Yahaya Alhassan - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Yahaya Alhassan
Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2018
Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almo... more Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almond seed oil. The almond oil was extracted using n-hexane and then transesterified using CaO catalyst derived from snail shell into biodiesel. The catalyst was calcined and characterized using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) methods. The Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared to ASTM approved ranges. The Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) present in Tropical Almond biodiesel after characterization analysis per area percent include; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (55.95 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.88 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (9.23 %), Cyclopropane, (2-methylenebutyl) (0.07 %) and Methyl stearate (4.58 %). The optimum yield of biodiesel (73.60 %) was obtained at a temperature of 60 °C and time of 120 minutes. The experimental results showed the percentage yield of Almond S...
Journal of Applied Chemistry (Hindawi), Feb 10, 2015
The sequential extraction of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in atmospheric dust particles collected a... more The sequential extraction of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in atmospheric dust particles collected along ten high traffic roads in Kano metropolis was carried out. Analyses of metals in the extracts were done using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The samples analyzed for metals indicated high levels of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the atmospheric dust samples. The sequential extractions that showed significant amount of Cd were associated with CO 3 2− and Fe-MnO fractions especially during the dry seasons. For Cr and Ni, their occlusion in crystal lattice of the soil fraction exhibited the highest percentage. Pb in the particulate dust samples is significantly associated with the carbonate bound fraction with range of 8.81-64.69% across the season. The behaviour of Cu is quite different from other metals in that percentage fractions are higher in the organic bound. As for Zn, significant amounts were associated with the residue fractions ranging from 0.96 to 87.50% across the seasons. This study revealed contamination of the particulate dust with Cd and Pb; this implies health risks to human, living or carrying out daily activities along the corridors of these roads.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Sep 30, 2010
SAE technical paper series, Apr 14, 2015
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Solvent Technology, is gaining the interest of researchers in improving transesterification proce... more Solvent Technology, is gaining the interest of researchers in improving transesterification process recently. Transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel using different mixtures of methanol with Diethyl Ether (DEE), Dichlorobenzene (CBN) or Acetone (ACT) co-solvent systems was conducted. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as the catalyst all through. The reaction conditions optimized include; the molar ratio of co-solvent in methanol, reaction temperature and time. The catalyst concentration was also optimized. The optimization was based on the percentage yields of Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAMEs) produced. In addition, the effects of co-solvent systems on physico-chemical properties (Acid value and fatty acids composition) and fuel properties (viscosity, density and calorific value) were investigated as well. The result obtained, indicated 10% (v/v) addition of co-solvents CBN and ACT in methanol was the optimal volume. The optimal reaction temperature was 55°0C for 10 min when the catalyst concentration of 0.75% (w/w) weight of oil was used. Fuel properties were within the acceptable limit of ASTM and not significantly affected by the co-solvent systems except for the calorific value. It was concluded that the addition of co-solvent reduced the reaction time and improved some fuel properties of the biodiesel produced.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Apr 30, 2011
Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, Feb 28, 2014
The need for green based technologies to provide both affordable and environmentally sustainable ... more The need for green based technologies to provide both affordable and environmentally sustainable energy and the ever increasing energy demand of the nations across the globe has led the way for economy based energy research. In this research work, Gossypium arboreum seed oil biodiesel production was optimized using a five-level-three-factor central composite rotatable design model of response surface methodology to study the synergistic and antagonistic effects of the catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time, using base catalyzed transesterification process. The results indicated suitable vegetable oil properties for a single step transesterification reaction. In addition, the least square reduced cubic model used produced the optimal percentage yield for the optimization, yielding a predicted yield of 94.93±6.92% for catalyst concentration of 0.53% by weight of the oil, 60°C for 105 m. The fuel properties of the samples showed linear regression values of 0.980 and 0.933 for viscosity and specific gravity respectively. The model reliability tests conducted were found to be impressive and conclusively can be for the optimization of the oil under stated conditions.
