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Papers by Xabier Irujo

The Public Historian, May 1, 2022

Tis collaboration between the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno, and th... more Tis collaboration between the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno, and the Master in Feminist's and Gender Studies of the University of the Basque Country is the first English monograph on LGBTQI+ issues in relation to the Basque case. It addresses the existing void surrounding historical, legal, and political issues concerning this important topic, but it also tackles social and cultural aspects as well as problems and challenges of the LGBTQI+ collective in the Basque Country today. Tis book explores legislative issues, the mission of social movements and of their followers, and a historical perspective on lesbianism and homosexuality in the European context. Additionally, an attempt to understand bodies beyond binary categories has been made, and an examination of the cultural expressions through a literary analysis. It is a snapshot, combining the perspectives of the academic researchers and the one of actual activists. It is, in essence, an invitation to continue to discuss, research, and write about matters concerning LGBTQI+.

Le statut de la langue basque en Navarre se caractérise par l'application d'un système de zonific... more Le statut de la langue basque en Navarre se caractérise par l'application d'un système de zonification linguistique, qui module les droits linguistiques des citoyens, en fonction du lieu où ils sont destinés à être exercés. Dans ce chapitre, les auteurs décrivent la situation juridique de l'euskara et ils analysent le développement de la politique linguistique en Navarre durant ces dernières années, caractérisée par son traitement progressif restrictif par rapport à la langue propre et qui a fait l'objet de reproches de la part des instances européennes.

Millions of Europeans experienced war, occupation, and exile in the turbulent years between the o... more Millions of Europeans experienced war, occupation, and exile in the turbulent years between the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and the end of World War II in 1946. The contributors to this volume focus on the lives of ordinary people ensnared in world events beyond their control. Well-known landmark events like the bombing of Gernika, the mass exile following the Spanish Civil War, France’s sudden defeat in 1940 and its subsequent occupation by Germany, the French resistance, and the Allied invasion of France and liberation come to light through the people involved in them: A Tyrolean German soldier trying to make a life and ignore (and explain away) the difficult realities of his regime, Eastern European, mainly Jewish, resisters in occupied Paris, Basque nationalist priests persecuted by Franco regime, children exiled from their homes living in French and other refugee camps, even American newspaper readers. These are the unlikely protagonists in history that is usually seen from the top down, but here is explored from the bottom up.

The legal status of the basque …, 2008

Language rights created immense political controversy before and after Confederation. Limited gua... more Language rights created immense political controversy before and after Confederation. Limited guarantees for English and French appear in the Constitution of 1867 however, the regime proved unsatisfactory. All major constitutional controversies since then have centered around language rights. The federal official languages act in 1968 was followed by provincial legislation on languages. The Supreme Court of Canada became the main actor in the debate and resistance from the provinces led to a further interventionist role for the Court.

Charlemagne’s Defeat in the Pyrenees, 2021

This chapter describes the military operation, marches, fights and outcome of King Charles’ ventu... more This chapter describes the military operation, marches, fights and outcome of King Charles’ venture in August 778 with a detailed description of the route and the location of the Carolingian army’s defeat. It therefore provides a comprehensive description of the action in the light of Medieval historical sources including a wide-ranging description of the characteristics of both armies, numbers and relative position in the battlefield, weaponry and clothing, and the strategic factors leading to the collapse of the Carolingian army and the resultant massacre in the Pyrenees. Based on original historical sources and a careful study of the terrain with the help of the Rangers of the Government of Navarre and expert archaeologists of the region, this is one of the most accurate and detailed description of the battle ever written.

Center for Basque Studies, 2019

Ingeniari eta legegizona. Irakaslea. Kultur eragilea.. Idazlea. Eusko Jaurlaritzako Lehen Hezkunt... more Ingeniari eta legegizona. Irakaslea. Kultur eragilea.. Idazlea. Eusko Jaurlaritzako Lehen Hezkuntzako zuzendaria zelarik, lehenengo ikastola martxan jartzeko agindua luzatu zuen, baita euskal testu liburuen itzulpen eta eraketarako eta irakasleriaren heziketarako lehen ikastegiak osatzeko ere. Erbesteratutako haurren koloniak eratzen, zuzentzen eta ikuskatzen ibilitakoa. Garaiko euskal aldizkarietan ipuin, narrazio eta saiakera argitaratu zituen. Itzulpengintzan nabarmendu zen: Platero ta biok, Plini gaztearen idazkiak, Adiskidetasuna... Erbesteraturik (Frantzia, Uruguay, Venezuela). Euskaltzain urgazlea

