Dr.Yehia Abd El-Rhaman - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Papers by Dr.Yehia Abd El-Rhaman

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study to Measure the Efficiency of Foreign Direct Investment in Poverty Reduction in Egypt and Some Arab Countries

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2021

Poverty constitutes one of the main problems in many countries of the world as it is one of the o... more Poverty constitutes one of the main problems in many countries of the world as it is one of the obstacles to development. In recent years, the Arab countries have suffered from a state of political, economic and security crises that have led to low levels of development as a reflection of low and deteriorating incomes, which led to an increase in poverty rates in many countries. Like many countries, Egypt relies on foreign investment to finance its various development programs, where successful development policies depend on the volume of planned investments and the efficiency of the distribution and use of these investments in various fields. Despite the importance of investment, the volume of investment in Egypt remains modest compared to economically developed countries, with international reports indicating that Egypt accounts for about 9 billion dollars of the total inflows of Arab countries estimated at 41 billion dollars in 2019. However, the impact of the influx on the Foreign Investment of Egypt has not clearly reflected on the rate of economic growth, nor has it shown its positive effects on the level of poverty in society. This leads us to question the efficiency of exploiting foreign direct investment in reducing poverty in Egypt compared to some Arab countries, especially with few studies on the relationship between investment and poverty reduction. Hence, the research aims to measure the efficiency of foreign direct investment in Egypt and its impact on reducing poverty rates in Egypt compared to some Arab countries, especially with the small number of studies that dealt with the relationship between investment and poverty reduction. By applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results showed that the UAE achieved zero poor people in 2019, while the percentage of poor in Egypt was 29.7, compared to 12.7 in Saudi Arabia, and 17.1% in Morocco. While the percentage exceeded more than 40% in Jordan, Palestine, Sudan, Mauritania, Somalia and Comoros. It is a percentage that indicates the concentration of poverty in the Arab countries, despite their capabilities and material and human resources. The results of the DEA showed that Algeria is the country in which the flow of foreign direct investment is most compatible with poverty rates, as it suffers from a decrease in the per capita share of foreign investment to about 28 $ / per capita and a rise in the poverty rate by 28%, while the rest of the countries, especially Egypt, Which attracts greater proportions of the flow of foreign investment to the Arab region, has achieved low efficiency rates, as Egypt, which is the second country in the acquisition of foreign investment in 2019, achieved an efficiency rate of about 37% compared to Morocco, which acquires about 4% of direct foreign investment in the Arab region, with an average of An individual's share was estimated at 45 $/ per capita, with an efficiency rate of 43%. Which shows that these countries achieve better economic performance in the exploitation of foreign investments directed to them, which indicates the existence of a real problem in the Egyptian investment policies in terms of the ability to exploit the foreign direct investment acquired by them to increase the rate of economic growth and thus alleviate poverty in society. Hence, the research recommends the need for optimal exploitation of foreign investment flows through the establishment of productive and development projects because of the investment's ability to reduce poverty rates, benefiting from Arab experiences in the efficient exploitation of investments, and the need for coordination between investment policies and labor market policies.

Research paper thumbnail of Socioeconomic Effects of Some Agricultural and Rural Micro-Enterprises Funded by the Local Development Fund

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2021

Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the nat... more Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the national level and as a means of reducing poverty, bringing about real development, and raising the standard of living of the rural population, which is the main hypothesis that pointed to the need to monitor what is happening in the microfinance sector, in particular the role of the Local Development Fund, since it is mainly located within the countryside through local units in the provinces. This leads us to a question: What is the real impact of the microfinance services provided by the Local Development Fund in alleviating poverty and economic opportunities for clients? This paper aims to identify the role of microenterprises in alleviating rural poverty and to study the economic and social impacts of micro-enterprises on borrowers. The results show that the total volume of microfinance lending is 29.5 million L.E for 8,471 projects in 2009/10, but real prices show that there is a significant decline in the value of financing directed against current prices. The real funding volume was 9.7 million L.E in 2020/21. It turns out that there are moral differences between the sample members of the borrowers who own. It was found that there were significant differences between the sample members of micro-enterprises and non-borrower sample members of economic variables, with the calculated value of (T) estimated at 10.9, 8, 4.6, 5.8, and 1.8 per monthly income, savings, asset ownership, increased employment opportunities, and development of productive behavior respectively. This compares with the T-rated values where the T values calculated were greater than their scheduling counterparts, and those differences are in favor of borrowers from local development fund clients. About 69% of the sample of micro-entrepreneurs explained that there has been an improvement in their standard of living, as evidenced by the improved level of the food they receive and their interest in educating children and following up on the state's health care initiatives to maintain their health. The research recommends reviewing the distribution of funding to the provinces to target the poorest provinces, in addition to not repeating the same projects in the same places and diversifying activities, focusing on agricultural, rural, and environmental productive activities and moving away from consumer, and service activities that are not fully sustainable and do not increase real employment opportunities. Increasing the value of the loan where it is contrary to the value of microfinance described by the definition of the micro-project with the micro-financing strategy prepared by the state, and the financing rules announced by the Financial Supervisory Authority and funding provided by other official bodies in the country such as the SME Development Authority and micro, which contributes to the movement of customers from projects that meet their basic need to the level of effective microprojects, and thus the final impact of microfinance becomes useful, which It allows borrowers to break out of poverty and contribute significantly to sustainable economic and social development.