High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as trans... more High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as transportation fuel. This work investigates the supercritical esterification of the acids in PO, as a method of improving its fuel properties using novel green catalysts and co-solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) with either urea, p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TsOH) or glycerol serving as hydrogen bond donors were used both as catalysts and co-solvents. The optimization of reaction conditions for the production of maximum yields of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), which was been monitored by measuring the reduction in its total acid number (TAN) and its corresponding FAMEs conversion is reported. Highest TAN reduction (86.62%) was obtained with ChCl/p-TsOH DES, in which the ChCl/p-TsOH DES mixing ratio was 1:4. The FAMEs obtained under optimum reaction conditions showed improvements in the fuel properties, especially using methanol as solvent. In contrast, the use of ChCl/urea DES and ChCl/glycerol DES as catalysts and co-solvents, showed 52.12% and 48% optimum TAN reduction respectively. However, on checking the fuel properties, it were found to be improved. Conclusively, supercritical esterification of PO using DES was effective technique in improving fuel properties, with only carbon residue been below the standard acceptable limits.
Biorefinery Concepts [Working Title]
Lignin, the second largest biomass after cellulose is underutilized. Yet, it remains the only nat... more Lignin, the second largest biomass after cellulose is underutilized. Yet, it remains the only natural source of aromatic, and phenolic compounds. It is imperative to, amidst the expanding interest on biomass conversion, to accord the necessary attention towards lignin degradation into value added chemicals. Specifically, its phenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl derivatives. Understanding lignin degradation chemistry, goes a long way in its selective valorization into fuels and chemicals via thermochemical routes such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Therefore, development of technologies targeting value addition of products and by-products from lignin, would undoubtedly give way to emerging markets in the industry. Previous review papers focused on the general HTL of biomass, food waste, algae, and their model compounds. However, review on HTL of lignin is scarcely available. This paper presents the detailed literature analyses of the current trend in lignin degradation via HTL. Effect of HTL conditions including temperature, heating rate and catalyst has been reviewed. In-depth discussion on use of ionic liquids as catalyst for HTL of lignin has also been compiled. Other lignin degradation techniques such as pyrolysis and hydrolysis were also discussed. This is aimed at bringing together an up-to-date information on lignin degradation into selected chemical intermediates.
Energy
Bioenergy is the only renewable carbon energy source and can contribute to future sustainable ene... more Bioenergy is the only renewable carbon energy source and can contribute to future sustainable energy. This paper presents: I) the whole Jatropha curcas seed liquefaction to produce bio-crude oil, using (Na2CO3) as conventional catalyst; and II) co-liquefaction of glycerol and whole Jatropha curcas seed to produce bio-crude oil, using deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride-p-toluene sulphonic acid) as novel catalyst. The effects of process parameters, including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and biomass loading were observed. Temperature was the predominant factor. High yield of bio-crude oil (32.87 wt%) was obtained for the liquefaction (I) as compared to yield of bio-crude oil (8.99 wt%) for the co-liquefaction (II). The optimum glycerol addition was 30 wt%. The bio-crude oil I had moisture (6.47 ± 0.27 wt%) and bio-crude oil II was (6.04 ± 0.42 wt%). The oxygen content in bio-crude oil I was (28.15 ± 0.88 wt%) while bio-crude oil II had reduced (21.58 ± 0.70 wt%) oxygen content. The HHV of the bio-crude oil II (31.73 ± 0.69 MJ/kg) is higher than that of bio-crude oil I (28.80 ± 1.32 MJ/kg). Acidic deep eutectic solvents deterred co-liquefaction yield. In conclusion, co-liquefaction decreased the product yield but improved its quality.
Journal of Biofuels, 2015
Feedstocks availability has posed a big question on sustainability of biodiesel, bioethanol and b... more Feedstocks availability has posed a big question on sustainability of biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas production. FWs (food wastes) are emerging sustainable renewable energy feedstocks, especially with the bio-refinery concept and other emerging technologies like pyrolysis and HTL (hydrothermal liquefaction). In this research work, process optimisation for the production of light bio-oil from solid restaurant waste is been reported. Solid restaurant waste was thermally liquefied using hot water under highpressure condition. Effects of heating temperature (150°C, 200°C and 250°C), biomass to solvent ratios (1: 5, 1: 10 and 1: 15) as well as catalyst loading (5 wt%, 7.5 wt% and 10 wt%) are investigated. From the results as expected, increasing reaction temperature improved the production of light biooil and its fuel quality as well, with an optimum reaction temperature of 225°C. In contrast, increasing biomass to solvent ratiofrom 1: 10 to 1: 15 did not increase the oil yield. As such, the optimum biomass to solvent ratio was 1: 10. Similarly, catalyst concentration of 5 wt% (weight of slurry) gives the best oil production. It could be concluded that HTL of solid restaurant waste into light bio-oil is a sustainable renewable energy source.