Indice histórico español, 2020

Basque Whaling in Iceland in the XVII century, 2015, ISBN 978-1-943092-40-6, págs. 155-211, 2015

Indice histórico español, 2020

Basque Whaling in Iceland in the XVII century, 2015, ISBN 978-1-943092-40-6, págs. 155-211, 2015

The Public Historian, May 1, 2022

The legal status of the basque …, 2008

Charlemagne’s Defeat in the Pyrenees, 2021

Center for Basque Studies, 2019

Indice histórico español, 2020

Basque Whaling in Iceland in the XVII century, 2015, ISBN 978-1-943092-40-6, págs. 155-211, 2015

Indice histórico español, 2020

Basque Whaling in Iceland in the XVII century, 2015, ISBN 978-1-943092-40-6, págs. 155-211, 2015

CBS Press, 2017

On the night of September 20,1615, the eve of the feast of St. Matthew, an expedition of Basque w... more On the night of September 20,1615, the eve of the feast of St. Matthew, an expedition of Basque whalers lost their ships in a fjord near Trekyllisvik, Iceland, during a terrible storm. This led to a series of events that culminated in their October massacre at the hands of the islanders.The Basque mariners' bodies, dismembered, would not be buried. However, not all the Icelanders saw the massacre with good eyes. One of them, Jon Gudmundsson, better known as Jon laerdi (1574-1658) or "the wise man", wrote an essay on those events in defense of the victims titled "Sonn frasaga" (The true story). Four hundred years later, on April 20,2015, an international conference investigated various aspects of this tragic episode of the history of Iceland and the Basque Country. The academic meeting took place at the National Library of Iceland with the participation of experts from all over the world. The program, commemorating the fourth centenary of the massacre of Basque whalers in Iceland, was sponsored by the Govrenment of Gipuskoa and the Government of Iceland and organized by the Etxepare Institute, the Basque-Finnish Association, the Center for Basque Studies of the University of Nevada, Reno and the Barandiaran Chair of the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Nevada Press, 2020

Tis collaboration between the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno, and t... more Tis collaboration between the Center for Basque Studies
at the University of Nevada, Reno, and the Master in Feminist's and Gender Studies of the University of the Basque
Country is the first English monograph on LGBTQI+
issues in relation to the Basque case. It addresses the existing void surrounding historical, legal, and political issues concerning this important topic, but it also tackles social and cultural aspects as well
as problems and challenges of the LGBTQI+ collective
in the Basque Country today. Tis book explores legislative issues, the mission of social movements and of their
followers, and a historical perspective on lesbianism and
homosexuality in the European context. Additionally, an
attempt to understand bodies beyond binary categories
has been made, and an examination of the cultural expressions through a literary analysis. It is a snapshot, combining the perspectives of the
academic researchers and the one of actual activists. It is,
in essence, an invitation to continue to discuss, research,
and write about matters concerning LGBTQI+.

Nevada Press, 2017

Words, songs and improvisation. These three aspects are closely linked in many cultures. It is na... more Words, songs and improvisation. These three aspects are closely linked in many cultures. It is natural for humans to attempt to make our words spark, to want to turn conversation and dialectics into games of improvisation, into graceful songs. There are hundreds of improvised song traditions throughout the world. The conference upon which this book is based was held with the aim of strengthening our relationship with those traditions. We are unique, but we are not alone. And there’s value in learning from each other: to respond to existing challenges and open new pathways in each of the cultures and contexts that are home to improvised verse singing.

Nevada Press, 2019

Hitler and Mussolini’s decision to help General Franco with war materiel and troops brought war t... more Hitler and Mussolini’s decision to help General Franco with war materiel and troops brought war to the Basque Country and Catalonia. Between 1936 and 1939, the German Condor Legion and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria carried out a brutal campaign of terror bombings that resulted in thousands of air strikes against open cities. This caused innumerable casualties among the civilian population. Franco’s victory in 1939 caused the exile of hundreds of thousands of Basque and Catalan civilians, but the beginning of World War Two and the subsequent occupation of the Northern Basque Country and Northern Catalonia by German troops gave rise to new forms of repression: concentration camps, forced labor, executions and imprisonment. As a consequence, the period from 1936 to 1945 is one of the bloodiest episodes in the contemporary history of Catalonia and the Basque Country.

