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Papers by Troy Wood

Frontiers in Virology

Latin America and the Caribbean continue to be adversely affected by dengue with the disease bein... more Latin America and the Caribbean continue to be adversely affected by dengue with the disease being endemic in several countries in this region. As a result, the social and economic impacts of the disease have risen significantly. Currently, there are very few solutions available to limit the spread of the virus, with vector control being the most commonly used. However, due to increased insecticidal resistance, scientists in the region have actively been seeking new ways to limit the spread of the virus. This quest has led researchers to investigate the antiviral properties of natural products. While antiviral screening activities focused on preventing or treating infection of the human host remains a significant area of study, some scientists have now focused their attention on preventing infection or transmission in the mosquito vector. This review therefore aims to highlight the use of natural products in Latin America and the Caribbean for blocking viral transmission of dengue v...

Journal of Clinical and Translational Science

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Clinical tissue specimens are primarily destined for formalin fixed, paraffin e... more OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Clinical tissue specimens are primarily destined for formalin fixed, paraffin embedded processing to create a basis for diagnosis by microscopic examination. Innovations in specimen processing are required to expand its availability for inclusion as the substrate in assays that can contribute to the further development of Precision Medicine. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Transurethral resection of bladder tumors were selected for testing based on availability and tissue composition. A wash step was used to generate daughter aliquots composed of dislodged cells and a solution with prior contact to the parent tissue. This wash step served two purposes: 1) reduce the amount of contaminating material from spreading to other cases, a problem known to be associated with this type of specimen; and 2) create aliquots from which additional informative data could be generated. These daughter aliquots were then examined to determine their value as a source for exosome profiling, ...

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

Placentophagia in nonhuman mammals facilitates mother-infant bonding, onset of maternal behavior,... more Placentophagia in nonhuman mammals facilitates mother-infant bonding, onset of maternal behavior, suppresses pseudopregnancy, and helps to suppress pain. POEF, a substance in afterbirth, when ingested enhances endogenous and exogenous opioid-mediated hypoalgesia in males and females. Afterbirth of all species tested contains POEF. Despite some changes in maternal chemistry, placentophagy in humans has not been demonstrated to be beneficial. POEF, if isolated and synthesized, may be a novel way to manage pain and addiction.

Author Institution: Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State Universi... more Author Institution: Laser Spectroscopy Facility, Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State UniversityMetal-containing fullerenes are produced in a carbon arc discharge. Thin films of metallofullerenes are deposited on silicon substrates by sublimation and analyzed by FT/ICR MS and infrared spectroscopy. Endohedral motions of the encapsulated metal ion are predicted to be infrared active and may be observed in conjunction with charge transfer states in the mid-infrared

Destruction of myelin, or demyelination, is a characteristic of traumatic spinal cord injury and ... more Destruction of myelin, or demyelination, is a characteristic of traumatic spinal cord injury and pathognomonic for primary demyelinating pathologies such as multiple sclerosis. The regenerative process known as remyelination which can occur following demyelination fails as MS progresses. Models of focal demyelination by local injection of gliotoxins have provided important biological insights into the demyelination/remyelination process. Here, injection of lysolecithin to induce spinal cord demyelination is investigated using MALDI MSI. Segmentation analysis revealed changes to lipid composition during lysolecithininduced demyelination at the lesion site and subsequent remyelination over time. The results of this study can be utilized to identify potential myelin-repair mechanisms and in the design of therapeutic strategies to enhance myelin repair.

Pharmacological Research, 2020

In the issue of June 2020, Rueda Ruzafa and Co-workers [1] reviewed the role of the opioids in th... more In the issue of June 2020, Rueda Ruzafa and Co-workers [1] reviewed the role of the opioids in the central nervous system (CNS) disorders, with a special focus on the possible role of alimentary opioid peptides (exorphins) in modulating the gut-brain axis, and the potential harmful effects of exorphins from gluten (Gluten Exorphins, GEs) in Celiac Disease (CD). GEs are a family of five opioid peptides designated GE

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron degenerative disease whose etio... more Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motor neuron degenerative disease whose etiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Most cases of ALS (≈90%) are sporadic (SALS), occurring in the absence of genetic associations. Approximately 20% of familial ALS (FALS) cases are due to known mutations in the copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. Molecular evidence for a common pathogenesis of SALS and FALS has remained elusive. Here we use covalent chemical modification to reveal an attribute of spinal cord SOD1 common to both SOD1-linked FALS and SALS, but not present in normal or disease-affected tissues from other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases and spinal muscular atrophy, a non-ALS motor neuron disease. Biotinylation reveals a 32-kDa, covalently cross-linked SOD1-containing protein species produced not only in FALS caused by SOD1 mutation, but also in SALS. These studies use chemical modi...