Journal- Energy Institute
High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as trans... more High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as transportation fuel. This work reports the supercritical esterification its acids in PO, as a method of improving fuel properties using novel green catalysts and co-solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) with either urea, p-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH) or glycerol serving as hydrogen bond donors were used both as catalysts and co-solvents. The optimization of reaction conditions for the production of maximum yields of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), which was been monitored by measuring the reduction in its total acid number (TAN) and its corresponding FAMEs conversion are reported. Highest TAN reduction (86.62%) was obtained with ChCl/TsOH DES, in which the ChCl/TsOH DES mixing ratio was 1:4. The FAMEs obtained under optimum reaction conditions showed improved in the fuel density, viscosity and calorific value properties, especially using methanol a...
Bioresource technology, Jan 4, 2015
Biomass liquefaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts has received appreciable attention, i... more Biomass liquefaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts has received appreciable attention, in renewable fuels and chemicals production, recently. However, issues associated with the production cost, long reaction time and use of volatile solvents are undeniably challenging. Thus, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) emerged as promising and potential ILs substitutes. The hydrothermal liquefaction of de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake was catalyzed by four synthesized DESs as catalysts and co-solvents for selective extraction. Proximate and ultimate analyses including ash, moisture and carbon contents of bio-crude produced varied slightly. The higher heating values found ranges from 21.15±0.82MJ/kg to 24.30±0.98MJ/kg. The bio-crude yields obtained using ChCl-KOH DES was 43.53wt% and ChCl-p-TsOH DES was 38.31wt%. Bio-crude yield using ChCl-FeCl3 DES was 30.80wt%. It is suggested that, the selectivity of bio-crude could be improved, by using DESs as catalyst and co-solvent in HTL of biomass s...
Journal of Biofuels, 2014
Biodiesel production via supercritical technology has been reported as a novel technology for tra... more Biodiesel production via supercritical technology has been reported as a novel technology for transesterification of different vegetable oils. However, foods waste materials containing oil and other lingo-cellulosic materials such as waste orange peels have not been widely reported. In this experimental research, direct in-situ supercritical transesterification of waste orange peels into biodiesel was conducted. The reaction conditions for optimal biodiesel yield were determined using response surface Methodology (RSM). Finding from the results revealed that the optimal conversion obtained was 58.95% against 60.77% predicted obtained under the following reaction conditions-reactant molar ratio of 5/70, reaction time was 15 minutes while reaction temperature was 260 o C. Temperature was the most significant factor. Predominant fatty acids identified include oleic and stearic acids with highly unsaturated acids identified as well. Fuels properties were within the standard limits except in few cases. It was concluded that supercritical transesterification of fresh Citrus Peel Waste CPW was viable for the production of biodiesel under the conditions stated.