Research paper thumbnail of Yellow Maize Value Chain and The Role of Agricultural Cooperative Societies

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Resarch, 2020

Despite the efforts made to limit imports of yellow corn and try to control the price policy of f... more Despite the efforts made to limit imports of yellow corn and try to control the price policy of
feed to secure the poultry industry, which is a major source of animal protein, the
implementation measures lost their way. In 2015 the Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation submitted a proposal approved by the Prime Minister stating the imposition of
fees estimated at 500 EGP for every ton of yellow corn imports used in the poultry industry,
which achieves a return of about 600 million EGP annually, which is deposited in a fund to
balance crop prices. However, the Ministry of Trade intervened and stopped the decision after
a complaint it received from the importing companies. This was followed by the state’s
establishment of the Contract Cultivation Center in accordance with Republican Decree No. 14
of 2015, which would promote contractual planting of crops and facilitate the marketing of
crops, especially strategic crops, but the center is still not activated. Which leads us to ask, is
there a role of agricultural cooperatives in marketing the yellow corn crop? Are agricultural
cooperatives the entity capable of efficiently marketing the yellow corn crop? What are the
marketing policies that stimulate farmers?
The research aimed at identifying the role of agricultural cooperatives in marketing the
yellow corn crop, through identifying the current status of the yellow corn crop and analyzing
the value chain of the yellow corn crop. The research found the following: The relative
importance of the cultivated area increased from about 7.3% in 2014 to about 14% in 2018.
The average area of the yellow corn crop represents about 10% of the total average area of
cereal crops, which is estimated at 7.6 million feddans, during the period (2014-2018). By
comparing the agricultural price with the import price in the port of arrival, we find that the
import price is higher than the farm price during the years of study, in addition to the high
average import price over the average farm price, as it was estimated at 3016 pounds
compared to about 2,633 pounds as an average farm price during the period (2014-2018).
Domestic consumption of yellow corn also increased from about 6.2 million tons in 2014 to
about 11.6 million tons in 2018, with an annual average of about 9.3 million tons during the
period (2014-2018), and then the average consumption gap was estimated at 6.9 tons. The
respondents from the association directors in the research sample explained that the
associations do not distribute any kind of seeds to farmers, and this is not limited to yellow
corn but for all crops, and they emphasized that the association’s role is limited to distributing
fertilizers only. They attributed this to the lack of financial resources of the associations, the
great increase in the price of seeds beyond the capabilities of the financial association, the
limited production available from the central administration of seeds, which would not allow
covering all the needs of farmers throughout the republic during the season, the lack of
financial liquidity to buy seeds from companies for distribution where Companies require sale
and payment in advance, not on credit
The marketing margin at the wholesaler was estimated at 900 pounds / ton for grains, which
represented about 27% of the farm price, while the marketing margin for the retailer was
estimated at 950 pounds / ton. By studying the distribution of the consumer pound, it was
found that the share of the farmer from the consumer pound is estimated at 57%, while the
wholesaler's share is 21% at the level of the research sample in Beheira Governorate, and
about 58%, 20% at the level of Assiut governorate. Then, it is noticed that the farmer's share of
the consumer pound has increased at the level of the sample governorates, which indicates an
increase in marketing efficiency. Where the higher the farmer's share of the consumer's pound,
the greater the marketing efficiency.
Recommendations:
1. It’s necessary for the state to play an active role in supporting the expansion of the
cultivation of yellow corn through the following:
 Establishing an official crop supply system, like other strategic crops
 It’s necessary for the state to put a protective package to reduce import and
support the local product
2. Establishing a qualitative agricultural cooperative societies specializing in the yellow
corn crop to support the expansion in the production and marketing of the crop by
providing production requirements, providing the necessary information and extension
services to farmers and ensuring the marketing of the crop at a fair and appropriate
price that achieves a profitable profit margin
Key words: Agricultural Cooperative Societies, Value Chain Analysis, Yellow Maize .

Research paper thumbnail of SIMULTANUS EQUATIONS ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF THE EGYPTIAN IMPORTS EDIBLE OILS

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015

Edible oils in Egypt are considered one of important strategies commodity .consumption of such co... more Edible oils in Egypt are considered one of important strategies commodity
.consumption of such commodities are increasing as a result of the continuing
increase in population and the change in consumption type of edible oil . Thers,
recent years have witnessed on increase in the demand of edible oils .on the other
hands ,local production of such commodity has decreased due to the decrease in the
area cultivated edible oils crops.
Consequently the government had to import edible oils to lowing the gap
between local production and consumption the value of imports of edible oils has
increased from $ ٦٤.٤ million, representing about ٣.٧% of the total agricultural
imports and was estimated ١٣٨.٥ million dollars in ٢٠٠١/٢٠٠٢ to $ ١.١٥ billion in
٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ representing about ٢٢.٥% of the total agricultural imports and estimated
at ٥.١٤ billion dollars in ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ . Such import represent a burden on the Egyptian
balance of payment .
The present study aims to examining the important factors affecting imports of
edible oils to minimize the quantity of edible oil imports.
To achieve this we used simultaneous equations in the construction of an economic
model to analyze the structure of Egyptian imports edible oils
The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the amount
of imports of oils and real gross domestic product was found that the increase in real
gross domestic product about one billion pounds a year increases the amount of oil
imports by about ١.٤٦ tons per year.
As it turns out there is an inverse relationship between the amount of imports,
and all of the exchange rate and the domestic production of seeds in the previous
year, it was found that the depreciation of the exchange rate by pound / dollar
increases the quantity of imports estimated at ١٣٣ ٠٠٠ tons, and domestic production
of seeds decrease in year Former about tons leads to increased imports by the amount
was about ١.٠١ tons per year has proved this moral decline.

Research paper thumbnail of آﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدى‬ ‫ﻧﻣوذج‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزﯾوت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اردات‬ ‫ﻟﻠو

Research paper thumbnail of THE ROLE OF AGRARIN REFORM COOPERATIVES IN THE COTTON MARKETING IN ELBEHARA GOVERNORTE20200715 13588 1vj2p70

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015

Cotton and its products occupy a prominent place in Egyptian economy especially in aspects like p... more Cotton and its products occupy a prominent place in Egyptian economy especially in aspects like
production, industrialization, consumption and foreign trade. Marketing of cotton in Egypt is
surrounded with a lot of problems, especially in light of the inability of domestic production to meet
the needs of the domestic textile industry of short staple cotton. Thus cotton imports are growing
rapidly in order to cover this deficit. Marketing systems are characterized with low efficiency and
poor performance. This study attempts to analyze the cotton marketing system in order to
determine the nature of the marketing problems and their ramifications on both producers and
consumers of Egyptian cotton. In addition the study spells out the roles of different intermediaries
and concludes with possible recommendations that could help improve the cotton marketing
system. The study focuses on the role of the Agrarian Reform Cooperatives in marketing the
cotton crop of small farmers that benefit from the laws of agrarian reform laws that were issued in
the ١٩٥٠s and ١٩٦٠s. The study relied on secondary data as well as on primary data that were
collected using a structured questionnaire. El-Behara governorate was chosen to conduct the field
study because it has the largest number of Agrarian Reform Cooperatives nationwide. The
questionnaire covered ١٠٠ small farmers from different regions in the governorate
The results of the field study shows that the most prevalent marketing problems facing cotton
farmers in the agrarian reform cooperatives are: the low price of cotton; high production costs and
the long distance between the marketing collection centers and the cotton fields and consequently
high transportation costs. In fact the study reveals that the Agrarian Reform Cooperatives have no
role whatsoever in marketing the cotton crop.