Analytical Chemistry, 2000

Results from time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra (TOF-SIMS) of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers... more Results from time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectra (TOF-SIMS) of Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers of various isomers (isotactic and syndiotactic) of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are reported. A detailed analysis of the repeating pattern of fragment ion clusters yields very different patterns for isotactic PMMA LB layers than for the syndiotactic and atactic forms. This is attributed to the resulting double-helical tertiary structure of isotactic PMMA, a structure that does not form for the syndiotactic and atactic PMMA polymer monolayers. The double-helical structure of isotactic PMMA monolayers is verified using reflection absorption Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The repeating patterns of cluster ions in syndiotactic and atactic PMMA monolayers can be explained using statistical chain-breaking models for fragmentation of single isolated polymer chains. The repeating ion patterns from the TOF-SIMS of the isotactic PMMA monolayers are analyzed by considering bond breaking and ion formation between adjacent polymer chains, resulting in a newly proposed ion formation model due to the tertiary structure of the double-helical form. A rearrangement mechanism consistent with all ions that are formed is proposed.

The Analyst, Jan 9, 2018

We report a sensory platform for the determination of common explosive species (e.g., TNT, PETN, ... more We report a sensory platform for the determination of common explosive species (e.g., TNT, PETN, RDX) based on the differential response from two different luminescent metal nanoclusters. In particular, whereas the red emission from bovine serum albumin-protected gold nanoclusters was strongly quenched by nitro-, nitrate-, and nitroamine-containing explosive organic molecules, blue-emitting glutathione-capped copper nanoclusters proved inert to quenching by these same analytes, instead showing evidence for aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). As a result, this discrete gold/copper nanocluster pairing provides a dual-probe, ratiometric (red-to-blue) system signaling the presence of TNT and other common explosives. This strategy opens up new potential for nanocluster-based analyte signaling, with implications to fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategies as well.

Review of Scientific Instruments

The field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry has witnessed the development of many novel and... more The field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry has witnessed the development of many novel and capable methods for the analysis and imaging of surfaces, with desorption electrospray ionization being a prominent technique that has been commercialized. The adaptation of this technique to existing mass spectrometry platforms requires a laboratory-built solution manufactured with the capability of fine, stable adjustments of the electrospray emitter for liquid or solid sampling purposes. The development, fabrication, and machining require tens of hours of labor for many custom solutions. Herein described is a highly modifiable alternative approach for the fabrication of a desorption electrospray ionization source, using computer-aided design and fused deposition modeling to three-dimensionally print a source platform that utilizes standard accessories of a commercial Bruker Daltonics mass spectrometer. Three-dimensional printing allows for the inexpensive, rapid development of highly modifiable plastic parts, with the total printing time of the apparatus requiring a singular day and only a few dollars of material using a consumer grade printer. To demonstrate the utility of this printed desorption electrospray ionization source, it was fitted on an unmodified Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer for a lipid fingerprint analysis in serial sections of rat brain tissue, with the acquisition of line scans of dye-coated slides for the demonstration of serial acquisition.

Metabolites, 2021

The study of biological specimens by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has had a profound influence... more The study of biological specimens by mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has had a profound influence in the various forms of spatial-omics over the past two decades including applications for the identification of clinical biomarker analysis; the metabolic fingerprinting of disease states; treatment with therapeutics; and the profiling of lipids, peptides and proteins. No singular approach is able to globally map all biomolecular classes simultaneously. This led to the development of many complementary multimodal imaging approaches to solve analytical problems: fusing multiple ionization techniques, imaging microscopy or spectroscopy, or local extractions into robust multimodal imaging methods. However, each fusion typically requires the melding of analytical information from multiple commercial platforms, and the tandem utilization of multiple commercial or third-party software platforms—even in some cases requiring computer coding. Herein, we report the use of matrix-assisted laser d...

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 2020

Carcinoid syndrome represents the most common functional syndrome that affects patients with neur... more Carcinoid syndrome represents the most common functional syndrome that affects patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms. Its clinical presentation is really heterogeneous, ranging from mild and often misdiagnosed symptoms to severe manifestations, that significantly worsen the patient's quality of life, such as difficult-to-control diarrhoea and fibrotic complications. Serotonin pathway alteration plays a central role in the pathophysiology of carcinoid syndrome, accounting for most clinical manifestations and providing diagnostic tools. Serotonin pathway is complex, resulting in production of biologically active molecules such as serotonin and melatonin, as well as of different intermediate molecules and final metabolites. These activities require site-and tissue-specific catalytic enzymes. Variable expression and activities of these enzymes result in different clinical pictures, according to primary site of origin of the tumour. At the same time, the biochemical diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome could be difficult even in case of typical symptoms. Therefore, the accuracy of the diagnostic methods of assessment should be improved, also attenuating the impact of confounding factors and maybe considering new serotonin precursors or metabolites as diagnostic markers. Finally, the prognostic role of serotonin markers has been only evaluated for its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid but, due to heterogeneous and biased study designs, no definitive conclusions have been achieved. The most recent progress is represented by the new therapeutic agent telotristat, an inhibitor of the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, which blocks the conversion of tryptophan in 5-hydroxy-tryptophan. The present review investigates the clinical significance of serotonin pathway in carcinoid syndrome, considering its role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.