Waste and Biomass Valorization
This paper reports the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil via single step pro... more This paper reports the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil via single step process. The efficiency of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) synthesized from the mixture of choline chloride and para toluene solfonic acid (PTSA), was used with silica support (So-DES) and without support (Un-DES) as heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, respectively. The oil esterification with methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether as solvents was conducted. From the results, the optimum reaction conditions for esterification of P. pinnata seed oil with Un-DES are; catalyst loading 1 (wt%/v), reaction time was 120 min and temperature was 343 K. maximum total acid number (TAN) reduction obtained under these conditions was 0.57 mg/KOH/g and a corresponding biodiesel conversion of 97.53 %. The optimal reaction conditions for esterification with So-DES using methanol as solvent are; temperature of 353 K, catalyst loading was 5 (wt%/v) and reaction time was 240 min. The optimum TAN reduction obtained under these conditions was 1.42 mg/KOH/g with corresponding biodiesel conversion of 89.3 %. Catalysts reuse was between four to seven reuses for Un-DES and So-DES respectively. Physico-chemical properties studies indicated that, viscosity, density and calorific values were within acceptable standard limits. It could be concluded that, DES synthesized from choline chloride and PTSA either with or without supporting material, could effectively produce biodiesel with acceptable fuel quality via single step process.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015
ABSTRACT The present work deals with an underutilized vegetable oil; Sal seed oil (Shorea robusta... more ABSTRACT The present work deals with an underutilized vegetable oil; Sal seed oil (Shorea robusta) as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The production potential of Sal seed oil is very promising (1.5 million tons in a year) in India. The pressure filtered Sal seed oil was transesterified into Sal Methyl Ester (SME). The kinematic viscosity (5.89 cSt), density (0.8764 g/cc) and calorific value (39.65 MJ/kg) of the SME were well within the ASTM/EN standard limits. Various test fuels were prepared for the engine trials by blending 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SME in diesel on volumetric basis and designated as SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 respectively. The BTE, in general, was found to be decreased with increased volume fraction of SME in the blends. At full load, BSEC for SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 were 13.6 MJ/kW h, 14.3 MJ/kW h, 14.7 MJ/kW h and 14.8 MJ/kW h respectively as compared to 13.9 MJ/kW h in case of die-sel. At higher load conditions, CO, UHC and smoke emissions were found lower for all SME blends in com-parison to neat diesel due to oxygenated nature of fuel. SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 showed 51 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm and 48 ppm of UHC emissions respectively as compared to 60 ppm of diesel. The NOx emissions were found to be increased for SME based fuel in comparison to neat diesel operation. At peak load condition, SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 had NOx emissions of 612 ppm, 644 ppm, 689 ppm and 816 ppm as compared to 499 ppm for diesel. It may be concluded from the experimental investigations that Sal seed biodiesel is a potential alternative to diesel fuel for reducing dependence on crude petroleum derived fuels and also to reduce pollution significantly.
Materials Today: Proceedings
Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability, 2018
Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almo... more Biodiesel which is a biodegradable, nontoxic and ecofriendly fuel was produced from Tropical Almond seed oil. The almond oil was extracted using n-hexane and then transesterified using CaO catalyst derived from snail shell into biodiesel. The catalyst was calcined and characterized using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) methods. The Physicochemical and fuel properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared to ASTM approved ranges. The Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) present in Tropical Almond biodiesel after characterization analysis per area percent include; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (55.95 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester (5.88 %), 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester (9.23 %), Cyclopropane, (2-methylenebutyl) (0.07 %) and Methyl stearate (4.58 %). The optimum yield of biodiesel (73.60 %) was obtained at a temperature of 60 °C and time of 120 minutes. The experimental results showed the percentage yield of Almond S...
Journal of Applied Chemistry (Hindawi), Feb 10, 2015
The sequential extraction of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in atmospheric dust particles collected a... more The sequential extraction of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in atmospheric dust particles collected along ten high traffic roads in Kano metropolis was carried out. Analyses of metals in the extracts were done using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The samples analyzed for metals indicated high levels of Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the atmospheric dust samples. The sequential extractions that showed significant amount of Cd were associated with CO 3 2− and Fe-MnO fractions especially during the dry seasons. For Cr and Ni, their occlusion in crystal lattice of the soil fraction exhibited the highest percentage. Pb in the particulate dust samples is significantly associated with the carbonate bound fraction with range of 8.81-64.69% across the season. The behaviour of Cu is quite different from other metals in that percentage fractions are higher in the organic bound. As for Zn, significant amounts were associated with the residue fractions ranging from 0.96 to 87.50% across the seasons. This study revealed contamination of the particulate dust with Cd and Pb; this implies health risks to human, living or carrying out daily activities along the corridors of these roads.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Sep 30, 2010
SAE technical paper series, Apr 14, 2015
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014
Solvent Technology, is gaining the interest of researchers in improving transesterification proce... more Solvent Technology, is gaining the interest of researchers in improving transesterification process recently. Transesterification of cotton seed oil into biodiesel using different mixtures of methanol with Diethyl Ether (DEE), Dichlorobenzene (CBN) or Acetone (ACT) co-solvent systems was conducted. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as the catalyst all through. The reaction conditions optimized include; the molar ratio of co-solvent in methanol, reaction temperature and time. The catalyst concentration was also optimized. The optimization was based on the percentage yields of Fatty Acids Methyl Esters (FAMEs) produced. In addition, the effects of co-solvent systems on physico-chemical properties (Acid value and fatty acids composition) and fuel properties (viscosity, density and calorific value) were investigated as well. The result obtained, indicated 10% (v/v) addition of co-solvents CBN and ACT in methanol was the optimal volume. The optimal reaction temperature was 55°0C for 10 min when the catalyst concentration of 0.75% (w/w) weight of oil was used. Fuel properties were within the acceptable limit of ASTM and not significantly affected by the co-solvent systems except for the calorific value. It was concluded that the addition of co-solvent reduced the reaction time and improved some fuel properties of the biodiesel produced.
Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Apr 30, 2011
Journal of Petroleum Technology and Alternative Fuels, Feb 28, 2014
The need for green based technologies to provide both affordable and environmentally sustainable ... more The need for green based technologies to provide both affordable and environmentally sustainable energy and the ever increasing energy demand of the nations across the globe has led the way for economy based energy research. In this research work, Gossypium arboreum seed oil biodiesel production was optimized using a five-level-three-factor central composite rotatable design model of response surface methodology to study the synergistic and antagonistic effects of the catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time, using base catalyzed transesterification process. The results indicated suitable vegetable oil properties for a single step transesterification reaction. In addition, the least square reduced cubic model used produced the optimal percentage yield for the optimization, yielding a predicted yield of 94.93±6.92% for catalyst concentration of 0.53% by weight of the oil, 60°C for 105 m. The fuel properties of the samples showed linear regression values of 0.980 and 0.933 for viscosity and specific gravity respectively. The model reliability tests conducted were found to be impressive and conclusively can be for the optimization of the oil under stated conditions.
High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as trans... more High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as transportation fuel. This work investigates the supercritical esterification of the acids in PO, as a method of improving its fuel properties using novel green catalysts and co-solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) with either urea, p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TsOH) or glycerol serving as hydrogen bond donors were used both as catalysts and co-solvents. The optimization of reaction conditions for the production of maximum yields of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), which was been monitored by measuring the reduction in its total acid number (TAN) and its corresponding FAMEs conversion is reported. Highest TAN reduction (86.62%) was obtained with ChCl/p-TsOH DES, in which the ChCl/p-TsOH DES mixing ratio was 1:4. The FAMEs obtained under optimum reaction conditions showed improvements in the fuel properties, especially using methanol as solvent. In contrast, the use of ChCl/urea DES and ChCl/glycerol DES as catalysts and co-solvents, showed 52.12% and 48% optimum TAN reduction respectively. However, on checking the fuel properties, it were found to be improved. Conclusively, supercritical esterification of PO using DES was effective technique in improving fuel properties, with only carbon residue been below the standard acceptable limits.
Biorefinery Concepts [Working Title]
Lignin, the second largest biomass after cellulose is underutilized. Yet, it remains the only nat... more Lignin, the second largest biomass after cellulose is underutilized. Yet, it remains the only natural source of aromatic, and phenolic compounds. It is imperative to, amidst the expanding interest on biomass conversion, to accord the necessary attention towards lignin degradation into value added chemicals. Specifically, its phenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl derivatives. Understanding lignin degradation chemistry, goes a long way in its selective valorization into fuels and chemicals via thermochemical routes such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Therefore, development of technologies targeting value addition of products and by-products from lignin, would undoubtedly give way to emerging markets in the industry. Previous review papers focused on the general HTL of biomass, food waste, algae, and their model compounds. However, review on HTL of lignin is scarcely available. This paper presents the detailed literature analyses of the current trend in lignin degradation via HTL. Effect of HTL conditions including temperature, heating rate and catalyst has been reviewed. In-depth discussion on use of ionic liquids as catalyst for HTL of lignin has also been compiled. Other lignin degradation techniques such as pyrolysis and hydrolysis were also discussed. This is aimed at bringing together an up-to-date information on lignin degradation into selected chemical intermediates.