Research paper thumbnail of THE ROLE OF AGRARIN REFORM COOPERATIVES IN THE COTTON MARKETING IN ELBEHARA GOVERNORTE20200715 75829 93k7hx

Research paper thumbnail of THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR20200715 105017 ioig87

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Despite of the importance of the agriculture sector, its contribution to the GDP is limited compa... more Despite of the importance of the agriculture sector, its contribution to the GDP is limited
compared to other sectors, where the proportion of the contribution of the agricultural gross
domestic product fell in GDP from about ١٧.٤% in ٩٠/١٩٩١ to about ١١.٢% in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥,
compared to approximately ١٦.٦% of the industry manufacturing and ١٢.٨% for the petroleum
sector ٠.١٣% to trade sector in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥.
Decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector in GDP to many problems facing the
agricultural sector is due, it is the most important agricultural possessor structure and the nature
of agricultural production. In addition to the limited bank funding directed to this important
sector, which is characterized by limited financial resources and the modest investments .then
The provision of credit services important need to do different agricultural activities, Which it
is a challenge facing the agricultural sector and an obstacle in the face of development despite
the importance of the agricultural sector and its ability to create an opportunities for
employment . The research examines the impact of the agricultural credit on agricultural
economic activity in Egypt during the period (١٩٩٠/١٩٩١-٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥), by using VAR model .
Two variables are chosen for this research : real agricultural (GDP) as an important indicator
for measuring the average of economic activity for agricultural sector and real agricultural
credit. Some major tests, such as: Johansen test, Granger causality test, variance decomposition
analysis, and impulse response functions, were applied in this research.
The results of the research indicate that there is a mono effect relationship moving from the
agricultural credit. to the agricultural GDP and a long-running equilibrium relationship between
these variables. Results also indicate that there is little agricultural credit explanatory power for
explaining the changes in the agricultural GDP. In general, the results show a positive effect of
the agricultural credit to the economic activity for agricultural sector.
Recommendations:
١- It’s necessary to raise the credit efficiency by the central bank to take a package of
measures to help in the promotion of the credit process, such as a review of credit
facilities granted and obstacles facing the credit process in terms of facilitating the
procedures, reducing the interest rate on long-and medium-sized investment lending
rates to encourage many who want to borrow, reducing Administrative expenses .
٢- Solve the problem of the lack of traditional collateral using secure alternatives based on
the personal qualities of the individual.
٣- Modify each of the value of loans and the repayment period so that they are suitable for
each area of agricultural fields.
٤- Work on extending credit services more broadly to the governorates of Upper Egypt.

Research paper thumbnail of PREDICTION OF THE PROBABILITIES FOR CHANGING OF THE AGRICULTURAL LOANS USING MARKOV CHAIN MODEL

Egypt. J. Agric. Res, 2018

he Agricultural Bank of Egypt (ABE) has the right to perform all credit portfolio of the commerci... more he Agricultural Bank of Egypt (ABE) has the right to perform all credit portfolio of the commercial banks. In this context, the ABE faces a problem in making a balance between practicing regular activities that achieve high returns and those with high costs from one side, and providing farmers with their needs of agricultural loans, as well. Therefore, the current research attempts to answer a question on how well the ABE can succeed in achieving these goals without affecting the size of loans provided to the agricultural sector as productive and investment loans. Hence, this research aimed at analyzing credit decisions made by the ABE in terms of the distribution of credit portfolio of agricultural loans, including productive and investment loans and predicting the size of these loans based on market mechanisms, as well. In order to achieve this objective, the research used the Markov series analysis for the period (

Research paper thumbnail of ECONOMICES OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS20200715 85216 1n6alj9

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Production of ornamental plants of high economic returns of agricultural activities, which have n... more Production of ornamental plants of high economic returns of agricultural activities, which have
not given enough attention to the lack of sufficient data related to the economics of the production
of the vegetable group is considered. Where the data is limited to certain types of cut flowers.
Official statistics and devoid of any closer to the size of the production of ornamental plants or
production costs. In addition to the lack of Snvih map or data related to exports, including the size,
despite being enjoyed by these plants from local and international prices are high and rewarding
relatively, but the ornamental plants are still grown in relatively fixed and limited areas may be due
to it facing a production, marketing and financing problems. Limiting the efficiency of production
of ornamental plants, making them the economic payoff is not clear effectively in the agricultural
income in general and agricultural exports in particular. To achieve the goal of research was
selected from each Cycas plant, bots due to the disparity of their deployment and their prices
allowing for multiple segments of consumers demand them. Find the preliminary data has been
adopted and which have been obtained from the field study, which was conducted on a sample of
producers and owners of nurseries and through the study of about ١٨٢ for a single leaf bots, and
about ١٣٠ single of Cycas plant. By studying the distribution of possessory groups to study areas it
shows that Qaliubiya province ranks first in terms of area planted palms Cycas rate of ٤٤.٦%,
followed by the governorate of Giza by about ٣٦.٢% and to the fact that palm Cycas needs a large
space in the cultivation and care not available in nurseries deployed in Cairo governorate due to
dwarf the area but the few that exist in Cairo rely on seedlings and ready-bred and nurtured not in
the process of germination itself. Giza governorate also come in first place in terms of area
cultivated flora of bots by about ٤١.٨%, followed by each of the Qaliubiya, and Cairo at a rate of
٣١.٩%, ٢٦.٤% each, respectively. Were also measured production efficiency by using the method
of production functions and costs have been the results of functions cost estimates for the study
sample plants came on the level of possessory categories consistent with the results of estimating
production efficiency using production functions. The results of the field study has shown that the
most important marketing problems facing the producers and marketers of plants Azinh represented
in some of the high species prices, which leads to reluctance of some of them, sorting the problem
of unfair, and the lack of shows and stations marketing specialist within the provinces to contribute
to the marketing of production and producers rely on themselves in the process marketing internally
and externally.
Recommendations:
The establishment of marketing exhibitions and export promotion support exporters and to promote
their production and reduce shipping costs, the inclusion of a full ornamental plants within the
provided by the Development Bank lines of credit and agricultural credit to gaining producers and
exporters turnout on the cultivation of these types of important horticultural crops, establishment
associations specialized producers of similar associations for ornamental horticultural crops and
other plants in order to encourage farmers and to provide advice and guidance to facilitate the
marketing process.

