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Books by Wyger Velema
Leiden: Brill, 2017
This edited volume approaches the early modern republican political imagination from a fresh pers... more This edited volume approaches the early modern republican political imagination from a fresh perspective. While most scholars agree on the importance of the classical world to early modern republican theorists, its role is all too often described in rather abstract and general terms such as "classical republicanism" or the "neo-roman theory of free states". The contributions to this volume propose a different approach and all focus on the specific ways in which ancient republics such as Rome, Athens, Sparta, and the Hebrew Republic served as models for early modern republican thought. The result is a novel interpretation of the impact of antiquity on early modern republicanism.
Papers by Wyger Velema
Republicans, 2007
In the Dutch Republic, even the dead discussed Montesquieu. This chapter explores the topic of Mo... more In the Dutch Republic, even the dead discussed Montesquieu. This chapter explores the topic of Montesquieu’s Dutch impact and thereby improves our understanding of the development of Dutch political thought in the later eighteenth century. It first discusses the formal reception of the Esprit des Lois and some of the interpretative problems that inevitably arise in any attempt to study the impact of a complex political treatise. Several modern commentators have justly observed that while Montesquieu’s general argument in the Esprit des Lois was full of ambiguity, his treatment of republics was especially so. The chapter then deals with the ways in which the Dutch interpreted Montesquieu’s masterpiece in the light of their own republican experience. Finally, it provides a sketch of the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary uses of Montesquieu in the years of political upheaval after 1780.Keywords: Dutch Republic; Esprit des Lois; later eighteenth century; Montesquieu
BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review, 1991
Republicans, 2007
The historiography concerning the Dutch Patriottentijd, the period of political upheaval between ... more The historiography concerning the Dutch Patriottentijd, the period of political upheaval between 1780 and 1787, is marked by a curious paradox. This chapter demonstrates that the dominant view of Patriot political thought as essentially moderate, backward looking and lacking in innovative content is fundamentally flawed. It first presents some general remarks about the study of the concept of liberty in the late eighteenth century, the available sources, and the relevant historical context. Then it traces the development of the concept of liberty in the crucial years between 1780 and 1787 and shows how the Patriots brought a fundamental change in its meaning. Finally, the chapter briefly addresses the Orangist or conservative use of the concept of liberty during these same years.Keywords: concept of liberty; Dutch Patriottentijd; late eighteenth century; Orangist; Patriot political thought
Republicans, 2007
In recent years, scholarship dealing with the Dutch Patriot era has undergone a transformation. I... more In recent years, scholarship dealing with the Dutch Patriot era has undergone a transformation. Inspired by developments in the historiography concerning the French Revolution, Dutch historians have turned to the study of changing structures of political communication of new forms of political sociability and organization, and revolutionary symbols, festivals, costumes. A voluminous and intelligent defense of the stadholderate, which appeared in 1786, had the impressive number of 1240 subscribers and many anti-Patriot pamphlets were published in several printings and editions. In style, these conservative publications ranged from the banal to the refined. In content, they ranged from vulgar Orangist propaganda to the most subtle intellectual defense of the status quo. The study of all of these writings, however, is indispensable if we wish to arrive at a balanced view of political discourse in the Patriot era. This chapter outlines some of the major themes they discussed.Keywords: Dutch historians; Dutch Patriot era; French Revolution; political discourse; stadholderate; status quo; vulgar Orangist propaganda
Republicans, 2007
This chapter demonstrates that early eighteenth-century Dutch political discourse was both lively... more This chapter demonstrates that early eighteenth-century Dutch political discourse was both lively and sophisticated and therefore well worth studying. Perhaps the prevailing malaise in the study of Dutch early eighteenth-century political thought is best remedied by attempting a new beginning. Instead of hastily indulging in moral condemnation, in aprioristic dismissal or in retrospective judgments of irrelevance, historians might more profitably start with a systematic analysis of the political discourse of the period. It is through such intensive study of the contemporary political vocabulary that our understanding of this era, which certainly was not the cultural desert it is often held to be, may gain in depth and exactitude. The chapter contributes to such a renewed study of early eighteenth-century political discourse by demonstrating that the late 1730s witnessed an exciting political debate, in which differences of a fundamental nature emerged between republicans and Orangists.Keywords: Dutch political discourse; early eighteenth-century; Orangists; republicans
Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: "The First Republic of Europe" 2. Anti-Monarchism in ... more Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: "The First Republic of Europe" 2. Anti-Monarchism in Early Modern Dutch Political Thought 3. Early Eighteenth-Century Political Languages 4. Polite Republicanism and the Problem of Decline 5. Republican Readings of Montesquieu: The Esprit des Lois in the Dutch Republic 6. Revolution, Counterrevolution and the Stadholderate, 1780-1795 7. The Concept of Liberty in the Dutch Republic, 1780-1787 8. Contemporary Reactions to Patriot Political Discourse 9. Dutch Constitutionalism at the End of the Eighteenth Century 10. The End of Republican Politics Bibliography Index
Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis, 2016
Uitgeverij Verloren, 2006
... David Hume and Adam Smith Istvan Hont 54 Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes ... more ... David Hume and Adam Smith Istvan Hont 54 Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes for a Conceptual History Keith Michael Baker 95 Begriffsgeschichte in Theory and Practice: Reconstructing the History of Political Concepts and Languages Melvin Richter 121 One ...
