Linda Woodruff - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Linda Woodruff
Social Work, 1996
Carl Jung, famous student and colleague of Sigmund Freud, was born in the 19th century and contin... more Carl Jung, famous student and colleague of Sigmund Freud, was born in the 19th century and continued his work into the fifth decade of the 20th century. Both his followers and foes recognize the impact Jung has had on Western thought concerning the intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of the human experience. However, less is known about the macro and global concepts he developed. This article attempts to bridge these two areas of his work and explores the relationship between the pressing need for international cooperation toward social development and the inadequate, sometimes quixotic societal and professional social work responses. Jung's concepts of the conscious, the unconscious, the collective unconscious, the principle of opposites, the self and wholeness, culture, and macro issues of global concern are analyzed. In addition, the article considers the transpersonal or spiritual dimension of Jungian thought, whether expressed in terms of truth, reality, spirit, soul, self, god, oneness, freedom, being, or meaning. Jung spent a great deal of energy and time attempting to integrate his perceptions into the work of his friend and mentor Freud. Freud's was a developmental psychology, and Jung labored to work within that frame for a time. But he finally split with Freud over Freud's preoccupation with sexual matters and over their differences about spiritual matters. Jung's conceptualization of the unconscious was dramatically different from Freud's and related to the transpersonal or spiritual aspects of his work. Freud believed the unconscious to be the repository of angst, whereas Jung believed it the repository of the antipode of an individual's conscious awareness. Jung saw the unconscious as the other and equally valuable half of the self, the key to the wholeness, and the ever-creative and potentially guiding principle of life (Jung, 1954a). Jung and the Psyche In simplest terms, for Jung the psyche was made up of three layers: the conscious, the personal unconscious, and the objective or collective unconscious. On the surface is the veneer of consciousness, made up of the experiences and attitudes the individual uses in interacting with the environment. This layer holds a person's orientation and roles in society and is a starting point for rational analysis (Jung, 1960). Below consciousness is the layer of the personal unconscious containing psychic contents repressed from consciousness. In the unconscious are drives and desires that have not yet reached conscious awareness. Such material either has been, or may potentially be, known in consciousness. The contents of the personal unconscious are idiosyncratic and include forgotten memories, painful ideas and perceptions, and perceptions below consciousness (Jung, 1959b). The personal unconscious was for Jung the "more or less superficial layer of the unconscious" (Jung, 1939, pp. 52-53). Jung viewed the objective or collective unconscious as the deepest and largest area of the psyche. The collective unconscious provides contact between the individual and transpersonal life forces. The individual personality is affected by the developments of cultural and human history. The psychic life choices of the individual in turn contribute to the collective unconscious of group, culture, and world (Jung, 1953b, 1954b, 1959b). Jung and the Nature of Humankind Philosophers have held directly opposing views of the nature of man. For Condorcet and Rousseau, human nature was essentially noble, decent, and peaceful, except when corrupted by society. For Hobbes, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, human nature was essentially aggressive, power hungry, and self-serving. Jung was convinced that there existed in human beings certain psychic and behavioral predispositions that, while achieving unique expression in each individual, were universally present in all members of the group. Because these predispositions, which Jung called "archetypes," are deeply unconscious, the individual cannot have direct knowledge of them. …
Leukemia, 1991
A monoclonal antibody (MoAB) has been developed which reacts with a previously unidentified hemat... more A monoclonal antibody (MoAB) has been developed which reacts with a previously unidentified hematopoietic cell surface protein called MKW. This MoAB (anti-MKW) does not cluster with antibodies in any of the known cluster groups of differentiation. Blast cell expression of MKW was studied in 196 consecutively diagnosed children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 69 children with previously untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and four children with secondary AML. MKW expression, clinical, laboratory and cytogenetic features at diagnosis, and treatment response and duration were examined for significant correlations. MKW was expressed on blasts from 12.8% of children with ALL and 24.6% of children with de novo AML. The expression of MKW appears to be more common in patients with secondary AML (three of four) than de novo AML (17 of 69). In patients with AML, the expression of MKW was correlated with an elevated initial leukocyte count (p = 0.0005) and poorer disease-free ...