Research paper thumbnail of ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT IN EGYPT20200715 120863 lfmi69

Econometric Analysis of Agricultural Investment in Egypt , 2014

Investment is considered one of the most important key components of the national income due of i... more Investment is considered one of the most important key
components of the national income due of its significant impact on
production income and employment levels Changes in national income
depend largely on the fluctuations in the demand for investment. The
problem of the study are the low volume of investments allowed to the
agricultural sector despite its importance as one of the key sectors in the
economy National investment where estimated to decrease the growth
rate of agricultural investment both domestic and foreign, and the small
relative share of the agricultural sector of the total investments.
The study was interested in analyzing the standard econometric
determinants of agricultural investment in the Egyptian economy through
the design of an econometric model dealt with agricultural investment and
using econometrics models to determined the important factor which
affecting on agric. investment .
In light of the results of the previous analysis on the determinants of
the Agricultural Investment study concluded the following: Create the
right investment environment to support investment and activated leading
to increased production, thus reducing domestic debt, which attracts more
private investment, domestic and foreign, which stimulates aggregate
demand and increase employment rates in the community, the agricultural
sector of the most important economic sectors of civil poverty if
appropriate investments supported so must be given adequate care when
developing plans for the economic development of the society.

Research paper thumbnail of OBSTACLES OF AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN LAND RECLAMATION CASE STUDY

Conference of Investment and Development in Arab World , The Council of Arab Economic Unity, 2017

Egypt suffers from a lack of mechanisms for achieving development capital, and because of the low... more Egypt suffers from a lack of mechanisms for achieving development capital, and because of the low
national income, and the weakness of the savings rate, making it looking for different ways to bring
these funds, which including foreign direct investment. In fact, it indicates that foreign direct
investment can contribute to the operation amount of labor could increase its existence value of GDP
and exports. It can also contribute to the exploitation of natural resources, including owned advanced
technology. But reading carefully the data of foreign direct investment flows and distributed to the
National Savin sectors we find that the relative share of agricultural investment marginally increased
significantly compared to the rest of the sectors has reached about ١٧٧.٥ million pounds, accounting
for about ٠.٦% of the total foreign investment, estimated at ٢٩.٨ billion pounds in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ . Which
indicates Dialh relative share of the agricultural sector from foreign investment flows, and not
commensurate with the expected performance of this sector in achieving sustainable development
.mma pays to wonder: Are the agricultural sector lacks the elements to attract foreign investment
compared to investment in other sectors?
The research aimed to identifying impediments to foreign investment and, in particular agricultural
land reclamation sector, and then adopted research on the case study method.
The research concluded that several of the most important results:
The Geografic distribution of foreign investment in the Agricultural Land Reclamation at the level of
governorates during the period Sector (٩٥/١٩٩٦-٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥) showed that the Cairo governorate come
in first place in terms of foreign investment in land reclamation by the sector size, although being an
urban province, but the average size of investment by foreign estimated at $ ١١٤.٧ million, has been
attributed to being the administrative headquarters for many of the land reclamation companies.
Followed by the Aswan Governorate valued at $ ١٠.٢ million, and Giza comes in third place with an
average investment estimated at $ ٩.٢ million, all from the El-Sharkia, El-Bohera, Ismailia and
Alexandria with a total investment estimated at ٥.٩, ٣.٧,٢.٤, ٣.١ million dollars for each of them
respectively .An Econometric model showed that there is a positive relationship between the annual
growth rate of gross domestic product of agricultural real and all of the direct agricultural FDI as a
percentage of gross domestic product of agricultural real, agricultural labor annual growth rate, the
proportion of agricultural consumption to GDP Agricultural, degree of economic openness agricultural
sector in terms of increasing each of them by about ١% leads to increased growth rate of agricultural
GDP by about ٠.٠٣%, ٠.١٠%, ٢.٧%, ١.٠٥% each, respectively. The total flexibility about ٣.٨٨,
indicating a growing return on capacity an increase of the values of these variables a ١% growth rate of
the agricultural sector increased by about ٣.٩%. Finally the results of the case study on agricultural
phenomenon firm showed that the most important obstacles facing the investor in the field of land
reclamation are: the length of the proceedings of ownership, lack of readiness of some targeted areas
reclamation, lack of access to energy sources, but after the completion of Agriculture, multiplicity of
Responsible there is no nets one easy for an investor to deal with it in the development of Land
Reclamation, the fear of land grants, despite a call for investors and the state is willing to invest
Agricultural forces contribute to the achievement of sustainable development.
Recommendion
Egypt should have a new investment map for the agricultural sector in particular defined the targeted
activities and projects to be implemented and expected rates of its growth, and accelerate all
٢٥
adjustments for Consolidated Investment Act and its implementing regulations and enact appropriate
legislation that will facilitate investor access to investment in time and eliminate the cost of waiting and
that may lead to the departure of the investor.