Early Modern Low Countries, 2020
Recently, much attention has been spent on neural architecture search (NAS), aiming to outperform... more Recently, much attention has been spent on neural architecture search (NAS), aiming to outperform those manually-designed neural architectures on highlevel vision recognition tasks. Inspired by the success, here we attempt to leverage NAS techniques to automatically design efficient network architectures for lowlevel image restoration tasks. In particular, we propose a memory-efficient hierarchical NAS (termed HiNAS) and apply it to two such tasks: image denoising and image super-resolution. HiNAS adopts gradient based search strategies and builds a flexible hierarchical search space, including the inner search space and outer search space. They are in charge of designing cell architectures and deciding cell widths, respectively. For the inner search space, we propose a layer-wise architecture sharing strategy (LWAS), resulting in more flexible architectures and better performance. For the outer search space, we design a cell-sharing strategy to save memory, and considerably accelerate the search speed. The proposed HiNAS method is both memory and computation efficient. With a single GTX1080Ti
Leiden: Brill, 2017
This edited volume approaches the early modern republican political imagination from a fresh pers... more This edited volume approaches the early modern republican political imagination from a fresh perspective. While most scholars agree on the importance of the classical world to early modern republican theorists, its role is all too often described in rather abstract and general terms such as "classical republicanism" or the "neo-roman theory of free states". The contributions to this volume propose a different approach and all focus on the specific ways in which ancient republics such as Rome, Athens, Sparta, and the Hebrew Republic served as models for early modern republican thought. The result is a novel interpretation of the impact of antiquity on early modern republicanism.
Republicans, 2007
In the Dutch Republic, even the dead discussed Montesquieu. This chapter explores the topic of Mo... more In the Dutch Republic, even the dead discussed Montesquieu. This chapter explores the topic of Montesquieu’s Dutch impact and thereby improves our understanding of the development of Dutch political thought in the later eighteenth century. It first discusses the formal reception of the Esprit des Lois and some of the interpretative problems that inevitably arise in any attempt to study the impact of a complex political treatise. Several modern commentators have justly observed that while Montesquieu’s general argument in the Esprit des Lois was full of ambiguity, his treatment of republics was especially so. The chapter then deals with the ways in which the Dutch interpreted Montesquieu’s masterpiece in the light of their own republican experience. Finally, it provides a sketch of the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary uses of Montesquieu in the years of political upheaval after 1780.Keywords: Dutch Republic; Esprit des Lois; later eighteenth century; Montesquieu
BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review, 1991
Republicans, 2007
The historiography concerning the Dutch Patriottentijd, the period of political upheaval between ... more The historiography concerning the Dutch Patriottentijd, the period of political upheaval between 1780 and 1787, is marked by a curious paradox. This chapter demonstrates that the dominant view of Patriot political thought as essentially moderate, backward looking and lacking in innovative content is fundamentally flawed. It first presents some general remarks about the study of the concept of liberty in the late eighteenth century, the available sources, and the relevant historical context. Then it traces the development of the concept of liberty in the crucial years between 1780 and 1787 and shows how the Patriots brought a fundamental change in its meaning. Finally, the chapter briefly addresses the Orangist or conservative use of the concept of liberty during these same years.Keywords: concept of liberty; Dutch Patriottentijd; late eighteenth century; Orangist; Patriot political thought
Republicans, 2007
In recent years, scholarship dealing with the Dutch Patriot era has undergone a transformation. I... more In recent years, scholarship dealing with the Dutch Patriot era has undergone a transformation. Inspired by developments in the historiography concerning the French Revolution, Dutch historians have turned to the study of changing structures of political communication of new forms of political sociability and organization, and revolutionary symbols, festivals, costumes. A voluminous and intelligent defense of the stadholderate, which appeared in 1786, had the impressive number of 1240 subscribers and many anti-Patriot pamphlets were published in several printings and editions. In style, these conservative publications ranged from the banal to the refined. In content, they ranged from vulgar Orangist propaganda to the most subtle intellectual defense of the status quo. The study of all of these writings, however, is indispensable if we wish to arrive at a balanced view of political discourse in the Patriot era. This chapter outlines some of the major themes they discussed.Keywords: Dutch historians; Dutch Patriot era; French Revolution; political discourse; stadholderate; status quo; vulgar Orangist propaganda