Personality and Individual Differences, 1983
... V. RACHELE and LORIE WOODRUFF Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, O... more ... V. RACHELE and LORIE WOODRUFF Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA PETER R. OLIVER Fairviers Training ... to preferred stimuli or to perform as one of two potential actions (Poudrier, Mercer and Howard, 1976; Silverstein, 1972). ...
Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 1986
The malignant cells of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) rarely show phagocytic ac... more The malignant cells of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) rarely show phagocytic activity. In this retrospective survey, blasts from 7 of 196 patients with newly diagnosed ALL demonstrated phagocytic activity toward platelets and erythrocytes. The morphology and cytochemical staining properties of the cells were typical of ALL. Immunophenotyes were those of common ALL (CALLA+, HLA-DR+) for six patients and of pre-B-cell ALL (positive cytoplasmic immunoglobulin) for one. However, blast cells from six of the seven patients also reacted with myeloid-associated monoclonal antibodies (MCS.2 and/or SJ-D1). The wide overlap in the percentages of blasts expressing CALLA and those expressing myeloid-associated antigens suggests that some cells possessed both lymphoid- and myeloid-associated surface antigens. By a dual staining technique, two patients tested had blasts expressing antigens of both lineages. Each child achieved a complete remission after treatment with agents effective for ALL and remains in remission for 13+ to 20+ months. These morphologic and immunologic findings may define a distinct subtype of acute leukemia.
Immunologic Research, 2001
Immunotherapies designed to prevent infection serve as an increasingly important adjunct to bone ... more Immunotherapies designed to prevent infection serve as an increasingly important adjunct to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). T cell immunotherapies are particularly useful for the control of virus infections, provided that T cell populations are free of graftvs-host (GVH) activity. In this review, we describe positive and negative selection methods with which donor T cell populations devoid of GVH activity can be prepared for transfer to the immunodeficient BMT recipient. The support of patients with T cell immunotherapies may ultimately revolutionize BMT, elevating the procedure from a salvage to a front-line treatment strategy for otherwise fatal disorders.
Human Gene Therapy, 1998
Although adenovirus is a major source of morbidity for immunocompromised individuals and a popula... more Although adenovirus is a major source of morbidity for immunocompromised individuals and a popular vector for gene therapy, little is known about the cellular immune responses it evokes in humans. Initial trials using adenovirus vectors have been disappointing, probably owing both to a preexisting immune response to Ad2 and AdS, the most commonly used vector backbones, and to a response to the transgene. The former problem might be overcome by switching from the common type C adenoviruses, of which Ad2 and AdS are members, to other less common serotypes. Evidence for the feasibility of this approach has been provided by a rat model system. However, its success in humans depends on there being no immunological cross-reactivity between groups at the humoral or cellular level. Here, we examine the cross-reactivity of the cellular immune response to adenovirus in a human system, and find that human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) prepared in vitro against an adenovirus from two of the six subgroups can lyse cells infected with adenoviruses from the other subgroups. Hence, the proposed use of adenovirus vectors from uncommon subgroups to evade memory immune response to subgroup C adenoviruses may not be successful. However, this same cross-reactivity indicates that adoptive transfer of CTLs generated in vitro against one adenovirus serotype may protect immunocompromised patients from infections by adenoviruses of all serotypes. OVERVIEW SUMMARY Adenovirus is one of two major viral vectors used in clinical gene therapy protocols, but to date the findings have been somewhat disappointing. A preexisting immune response to the viral protein, accompanied in some cases by a de novo response to the transgene, limit the level and time of expression ofthe therapeutic transgene. To overcome this problem it has been suggested that alternative adenovirus serotypes, for which previous exposure is less likely, might be used. This is based on the low levels, and lack of neutralizing activity, of cross-subgroup-reactive antibodies. Our data indicate that the cellular immune response to AdS generates highly cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells capable of lysing cells infected with adenoviruses from other subgroups. While indicating that the use of vectors from other subgroups may not be successful, the results do indicate that in vttro-generated CTLs against AdS could protect immunosuppressed patients from infections by all subgroups.