Nevada Press, 2019

In December 2009, 14,500 people met at the Bilbao Exhibition Centre in the Basque Country to atte... more In December 2009, 14,500 people met at the Bilbao Exhibition Centre in the Basque Country to attend an improvised
poetry contest. Forty-four poets took part in the 2009 literary
tournament, and eight of them made it to the final. After a
long day of literary competition, Maialen Lujanbio won and
received the award: a big black txapela or Basque beret.
That day the Basques achieved a triple triumph. First, thousands of people had gathered for an entire day to follow a literary contest, and many more had attended the event via the
web all over the world. Second, all these people had followed
this event entirely in Basque, a language that had been prohibited for decades during the harsh years of the Francoist dictatorship. And third, Lujanbio had become the first woman to
win the championship in the history of the Basques.
After being crowned with the txapela, Lujanbio stepped up to
the microphone and sung a bertso or improvised poem referring to the struggle of the Basques for their language and the
struggle of Basque women for their rights. It was a unique
moment in the history of an ancient nation that counts its
past in tens of millennia:
I remember the laundry that grandmothers
of earlier times carried on the cushion [ on their heads ]
I remember the grandmother of old times
and today's mothers and daughters ....

Papers Relating to Lord Eliot's Mission to Spain in the Spring of 1835, 2020

By the spring of 1835 the Basque Country was the seat of a brutal and cruel conflict known as the... more By the spring of 1835 the Basque Country was the seat of a brutal and cruel conflict known as the First Carlist War or the Seven Years War (1833-1839). The Queen Regent announced, through a proclamation, that those who took up arms for Carlos would be declared guilty of rebellion and thus treated as rebels. This situation would have continued for months if no third party had intervened as a mediator between the belligerents. In 1835 the British Cabinet, headed by Sir Robert Peel, considered “the necessity of making some arrangement which should put an end to the mode of carrying on the war, which had excited the most painful sensations throughout Europe.”

The Duke of Wellington became Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in Peel's first cabinet (1834–1835) and in the spring of 1835 he entrusted Eliot with the mission to set an arrangement for the exchange of prisoners and for the preservation of the lives of captive soldiers. The present book is a collection of papers related to Eliot’s mission. The instructions that he received from the Duke of Wellington help elucidate the nature and purpose of his undertaking and Eliot’s dispatches and letters give an account of what he accomplished. The journal of Colonel John Gurwood, who accompanied Eliot on his journey, and his letters addressed to Lord Fitzroy Somerset, add important information to this interesting story.

The Bombing of Gernika, 2018

Few events in the history of the world have aroused the passions of the decent, the fair, the pea... more Few events in the history of the world have aroused the passions of the decent, the fair, the peaceful, and the just as much as the brutal terror bombing attack on the Basque town of Gernika. From the decision of the fascist forces to attack the open city, to the horror of the bombing, to its aftermath, this short history tells the terrible events that colored not only the modern history of the Basques, but of all of humanity as it ushered in a new age of warfare.

Translated in the 1940s by a Basque patriot sailing away form the wreckage of war-devastated Euro... more Translated in the 1940s by a Basque patriot sailing away form the wreckage of war-devastated Europe for exile in Venezuela, Shakespeare's classic play was rendered into Basque with incredible care and with a political subtext brought about by events four hundred years after its composition, but that still contained similar meaning in a world turned upside down following the victory of Franco and the defeat of the Basque nationalist cause. With a full detailed English introduction by Xabier Irujo, this masterpiece as you've never seen it before.

There are around 6,000 living languages in the world, but as of 2012 , less than 4 percent of the... more There are around 6,000 living languages in the world, but as of 2012 , less than 4 percent of them can claim official status in one or more of the 196 existing states. This lack of official status, along with other cultural, political, and legal factors, is contributing to a worldwide loss of linguistic diversity and cultural richness. The essays in this book explore the many facets of language rights and language protection from a variety of theoretical, legal, and academic perspectives. Important lessons are taken from the Basque case in Europe, and Native American and French-Canadian cases in North America. Woven throughout the book is the belief in the power of discourse and research to protect and even enhance linguistic diversity through legal recognition and other means. Language protection, however, is only possible if we encourage the acceptance of cultural diversity and multilingualism as a positive outcome for the whole population of the state, not just for a minority within it. We should abandon the idea of the monolingual mono-cultural nation-state, and encourage the population of each country to adopt the concept of a multi-cultural state.