Republicans, 2007
This chapter demonstrates that early eighteenth-century Dutch political discourse was both lively... more This chapter demonstrates that early eighteenth-century Dutch political discourse was both lively and sophisticated and therefore well worth studying. Perhaps the prevailing malaise in the study of Dutch early eighteenth-century political thought is best remedied by attempting a new beginning. Instead of hastily indulging in moral condemnation, in aprioristic dismissal or in retrospective judgments of irrelevance, historians might more profitably start with a systematic analysis of the political discourse of the period. It is through such intensive study of the contemporary political vocabulary that our understanding of this era, which certainly was not the cultural desert it is often held to be, may gain in depth and exactitude. The chapter contributes to such a renewed study of early eighteenth-century political discourse by demonstrating that the late 1730s witnessed an exciting political debate, in which differences of a fundamental nature emerged between republicans and Orangists.Keywords: Dutch political discourse; early eighteenth-century; Orangists; republicans
Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: "The First Republic of Europe" 2. Anti-Monarchism in ... more Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: "The First Republic of Europe" 2. Anti-Monarchism in Early Modern Dutch Political Thought 3. Early Eighteenth-Century Political Languages 4. Polite Republicanism and the Problem of Decline 5. Republican Readings of Montesquieu: The Esprit des Lois in the Dutch Republic 6. Revolution, Counterrevolution and the Stadholderate, 1780-1795 7. The Concept of Liberty in the Dutch Republic, 1780-1787 8. Contemporary Reactions to Patriot Political Discourse 9. Dutch Constitutionalism at the End of the Eighteenth Century 10. The End of Republican Politics Bibliography Index
Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis, 2016
Uitgeverij Verloren, 2006
... David Hume and Adam Smith Istvan Hont 54 Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes ... more ... David Hume and Adam Smith Istvan Hont 54 Enlightenment and the Institution of Society: Notes for a Conceptual History Keith Michael Baker 95 Begriffsgeschichte in Theory and Practice: Reconstructing the History of Political Concepts and Languages Melvin Richter 121 One ...
Early Modern Low Countries, 2020
Recently, much attention has been spent on neural architecture search (NAS), aiming to outperform... more Recently, much attention has been spent on neural architecture search (NAS), aiming to outperform those manually-designed neural architectures on highlevel vision recognition tasks. Inspired by the success, here we attempt to leverage NAS techniques to automatically design efficient network architectures for lowlevel image restoration tasks. In particular, we propose a memory-efficient hierarchical NAS (termed HiNAS) and apply it to two such tasks: image denoising and image super-resolution. HiNAS adopts gradient based search strategies and builds a flexible hierarchical search space, including the inner search space and outer search space. They are in charge of designing cell architectures and deciding cell widths, respectively. For the inner search space, we propose a layer-wise architecture sharing strategy (LWAS), resulting in more flexible architectures and better performance. For the outer search space, we design a cell-sharing strategy to save memory, and considerably accelerate the search speed. The proposed HiNAS method is both memory and computation efficient. With a single GTX1080Ti
In 1793, six years after the Patriots had been defeated in their efforts to give the Dutch Republ... more In 1793, six years after the Patriots had been defeated in their efforts to give the Dutch Republic a popular government based on elections and representation, and two years before the definitive fall of the Dutch ancien regime in 1795, Johan Meerman launched an all-out attack on the theory and practice of democracy. Meerman, who was a high-ranking civil servant, an erudite historian, a renowned book collector, and a tireless international traveler, was deeply worried about the unprecedented political unrest manifesting itself in both his own country and in France. The root cause of this unrest, he was convinced, was the inability of many of his contemporaries to properly distinguish between civil and political liberty, and their consequent failure to understand that the latter posed a grave danger to the former. Completely reversing the standard republican argument that liberty could only be guaranteed and political slavery could only be prevented by the participation of the citize...