Research paper thumbnail of THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT POLICY ON AGRICULTURAL LABOR20200715 19638 1u442h

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Nearly half of the population, which requires the provision of appropriate job opportunities for ... more Nearly half of the population, which requires the provision of appropriate job opportunities for
the largest possible proportion of newcomers to the work of rural youth market in the areas of
direct agricultural work or areas and activities integrated production and projects. However,
agricultural unemployment rate is about ١١.٥% in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥, a relatively large number, but the
danger lies in the fact that the low operating rates or imbalance between supply and demand for
agricultural labor is the other side of the problem of under-investment and the rate of
development in quantity and quality and inefficient distribution pattern which requires
reconsideration of the overall investment policies.
The research is aimed at analyzing and measuring the relationship between the investment,
agricultural labor, so by measuring the long-term effects and short-term investment on
employment levels in the Egyptian agricultural sector (represented by the demand for agricultural
labor), and measure the speed of adaptation of employment levels in the agricultural sector for
the change in size Agricultural investment and thus determine the time required to clear the longterm effects. And in order to reach a package of policies to raise the level and efficiency of
investment in order to achieve intensive growth in employment.
The results showed that the degree of immediate response was higher than the long-term
response to the demand for agricultural labor to change in response to the level of investment
where amounted to respond ٠.٦٦ coefficient It reflects the effects of short-term investment to
increase employment and reduce unemployment in the agricultural sector function. Degree also
reached a long-term change in the demand for agricultural labor to respond due to the change in
investment towards ٠.٦٠. Also confirmed estimates that the average results necessary for the
emergence of the effects of agricultural investment on the demand for agricultural labor size of
the length of time was about ٢.٤ years.
So the speed of adjustment or automatic adjustment, we find it during the four periods were
weak and low, suggesting the absence or weakness of the mechanism of adjustment, which
responds by which the demand for agricultural labor or the reduction of unemployment in the
agricultural sector for the increase in the level of investment, where an estimated mechanism of
adaptation to about ١٥% . Meaning that long-term relationship between the investment and the
demand for labor in the Egyptian agricultural sector needs a period of time not less than three
years to lead to increase investment to create real, lasting jobs in the agricultural sector and thus
reduce the unemployment rate in the agricultural sector, and that the mechanism of access to it
-٢٠-
going at a slow pace does not fit with the desired growth rates in this sector, but that the slow
adjustment mechanism reflects the slow adaptation of the demand for agricultural labor with the
surrounding agricultural sector in the light of the increasing agricultural investment rates of
economic changes.
Recommendations:
The investment policy have a state strategies for investors to stimulate towards the agricultural
sector, by selecting the college sectors and sub which generates output which jobs growth than
others, where the results showed that the agriculture sector when faced with investments can
accommodate employment and achieve its purpose , the need to invest in agricultural projects intensive element of the work.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study for Mechanisms to Attract Foreign Investment in Egypt and Some Arab Countries

J. Agric. Econom. and Social Sci., Mansoura Univ, 2017

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that Egypt is ranked second in the Arab world in ... more The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that Egypt is ranked second in the Arab world in terms of foreign investment
flows, with a value of 8.1 billion dollars, representing about 26.3% of the total inflows of Arab countries estimated at 30.8 billion dollars in
2016. However, Egypt is ranked according to the international classification and international indicators within the group of countries that are
very weak in terms of the ability to attract foreign direct investment, and less in attracting factors of investment and other Arab countries.
Which requires the research behind the decline of the Egyptian international indicators compared to some Arab countries, and the extent of
the reflection of Egypt's ability to attract foreign investment on the flow of investment to the Egyptian agricultural sector. Which requires the
research behind the decline of the Egyptian international indicators compared to some Arab countries, and the reflection of Egypt's ability to
attract foreign investment on the flow of investment to the Egyptian agricultural sector. And then aimed at comparing the mechanisms of
attracting foreign direct investment in Egypt and some Arab countries and the reflection on the volume of foreign investments directed to the
Egyptian agricultural sector. The results showed Saudi Arabia's acquisition of first place in the volume of incoming foreign investments by
27.7% during the period 2011-2016 compared to 38.2% of the total volume of investments received by the Arab countries during the period
2006-2010, In the Arab region. , Followed by Egypt and the United Arab Emirates with 11.44% and 10.9% respectively during the period
2006-2010. Morocco also showed clearly on the map of Arab investment attraction during the period 201-2016 with 8.1% compared to 3%
In the first period. This may be due to the fact that during this period, Egypt underwent policy changes that led to a state of economic decline
and the flight of foreign capital into more stable areas such as the UAE and Morocco. Egypt is at the forefront of the Arab countries receiving
foreign investment projects worth about 40.9 billion dollars, accounting for 44.3% of the total value of investment projects in the Arab region
in 2016, estimated at 92.3 billion dollars. According to the 2017 Competitiveness Index, Morocco ranked 70th in 2016 and remained 8th in
the Arab world, followed by Lebanon ranked 101th globally and 11 Arabs. Egypt, which was one of the oldest countries to participate in the
ranking, ranked 115th in the world and 12 in 2016. To the political events witnessed by Egypt during the past few years, which have hit the
Egyptian economy and affected the financial sector and raised the rate of inflation. Despite the fact that Egypt is an agricultural country in the
first place, Morocco has outperformed the relative importance of the added value of the agricultural sector to the GDP, estimated at 13% in
2016, despite its decline while the relative importance of added value in the Egyptian agricultural sector was about 12%. %. The following
research is recommended: • Accelerate the implementation of economic reform programs, which will contribute to reducing inflation rates
and budget deficit and gives the investor confidence in the ability of the Egyptian economizer to provide an encouraging investment climate.•
A package of reform policies for the agricultural sector should be adopted in particular, including the enactment of legislation on investment
in the agricultural sector and the encouragement of foreign and domestic investors to work in this important sector, whether through
stimulating tax policies, long-term subsidized investment loans, Agricultural sector, providing logistical services to the sector.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study to Measure the Efficiency of Foreign Direct Investment in Poverty Reduction in Egypt and Some Arab Countries

