamics using the HILLS model

Environmental Modelling & Software, 1998

ABSTRACT

Research paper thumbnail of Using MODFLOW/MODPATH combined with GIS analysis for groundwater modelling in the alluvial aquifer of the river Sieg, Germany

… -Series of Proceedings and Reports-Intern …, 1995

US Wolfgang-Albert Flügel & Christian Mich! the areai discretization obtained by the groundwater ... more US Wolfgang-Albert Flügel & Christian Mich! the areai discretization obtained by the groundwater model using finite elements or finite differences. Commonly used finite difference models in groundwater hydrology are based on the mathematical techniques developed by Trescott et al. (1976) ...

Research paper thumbnail of ARSGISIP: a European project on the application of remote sensing techniques for the parameterization of hydrological, erosion and solute transport models

ABSTRACT The overall objective of the EU project ARSGISIP is to promote the application of remote... more ABSTRACT The overall objective of the EU project ARSGISIP is to promote the application of remote sensing techniques and GIS integration for the parameterization of hydrological, erosion, and solute transport models. Activities of the first project stage are presented, emphasizing the common environmental problem of nutrient leaching within two representative basins located in Germany and Austria. The scientific approach is focused on physical parameters describing soil and vegetation cover by means of multi-resolution and multi-spectral land-use classifications using Landsat-5 TM and IRS-1C PAN data. The results obtained clearly demonstrate the advantage of Earth Observation (EO) data for model parameterization when compared with traditional methods of field mapping.

Research paper thumbnail of Factors controlling groundwater recharge in the mountainous hard-rock Aravalli terrain

Recharge is one of the key hydrological parameters for assessment, budgeting, management, and mod... more Recharge is one of the key hydrological parameters for assessment, budgeting, management, and modelling of groundwater resources. To have a measure of groundwater recharge, it is necessary to obtain precise information on the factors governing infiltration and loss from the groundwater system. The present study focused on the Aravalli terrain of India covering ~ 25 000 km 2 area in between N23º30′-N26º18′ and E72º24′-E74º36′. Evaluation of individual and combined influence of hydrogeological and non-geological parameters on groundwater recharge was set as the main objective, and linear multiple-regression was chosen as the technique. Groundwater recharge is manifested by seasonal fluctuations of groundwater level, and is used as the dependent variable in the regression analysis. Standardised partial regression coefficients have been used as a measure of factor-influence and as a tool for sensitivity analysis. With accumulation of temporal data, the mean value of water-table fluctuation varies, and with the variation of the responsive parameter, the partial regression-coefficients of the regressors also vary. Therefore, confidence intervals of regression coefficients have been used in the present study to check model uncertainty. The multipleregression established that frequency of "deficient rainfall" i.e. amount of rainfall required to ensure normal aquifer-recharge (mean water-table rise) is the most important recharge-controlling parameter. Therefore, it has been interpreted that inadequacy of groundwater recharge is largely determined by the frequency of deficient-rainfall. Depth, elevation, vegetation, lineament buffer, and density of lineament count and lineament-intersection are found to be other parameters positively influencing seasonal water-level fluctuations.

Research paper thumbnail of Water Area Extraction Using Geocoded High Resolution Imagery of TerraSAR-X Radar Satellite in Cloud Prone Brahmaputra River Valley

In this study, supervised pixel based maximum likelyhood classifier (MLC) was evaluated for diffe... more In this study, supervised pixel based maximum likelyhood classifier (MLC) was evaluated for differentiating water area from non-water area in a cloud prone river valley region using images obtained from German TerraSAR-X radar satellite. TerraSAR-X satellite microwave data acquired on 8th May 2008 was used for a test site in Brahmputra river valley, India. The performance of traditional supervised (MLC) classification method was evaluated on TerraSAR's X band strip geo coded high resolution (6 meter) images in VV polarization channel. The 42 training sites for water area and 40 training sites for non-water areas were carefully selected over the entire image where optical Resourcesat-1 LISS IV multi-spectral image and preclassification ground truth were used as apriori knowledge. The calculated backscatter coefficient ranges from approximately-24.1 to 6.5 dB where water areas usually have low dB value around-20 dB. Overall classification accuracy was 94.92 %. This study shows that high resolution TerraSAR-X radar satellite image have advantage of weather independence over optical data. Furthermore, the supervised (MLC) classification can be used for extraction of water area from single band high resolution radar images where traditional water area extraction methods i.e., NDVI, NDWI etc., can not be used on radar images.

Research paper thumbnail of Hydrologica! response units (HRUs) to preserve basin heterogeneity in hydrological modelling using PRMS/MMS - case study in the Brôl basin, Germany

A modified concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and their application using the Precipit... more A modified concept of hydrological response units (HRUs) and their application using the Precipitation Runoff Modelling System/ Modular Modelling System (PRMS/MMS) hydrological basin model is discussed. The method is based on a thorough hydrological systems analysis, and HRUs are delineated by GIS analysis using the physio­ graphic properties of the distributed basin: topography, soils, geology, rainfall and land use. Applied