Social Work, 1996
Carl Jung, famous student and colleague of Sigmund Freud, was born in the 19th century and contin... more Carl Jung, famous student and colleague of Sigmund Freud, was born in the 19th century and continued his work into the fifth decade of the 20th century. Both his followers and foes recognize the impact Jung has had on Western thought concerning the intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of the human experience. However, less is known about the macro and global concepts he developed. This article attempts to bridge these two areas of his work and explores the relationship between the pressing need for international cooperation toward social development and the inadequate, sometimes quixotic societal and professional social work responses. Jung's concepts of the conscious, the unconscious, the collective unconscious, the principle of opposites, the self and wholeness, culture, and macro issues of global concern are analyzed. In addition, the article considers the transpersonal or spiritual dimension of Jungian thought, whether expressed in terms of truth, reality, spirit, soul, self, god, oneness, freedom, being, or meaning. Jung spent a great deal of energy and time attempting to integrate his perceptions into the work of his friend and mentor Freud. Freud's was a developmental psychology, and Jung labored to work within that frame for a time. But he finally split with Freud over Freud's preoccupation with sexual matters and over their differences about spiritual matters. Jung's conceptualization of the unconscious was dramatically different from Freud's and related to the transpersonal or spiritual aspects of his work. Freud believed the unconscious to be the repository of angst, whereas Jung believed it the repository of the antipode of an individual's conscious awareness. Jung saw the unconscious as the other and equally valuable half of the self, the key to the wholeness, and the ever-creative and potentially guiding principle of life (Jung, 1954a). Jung and the Psyche In simplest terms, for Jung the psyche was made up of three layers: the conscious, the personal unconscious, and the objective or collective unconscious. On the surface is the veneer of consciousness, made up of the experiences and attitudes the individual uses in interacting with the environment. This layer holds a person's orientation and roles in society and is a starting point for rational analysis (Jung, 1960). Below consciousness is the layer of the personal unconscious containing psychic contents repressed from consciousness. In the unconscious are drives and desires that have not yet reached conscious awareness. Such material either has been, or may potentially be, known in consciousness. The contents of the personal unconscious are idiosyncratic and include forgotten memories, painful ideas and perceptions, and perceptions below consciousness (Jung, 1959b). The personal unconscious was for Jung the "more or less superficial layer of the unconscious" (Jung, 1939, pp. 52-53). Jung viewed the objective or collective unconscious as the deepest and largest area of the psyche. The collective unconscious provides contact between the individual and transpersonal life forces. The individual personality is affected by the developments of cultural and human history. The psychic life choices of the individual in turn contribute to the collective unconscious of group, culture, and world (Jung, 1953b, 1954b, 1959b). Jung and the Nature of Humankind Philosophers have held directly opposing views of the nature of man. For Condorcet and Rousseau, human nature was essentially noble, decent, and peaceful, except when corrupted by society. For Hobbes, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche, human nature was essentially aggressive, power hungry, and self-serving. Jung was convinced that there existed in human beings certain psychic and behavioral predispositions that, while achieving unique expression in each individual, were universally present in all members of the group. Because these predispositions, which Jung called "archetypes," are deeply unconscious, the individual cannot have direct knowledge of them. …
Leukemia, 1991
A monoclonal antibody (MoAB) has been developed which reacts with a previously unidentified hemat... more A monoclonal antibody (MoAB) has been developed which reacts with a previously unidentified hematopoietic cell surface protein called MKW. This MoAB (anti-MKW) does not cluster with antibodies in any of the known cluster groups of differentiation. Blast cell expression of MKW was studied in 196 consecutively diagnosed children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 69 children with previously untreated acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and four children with secondary AML. MKW expression, clinical, laboratory and cytogenetic features at diagnosis, and treatment response and duration were examined for significant correlations. MKW was expressed on blasts from 12.8% of children with ALL and 24.6% of children with de novo AML. The expression of MKW appears to be more common in patients with secondary AML (three of four) than de novo AML (17 of 69). In patients with AML, the expression of MKW was correlated with an elevated initial leukocyte count (p = 0.0005) and poorer disease-free ...