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2021

Poverty constitutes one of the main problems in many countries of the world as it is one of the o... more Poverty constitutes one of the main problems in many countries of the world as it is one of the obstacles to development. In recent years, the Arab countries have suffered from a state of political, economic and security crises that have led to low levels of development as a reflection of low and deteriorating incomes, which led to an increase in poverty rates in many countries. Like many countries, Egypt relies on foreign investment to finance its various development programs, where successful development policies depend on the volume of planned investments and the efficiency of the distribution and use of these investments in various fields. Despite the importance of investment, the volume of investment in Egypt remains modest compared to economically developed countries, with international reports indicating that Egypt accounts for about 9 billion dollars of the total inflows of Arab countries estimated at 41 billion dollars in 2019. However, the impact of the influx on the Foreign Investment of Egypt has not clearly reflected on the rate of economic growth, nor has it shown its positive effects on the level of poverty in society. This leads us to question the efficiency of exploiting foreign direct investment in reducing poverty in Egypt compared to some Arab countries, especially with few studies on the relationship between investment and poverty reduction. Hence, the research aims to measure the efficiency of foreign direct investment in Egypt and its impact on reducing poverty rates in Egypt compared to some Arab countries, especially with the small number of studies that dealt with the relationship between investment and poverty reduction. By applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results showed that the UAE achieved zero poor people in 2019, while the percentage of poor in Egypt was 29.7, compared to 12.7 in Saudi Arabia, and 17.1% in Morocco. While the percentage exceeded more than 40% in Jordan, Palestine, Sudan, Mauritania, Somalia and Comoros. It is a percentage that indicates the concentration of poverty in the Arab countries, despite their capabilities and material and human resources. The results of the DEA showed that Algeria is the country in which the flow of foreign direct investment is most compatible with poverty rates, as it suffers from a decrease in the per capita share of foreign investment to about 28 $ / per capita and a rise in the poverty rate by 28%, while the rest of the countries, especially Egypt, Which attracts greater proportions of the flow of foreign investment to the Arab region, has achieved low efficiency rates, as Egypt, which is the second country in the acquisition of foreign investment in 2019, achieved an efficiency rate of about 37% compared to Morocco, which acquires about 4% of direct foreign investment in the Arab region, with an average of An individual's share was estimated at 45 $/ per capita, with an efficiency rate of 43%. Which shows that these countries achieve better economic performance in the exploitation of foreign investments directed to them, which indicates the existence of a real problem in the Egyptian investment policies in terms of the ability to exploit the foreign direct investment acquired by them to increase the rate of economic growth and thus alleviate poverty in society. Hence, the research recommends the need for optimal exploitation of foreign investment flows through the establishment of productive and development projects because of the investment's ability to reduce poverty rates, benefiting from Arab experiences in the efficient exploitation of investments, and the need for coordination between investment policies and labor market policies.

Research paper thumbnail of Socioeconomic Effects of Some Agricultural and Rural Micro-Enterprises Funded by the Local Development Fund

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2021

Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the nat... more Microfinance should be considered and planned as a major means of economic development at the national level and as a means of reducing poverty, bringing about real development, and raising the standard of living of the rural population, which is the main hypothesis that pointed to the need to monitor what is happening in the microfinance sector, in particular the role of the Local Development Fund, since it is mainly located within the countryside through local units in the provinces. This leads us to a question: What is the real impact of the microfinance services provided by the Local Development Fund in alleviating poverty and economic opportunities for clients? This paper aims to identify the role of microenterprises in alleviating rural poverty and to study the economic and social impacts of micro-enterprises on borrowers. The results show that the total volume of microfinance lending is 29.5 million L.E for 8,471 projects in 2009/10, but real prices show that there is a significant decline in the value of financing directed against current prices. The real funding volume was 9.7 million L.E in 2020/21. It turns out that there are moral differences between the sample members of the borrowers who own. It was found that there were significant differences between the sample members of micro-enterprises and non-borrower sample members of economic variables, with the calculated value of (T) estimated at 10.9, 8, 4.6, 5.8, and 1.8 per monthly income, savings, asset ownership, increased employment opportunities, and development of productive behavior respectively. This compares with the T-rated values where the T values calculated were greater than their scheduling counterparts, and those differences are in favor of borrowers from local development fund clients. About 69% of the sample of micro-entrepreneurs explained that there has been an improvement in their standard of living, as evidenced by the improved level of the food they receive and their interest in educating children and following up on the state's health care initiatives to maintain their health. The research recommends reviewing the distribution of funding to the provinces to target the poorest provinces, in addition to not repeating the same projects in the same places and diversifying activities, focusing on agricultural, rural, and environmental productive activities and moving away from consumer, and service activities that are not fully sustainable and do not increase real employment opportunities. Increasing the value of the loan where it is contrary to the value of microfinance described by the definition of the micro-project with the micro-financing strategy prepared by the state, and the financing rules announced by the Financial Supervisory Authority and funding provided by other official bodies in the country such as the SME Development Authority and micro, which contributes to the movement of customers from projects that meet their basic need to the level of effective microprojects, and thus the final impact of microfinance becomes useful, which It allows borrowers to break out of poverty and contribute significantly to sustainable economic and social development.

Research paper thumbnail of Yellow Maize Value Chain and The Role of Agricultural Cooperative Societies