Energy
Bioenergy is the only renewable carbon energy source and can contribute to future sustainable ene... more Bioenergy is the only renewable carbon energy source and can contribute to future sustainable energy. This paper presents: I) the whole Jatropha curcas seed liquefaction to produce bio-crude oil, using (Na2CO3) as conventional catalyst; and II) co-liquefaction of glycerol and whole Jatropha curcas seed to produce bio-crude oil, using deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride-p-toluene sulphonic acid) as novel catalyst. The effects of process parameters, including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and biomass loading were observed. Temperature was the predominant factor. High yield of bio-crude oil (32.87 wt%) was obtained for the liquefaction (I) as compared to yield of bio-crude oil (8.99 wt%) for the co-liquefaction (II). The optimum glycerol addition was 30 wt%. The bio-crude oil I had moisture (6.47 ± 0.27 wt%) and bio-crude oil II was (6.04 ± 0.42 wt%). The oxygen content in bio-crude oil I was (28.15 ± 0.88 wt%) while bio-crude oil II had reduced (21.58 ± 0.70 wt%) oxygen content. The HHV of the bio-crude oil II (31.73 ± 0.69 MJ/kg) is higher than that of bio-crude oil I (28.80 ± 1.32 MJ/kg). Acidic deep eutectic solvents deterred co-liquefaction yield. In conclusion, co-liquefaction decreased the product yield but improved its quality.
Journal of Biofuels, 2015
Feedstocks availability has posed a big question on sustainability of biodiesel, bioethanol and b... more Feedstocks availability has posed a big question on sustainability of biodiesel, bioethanol and biogas production. FWs (food wastes) are emerging sustainable renewable energy feedstocks, especially with the bio-refinery concept and other emerging technologies like pyrolysis and HTL (hydrothermal liquefaction). In this research work, process optimisation for the production of light bio-oil from solid restaurant waste is been reported. Solid restaurant waste was thermally liquefied using hot water under highpressure condition. Effects of heating temperature (150°C, 200°C and 250°C), biomass to solvent ratios (1: 5, 1: 10 and 1: 15) as well as catalyst loading (5 wt%, 7.5 wt% and 10 wt%) are investigated. From the results as expected, increasing reaction temperature improved the production of light biooil and its fuel quality as well, with an optimum reaction temperature of 225°C. In contrast, increasing biomass to solvent ratiofrom 1: 10 to 1: 15 did not increase the oil yield. As such, the optimum biomass to solvent ratio was 1: 10. Similarly, catalyst concentration of 5 wt% (weight of slurry) gives the best oil production. It could be concluded that HTL of solid restaurant waste into light bio-oil is a sustainable renewable energy source.
Journal- Energy Institute
High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as trans... more High acid content and low calorific value of pyrolysis oil (PO) hindered its application as transportation fuel. This work reports the supercritical esterification its acids in PO, as a method of improving fuel properties using novel green catalysts and co-solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), prepared from choline chloride (ChCl) with either urea, p-toluene sulfonic acid (TsOH) or glycerol serving as hydrogen bond donors were used both as catalysts and co-solvents. The optimization of reaction conditions for the production of maximum yields of fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs), which was been monitored by measuring the reduction in its total acid number (TAN) and its corresponding FAMEs conversion are reported. Highest TAN reduction (86.62%) was obtained with ChCl/TsOH DES, in which the ChCl/TsOH DES mixing ratio was 1:4. The FAMEs obtained under optimum reaction conditions showed improved in the fuel density, viscosity and calorific value properties, especially using methanol a...
Bioresource technology, Jan 4, 2015
Biomass liquefaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts has received appreciable attention, i... more Biomass liquefaction using ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts has received appreciable attention, in renewable fuels and chemicals production, recently. However, issues associated with the production cost, long reaction time and use of volatile solvents are undeniably challenging. Thus, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) emerged as promising and potential ILs substitutes. The hydrothermal liquefaction of de-oiled Jatropha curcas cake was catalyzed by four synthesized DESs as catalysts and co-solvents for selective extraction. Proximate and ultimate analyses including ash, moisture and carbon contents of bio-crude produced varied slightly. The higher heating values found ranges from 21.15±0.82MJ/kg to 24.30±0.98MJ/kg. The bio-crude yields obtained using ChCl-KOH DES was 43.53wt% and ChCl-p-TsOH DES was 38.31wt%. Bio-crude yield using ChCl-FeCl3 DES was 30.80wt%. It is suggested that, the selectivity of bio-crude could be improved, by using DESs as catalyst and co-solvent in HTL of biomass s...