Journal of Vacuum Science Technology B Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, 1999

Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2015

Here, a matrix using two-dimensional (2D) graphene is demonstrated for the first time in the cont... more Here, a matrix using two-dimensional (2D) graphene is demonstrated for the first time in the context of MALDI IMS using a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer. Although graphene flakes have been used previously in MALDI, it is described here how a single 2D layer of graphene is applied directly on top of rat brain sections and soybean leaves. Several classes of molecules are desorbed and ionized off of the surface of the tissues examined using 2D graphene, with minimal background interference from the matrix. Moreover, no solvents are employed in application of 2D graphene, eliminating the potential for analyte diffusion in liquid droplets during matrix application. Because 2D graphene is an elemental form of carbon, an additional advantage is its high compatibility with the long duration needed for many IMS experiments.

Glucokinase catalyzes phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate i... more Glucokinase catalyzes phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of cellular metabolism. While the location of the ATP-binding site of glucokinase was proposed recently, limited information exists on its conformation or the key amino acids involved in substrate binding. Affinity labeling with phenylglyoxal is used to probe possible Arg residues involved in ATP binding. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicates that reaction of purified glucokinase with phenylglyoxal results in as many as six or seven sites of modification, suggesting nonspecific modification. However, preincubation of glucokinase with glucose followed by reaction with phenylglyoxal reveals only two sites of modification. Glucokinase activity assays show that enzyme preincubated with glucose possesses residual activity corresponding to the fraction of unmodified enzyme observed by mass spectrometry, strongly suggesting that glucokinase preincubated with glucose is specifically labeled and inactivated upon modification by phenylglyoxal. The data support the existing conformational model of glucokinase.

Science Signaling, 2009

The IL-17 receptor triggers dual, sequential phosphorylation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ, ... more The IL-17 receptor triggers dual, sequential phosphorylation of the transcription factor C/EBPβ, which represses the expression of target genes.

Biochemistry, 1995

Isoelectric focusing separation of recombinant rabbit muscle creatine kinase (CK) and its zszCys-... more Isoelectric focusing separation of recombinant rabbit muscle creatine kinase (CK) and its zszCys-2s2Ser mutant shows the presence of three and two isoforms, respectively, that exhibit equivalent enzymatic activity. Electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (IOs resolving power) of both CKs indicates that their major components are within +2 Da of the M , value predicted from the cDNA sequences of these mixtures. Dissociation of (M i-nH)"+ gives no evidence that the components of either CK are isomers; the masses of the 51 fragment ions correlate completely (f l Da) with the values predicted from the cDNA sequence and confirm the identities of 21 of the 380 amino acids and the zszCys-%er replacement in the mutant. The results are consistent with one or two steps of post-translational amidatioddeamidation (NHz-OH, 16 Da-17 Da), each of which would produce only a 1 Da difference in M,, with the fragment masses indicating that at least one modification occurs between residues 212 and 282. Creatine kinase (CK, monomer)' (E.C. 2.7.3.2) is a key * Comell University.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1998

Phenylglyoxal is an arginine-specific reagent that inactivates creatine kinase (CK). Previous res... more Phenylglyoxal is an arginine-specific reagent that inactivates creatine kinase (CK). Previous results suggest that modification of the dimeric enzyme at a single arginine residue per subunit causes complete inactivation accompanied by the loss of nucleotide binding; the actual site of modification was not identified. Here, high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to identify three phenylglyoxal-modified Arg residues in monomeric rabbit muscle CK. Electrospray ionizaton Fourier-transform MS of the phenylglyoxal-modified CK that had lost ≈80% activity identified three species: unmodified, once-modified (+116 Da), and twice-modified (+232 Da) enzyme in a ratio of approximately 1:4:1. MS/MS restricts the derivatized sites to P122-P212 and P283-V332, whereas MS of Lys-C digestions revealed two modified peptides, A266-K297 and G116-K137. The only Arg in A266-K297 is Arg-291 (invariant), whereas MS/MS of modified G116-K137 shows that two of the three sites Arg-129, Arg-131...

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 2019

Proteomics-based mass spectrometry has gained increasing amounts of popularity in recent years. I... more Proteomics-based mass spectrometry has gained increasing amounts of popularity in recent years. In particular, high resolution accurate mass measurements in mass spectrometry has gained notoriety for giving the capability of high throughput analysis with lower cost to the user. In particular, its uses in the identification of protein sequence through the utilization of bottom-up, middle-down, and top-down approaches has been widely discussed. In this chapter, we discuss the advantages of each technique as well as using the techniques in tandem to gain well-rounded structural data on our protein of interest, glucokinase. The study will focus on the use of Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, but give insights into the advantages that may come from the utilization of other high resolution techniques.

Autism Spectrum Disorders - Advances at the End of the Second Decade of the 21st Century, 2019

Despite the increasing prevalence for its diagnosis in children, there are no clinical biomarkers... more Despite the increasing prevalence for its diagnosis in children, there are no clinical biomarkers of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Herein a research journey is described that began by seeking evidence for the opioid excess theory of autism using mass spectrometry methods to screen human urine specimens and has evolved into the discovery of promising murine fecal biomarkers for ASD. Our results are consistent with an emerging body of evidence that shows that intestinal microflora from ASD subjects can be distinguished from controls, suggesting that metabolite differences due to the action of intestinal microbes may provide a means to identify ASD biomarkers.