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Resarch, 2020

Despite the efforts made to limit imports of yellow corn and try to control the price policy of f... more Despite the efforts made to limit imports of yellow corn and try to control the price policy of
feed to secure the poultry industry, which is a major source of animal protein, the
implementation measures lost their way. In 2015 the Ministry of Agriculture and Land
Reclamation submitted a proposal approved by the Prime Minister stating the imposition of
fees estimated at 500 EGP for every ton of yellow corn imports used in the poultry industry,
which achieves a return of about 600 million EGP annually, which is deposited in a fund to
balance crop prices. However, the Ministry of Trade intervened and stopped the decision after
a complaint it received from the importing companies. This was followed by the state’s
establishment of the Contract Cultivation Center in accordance with Republican Decree No. 14
of 2015, which would promote contractual planting of crops and facilitate the marketing of
crops, especially strategic crops, but the center is still not activated. Which leads us to ask, is
there a role of agricultural cooperatives in marketing the yellow corn crop? Are agricultural
cooperatives the entity capable of efficiently marketing the yellow corn crop? What are the
marketing policies that stimulate farmers?
The research aimed at identifying the role of agricultural cooperatives in marketing the
yellow corn crop, through identifying the current status of the yellow corn crop and analyzing
the value chain of the yellow corn crop. The research found the following: The relative
importance of the cultivated area increased from about 7.3% in 2014 to about 14% in 2018.
The average area of the yellow corn crop represents about 10% of the total average area of
cereal crops, which is estimated at 7.6 million feddans, during the period (2014-2018). By
comparing the agricultural price with the import price in the port of arrival, we find that the
import price is higher than the farm price during the years of study, in addition to the high
average import price over the average farm price, as it was estimated at 3016 pounds
compared to about 2,633 pounds as an average farm price during the period (2014-2018).
Domestic consumption of yellow corn also increased from about 6.2 million tons in 2014 to
about 11.6 million tons in 2018, with an annual average of about 9.3 million tons during the
period (2014-2018), and then the average consumption gap was estimated at 6.9 tons. The
respondents from the association directors in the research sample explained that the
associations do not distribute any kind of seeds to farmers, and this is not limited to yellow
corn but for all crops, and they emphasized that the association’s role is limited to distributing
fertilizers only. They attributed this to the lack of financial resources of the associations, the
great increase in the price of seeds beyond the capabilities of the financial association, the
limited production available from the central administration of seeds, which would not allow
covering all the needs of farmers throughout the republic during the season, the lack of
financial liquidity to buy seeds from companies for distribution where Companies require sale
and payment in advance, not on credit
The marketing margin at the wholesaler was estimated at 900 pounds / ton for grains, which
represented about 27% of the farm price, while the marketing margin for the retailer was
estimated at 950 pounds / ton. By studying the distribution of the consumer pound, it was
found that the share of the farmer from the consumer pound is estimated at 57%, while the
wholesaler's share is 21% at the level of the research sample in Beheira Governorate, and
about 58%, 20% at the level of Assiut governorate. Then, it is noticed that the farmer's share of
the consumer pound has increased at the level of the sample governorates, which indicates an
increase in marketing efficiency. Where the higher the farmer's share of the consumer's pound,
the greater the marketing efficiency.
Recommendations:
1. It’s necessary for the state to play an active role in supporting the expansion of the
cultivation of yellow corn through the following:
 Establishing an official crop supply system, like other strategic crops
 It’s necessary for the state to put a protective package to reduce import and
support the local product
2. Establishing a qualitative agricultural cooperative societies specializing in the yellow
corn crop to support the expansion in the production and marketing of the crop by
providing production requirements, providing the necessary information and extension
services to farmers and ensuring the marketing of the crop at a fair and appropriate
price that achieves a profitable profit margin
Key words: Agricultural Cooperative Societies, Value Chain Analysis, Yellow Maize .

Research paper thumbnail of SIMULTANUS EQUATIONS ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF THE EGYPTIAN IMPORTS EDIBLE OILS

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015

Edible oils in Egypt are considered one of important strategies commodity .consumption of such co... more Edible oils in Egypt are considered one of important strategies commodity
.consumption of such commodities are increasing as a result of the continuing
increase in population and the change in consumption type of edible oil . Thers,
recent years have witnessed on increase in the demand of edible oils .on the other
hands ,local production of such commodity has decreased due to the decrease in the
area cultivated edible oils crops.
Consequently the government had to import edible oils to lowing the gap
between local production and consumption the value of imports of edible oils has
increased from $ ٦٤.٤ million, representing about ٣.٧% of the total agricultural
imports and was estimated ١٣٨.٥ million dollars in ٢٠٠١/٢٠٠٢ to $ ١.١٥ billion in
٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ representing about ٢٢.٥% of the total agricultural imports and estimated
at ٥.١٤ billion dollars in ٢٠١٣/٢٠١٤ . Such import represent a burden on the Egyptian
balance of payment .
The present study aims to examining the important factors affecting imports of
edible oils to minimize the quantity of edible oil imports.
To achieve this we used simultaneous equations in the construction of an economic
model to analyze the structure of Egyptian imports edible oils
The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the amount
of imports of oils and real gross domestic product was found that the increase in real
gross domestic product about one billion pounds a year increases the amount of oil
imports by about ١.٤٦ tons per year.
As it turns out there is an inverse relationship between the amount of imports,
and all of the exchange rate and the domestic production of seeds in the previous
year, it was found that the depreciation of the exchange rate by pound / dollar
increases the quantity of imports estimated at ١٣٣ ٠٠٠ tons, and domestic production
of seeds decrease in year Former about tons leads to increased imports by the amount
was about ١.٠١ tons per year has proved this moral decline.

Research paper thumbnail of آﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﻰ‬ ‫اﻗﺗﺻﺎدى‬ ‫ﻧﻣوذج‬ ‫اﻟﻐذاﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟزﯾوت‬ ‫ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻرﯾﺔ‬ ‫اردات‬ ‫ﻟﻠو

Research paper thumbnail of THE ROLE OF AGRARIN REFORM COOPERATIVES IN THE COTTON MARKETING IN ELBEHARA GOVERNORTE20200715 13588 1vj2p70

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2015

Cotton and its products occupy a prominent place in Egyptian economy especially in aspects like p... more Cotton and its products occupy a prominent place in Egyptian economy especially in aspects like
production, industrialization, consumption and foreign trade. Marketing of cotton in Egypt is
surrounded with a lot of problems, especially in light of the inability of domestic production to meet
the needs of the domestic textile industry of short staple cotton. Thus cotton imports are growing
rapidly in order to cover this deficit. Marketing systems are characterized with low efficiency and
poor performance. This study attempts to analyze the cotton marketing system in order to
determine the nature of the marketing problems and their ramifications on both producers and
consumers of Egyptian cotton. In addition the study spells out the roles of different intermediaries
and concludes with possible recommendations that could help improve the cotton marketing
system. The study focuses on the role of the Agrarian Reform Cooperatives in marketing the
cotton crop of small farmers that benefit from the laws of agrarian reform laws that were issued in
the ١٩٥٠s and ١٩٦٠s. The study relied on secondary data as well as on primary data that were
collected using a structured questionnaire. El-Behara governorate was chosen to conduct the field
study because it has the largest number of Agrarian Reform Cooperatives nationwide. The
questionnaire covered ١٠٠ small farmers from different regions in the governorate
The results of the field study shows that the most prevalent marketing problems facing cotton
farmers in the agrarian reform cooperatives are: the low price of cotton; high production costs and
the long distance between the marketing collection centers and the cotton fields and consequently
high transportation costs. In fact the study reveals that the Agrarian Reform Cooperatives have no
role whatsoever in marketing the cotton crop.