Journal of Biofuels, 2014
Biodiesel production via supercritical technology has been reported as a novel technology for tra... more Biodiesel production via supercritical technology has been reported as a novel technology for transesterification of different vegetable oils. However, foods waste materials containing oil and other lingo-cellulosic materials such as waste orange peels have not been widely reported. In this experimental research, direct in-situ supercritical transesterification of waste orange peels into biodiesel was conducted. The reaction conditions for optimal biodiesel yield were determined using response surface Methodology (RSM). Finding from the results revealed that the optimal conversion obtained was 58.95% against 60.77% predicted obtained under the following reaction conditions-reactant molar ratio of 5/70, reaction time was 15 minutes while reaction temperature was 260 o C. Temperature was the most significant factor. Predominant fatty acids identified include oleic and stearic acids with highly unsaturated acids identified as well. Fuels properties were within the standard limits except in few cases. It was concluded that supercritical transesterification of fresh Citrus Peel Waste CPW was viable for the production of biodiesel under the conditions stated.
Waste and Biomass Valorization
This paper reports the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil via single step pro... more This paper reports the production of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata seed oil via single step process. The efficiency of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) synthesized from the mixture of choline chloride and para toluene solfonic acid (PTSA), was used with silica support (So-DES) and without support (Un-DES) as heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, respectively. The oil esterification with methanol and methyl tert-butyl ether as solvents was conducted. From the results, the optimum reaction conditions for esterification of P. pinnata seed oil with Un-DES are; catalyst loading 1 (wt%/v), reaction time was 120 min and temperature was 343 K. maximum total acid number (TAN) reduction obtained under these conditions was 0.57 mg/KOH/g and a corresponding biodiesel conversion of 97.53 %. The optimal reaction conditions for esterification with So-DES using methanol as solvent are; temperature of 353 K, catalyst loading was 5 (wt%/v) and reaction time was 240 min. The optimum TAN reduction obtained under these conditions was 1.42 mg/KOH/g with corresponding biodiesel conversion of 89.3 %. Catalysts reuse was between four to seven reuses for Un-DES and So-DES respectively. Physico-chemical properties studies indicated that, viscosity, density and calorific values were within acceptable standard limits. It could be concluded that, DES synthesized from choline chloride and PTSA either with or without supporting material, could effectively produce biodiesel with acceptable fuel quality via single step process.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2015
ABSTRACT The present work deals with an underutilized vegetable oil; Sal seed oil (Shorea robusta... more ABSTRACT The present work deals with an underutilized vegetable oil; Sal seed oil (Shorea robusta) as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The production potential of Sal seed oil is very promising (1.5 million tons in a year) in India. The pressure filtered Sal seed oil was transesterified into Sal Methyl Ester (SME). The kinematic viscosity (5.89 cSt), density (0.8764 g/cc) and calorific value (39.65 MJ/kg) of the SME were well within the ASTM/EN standard limits. Various test fuels were prepared for the engine trials by blending 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SME in diesel on volumetric basis and designated as SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 respectively. The BTE, in general, was found to be decreased with increased volume fraction of SME in the blends. At full load, BSEC for SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 were 13.6 MJ/kW h, 14.3 MJ/kW h, 14.7 MJ/kW h and 14.8 MJ/kW h respectively as compared to 13.9 MJ/kW h in case of die-sel. At higher load conditions, CO, UHC and smoke emissions were found lower for all SME blends in com-parison to neat diesel due to oxygenated nature of fuel. SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 showed 51 ppm, 44 ppm, 46 ppm and 48 ppm of UHC emissions respectively as compared to 60 ppm of diesel. The NOx emissions were found to be increased for SME based fuel in comparison to neat diesel operation. At peak load condition, SME10, SME20, SME30 and SME40 had NOx emissions of 612 ppm, 644 ppm, 689 ppm and 816 ppm as compared to 499 ppm for diesel. It may be concluded from the experimental investigations that Sal seed biodiesel is a potential alternative to diesel fuel for reducing dependence on crude petroleum derived fuels and also to reduce pollution significantly.
Materials Today: Proceedings