Personality and Individual Differences, 1983
... V. RACHELE and LORIE WOODRUFF Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, O... more ... V. RACHELE and LORIE WOODRUFF Department of Psychology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA PETER R. OLIVER Fairviers Training ... to preferred stimuli or to perform as one of two potential actions (Poudrier, Mercer and Howard, 1976; Silverstein, 1972). ...
Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 1986
The malignant cells of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) rarely show phagocytic ac... more The malignant cells of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) rarely show phagocytic activity. In this retrospective survey, blasts from 7 of 196 patients with newly diagnosed ALL demonstrated phagocytic activity toward platelets and erythrocytes. The morphology and cytochemical staining properties of the cells were typical of ALL. Immunophenotyes were those of common ALL (CALLA+, HLA-DR+) for six patients and of pre-B-cell ALL (positive cytoplasmic immunoglobulin) for one. However, blast cells from six of the seven patients also reacted with myeloid-associated monoclonal antibodies (MCS.2 and/or SJ-D1). The wide overlap in the percentages of blasts expressing CALLA and those expressing myeloid-associated antigens suggests that some cells possessed both lymphoid- and myeloid-associated surface antigens. By a dual staining technique, two patients tested had blasts expressing antigens of both lineages. Each child achieved a complete remission after treatment with agents effective for ALL and remains in remission for 13+ to 20+ months. These morphologic and immunologic findings may define a distinct subtype of acute leukemia.
Immunologic Research, 2001
Immunotherapies designed to prevent infection serve as an increasingly important adjunct to bone ... more Immunotherapies designed to prevent infection serve as an increasingly important adjunct to bone marrow transplantation (BMT). T cell immunotherapies are particularly useful for the control of virus infections, provided that T cell populations are free of graftvs-host (GVH) activity. In this review, we describe positive and negative selection methods with which donor T cell populations devoid of GVH activity can be prepared for transfer to the immunodeficient BMT recipient. The support of patients with T cell immunotherapies may ultimately revolutionize BMT, elevating the procedure from a salvage to a front-line treatment strategy for otherwise fatal disorders.
Human Gene Therapy, 1998
Although adenovirus is a major source of morbidity for immunocompromised individuals and a popula... more Although adenovirus is a major source of morbidity for immunocompromised individuals and a popular vector for gene therapy, little is known about the cellular immune responses it evokes in humans. Initial trials using adenovirus vectors have been disappointing, probably owing both to a preexisting immune response to Ad2 and AdS, the most commonly used vector backbones, and to a response to the transgene. The former problem might be overcome by switching from the common type C adenoviruses, of which Ad2 and AdS are members, to other less common serotypes. Evidence for the feasibility of this approach has been provided by a rat model system. However, its success in humans depends on there being no immunological cross-reactivity between groups at the humoral or cellular level. Here, we examine the cross-reactivity of the cellular immune response to adenovirus in a human system, and find that human cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) prepared in vitro against an adenovirus from two of the six subgroups can lyse cells infected with adenoviruses from the other subgroups. Hence, the proposed use of adenovirus vectors from uncommon subgroups to evade memory immune response to subgroup C adenoviruses may not be successful. However, this same cross-reactivity indicates that adoptive transfer of CTLs generated in vitro against one adenovirus serotype may protect immunocompromised patients from infections by adenoviruses of all serotypes. OVERVIEW SUMMARY Adenovirus is one of two major viral vectors used in clinical gene therapy protocols, but to date the findings have been somewhat disappointing. A preexisting immune response to the viral protein, accompanied in some cases by a de novo response to the transgene, limit the level and time of expression ofthe therapeutic transgene. To overcome this problem it has been suggested that alternative adenovirus serotypes, for which previous exposure is less likely, might be used. This is based on the low levels, and lack of neutralizing activity, of cross-subgroup-reactive antibodies. Our data indicate that the cellular immune response to AdS generates highly cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells capable of lysing cells infected with adenoviruses from other subgroups. While indicating that the use of vectors from other subgroups may not be successful, the results do indicate that in vttro-generated CTLs against AdS could protect immunosuppressed patients from infections by all subgroups.