Research paper thumbnail of THE ROLE OF AGRARIN REFORM COOPERATIVES IN THE COTTON MARKETING IN ELBEHARA GOVERNORTE20200715 75829 93k7hx

Research paper thumbnail of THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITY FOR EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR20200715 105017 ioig87

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Despite of the importance of the agriculture sector, its contribution to the GDP is limited compa... more Despite of the importance of the agriculture sector, its contribution to the GDP is limited
compared to other sectors, where the proportion of the contribution of the agricultural gross
domestic product fell in GDP from about ١٧.٤% in ٩٠/١٩٩١ to about ١١.٢% in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥,
compared to approximately ١٦.٦% of the industry manufacturing and ١٢.٨% for the petroleum
sector ٠.١٣% to trade sector in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥.
Decline in the contribution of the agricultural sector in GDP to many problems facing the
agricultural sector is due, it is the most important agricultural possessor structure and the nature
of agricultural production. In addition to the limited bank funding directed to this important
sector, which is characterized by limited financial resources and the modest investments .then
The provision of credit services important need to do different agricultural activities, Which it
is a challenge facing the agricultural sector and an obstacle in the face of development despite
the importance of the agricultural sector and its ability to create an opportunities for
employment . The research examines the impact of the agricultural credit on agricultural
economic activity in Egypt during the period (١٩٩٠/١٩٩١-٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥), by using VAR model .
Two variables are chosen for this research : real agricultural (GDP) as an important indicator
for measuring the average of economic activity for agricultural sector and real agricultural
credit. Some major tests, such as: Johansen test, Granger causality test, variance decomposition
analysis, and impulse response functions, were applied in this research.
The results of the research indicate that there is a mono effect relationship moving from the
agricultural credit. to the agricultural GDP and a long-running equilibrium relationship between
these variables. Results also indicate that there is little agricultural credit explanatory power for
explaining the changes in the agricultural GDP. In general, the results show a positive effect of
the agricultural credit to the economic activity for agricultural sector.
Recommendations:
١- It’s necessary to raise the credit efficiency by the central bank to take a package of
measures to help in the promotion of the credit process, such as a review of credit
facilities granted and obstacles facing the credit process in terms of facilitating the
procedures, reducing the interest rate on long-and medium-sized investment lending
rates to encourage many who want to borrow, reducing Administrative expenses .
٢- Solve the problem of the lack of traditional collateral using secure alternatives based on
the personal qualities of the individual.
٣- Modify each of the value of loans and the repayment period so that they are suitable for
each area of agricultural fields.
٤- Work on extending credit services more broadly to the governorates of Upper Egypt.

Research paper thumbnail of PREDICTION OF THE PROBABILITIES FOR CHANGING OF THE AGRICULTURAL LOANS USING MARKOV CHAIN MODEL

Egypt. J. Agric. Res, 2018

he Agricultural Bank of Egypt (ABE) has the right to perform all credit portfolio of the commerci... more he Agricultural Bank of Egypt (ABE) has the right to perform all credit portfolio of the commercial banks. In this context, the ABE faces a problem in making a balance between practicing regular activities that achieve high returns and those with high costs from one side, and providing farmers with their needs of agricultural loans, as well. Therefore, the current research attempts to answer a question on how well the ABE can succeed in achieving these goals without affecting the size of loans provided to the agricultural sector as productive and investment loans. Hence, this research aimed at analyzing credit decisions made by the ABE in terms of the distribution of credit portfolio of agricultural loans, including productive and investment loans and predicting the size of these loans based on market mechanisms, as well. In order to achieve this objective, the research used the Markov series analysis for the period (

Research paper thumbnail of ECONOMICES OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS20200715 85216 1n6alj9

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Production of ornamental plants of high economic returns of agricultural activities, which have n... more Production of ornamental plants of high economic returns of agricultural activities, which have
not given enough attention to the lack of sufficient data related to the economics of the production
of the vegetable group is considered. Where the data is limited to certain types of cut flowers.
Official statistics and devoid of any closer to the size of the production of ornamental plants or
production costs. In addition to the lack of Snvih map or data related to exports, including the size,
despite being enjoyed by these plants from local and international prices are high and rewarding
relatively, but the ornamental plants are still grown in relatively fixed and limited areas may be due
to it facing a production, marketing and financing problems. Limiting the efficiency of production
of ornamental plants, making them the economic payoff is not clear effectively in the agricultural
income in general and agricultural exports in particular. To achieve the goal of research was
selected from each Cycas plant, bots due to the disparity of their deployment and their prices
allowing for multiple segments of consumers demand them. Find the preliminary data has been
adopted and which have been obtained from the field study, which was conducted on a sample of
producers and owners of nurseries and through the study of about ١٨٢ for a single leaf bots, and
about ١٣٠ single of Cycas plant. By studying the distribution of possessory groups to study areas it
shows that Qaliubiya province ranks first in terms of area planted palms Cycas rate of ٤٤.٦%,
followed by the governorate of Giza by about ٣٦.٢% and to the fact that palm Cycas needs a large
space in the cultivation and care not available in nurseries deployed in Cairo governorate due to
dwarf the area but the few that exist in Cairo rely on seedlings and ready-bred and nurtured not in
the process of germination itself. Giza governorate also come in first place in terms of area
cultivated flora of bots by about ٤١.٨%, followed by each of the Qaliubiya, and Cairo at a rate of
٣١.٩%, ٢٦.٤% each, respectively. Were also measured production efficiency by using the method
of production functions and costs have been the results of functions cost estimates for the study
sample plants came on the level of possessory categories consistent with the results of estimating
production efficiency using production functions. The results of the field study has shown that the
most important marketing problems facing the producers and marketers of plants Azinh represented
in some of the high species prices, which leads to reluctance of some of them, sorting the problem
of unfair, and the lack of shows and stations marketing specialist within the provinces to contribute
to the marketing of production and producers rely on themselves in the process marketing internally
and externally.
Recommendations:
The establishment of marketing exhibitions and export promotion support exporters and to promote
their production and reduce shipping costs, the inclusion of a full ornamental plants within the
provided by the Development Bank lines of credit and agricultural credit to gaining producers and
exporters turnout on the cultivation of these types of important horticultural crops, establishment
associations specialized producers of similar associations for ornamental horticultural crops and
other plants in order to encourage farmers and to provide advice and guidance to facilitate the
marketing process.

Research paper thumbnail of ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT IN EGYPT20200715 120863 lfmi69

Econometric Analysis of Agricultural Investment in Egypt , 2014

Investment is considered one of the most important key components of the national income due of i... more Investment is considered one of the most important key
components of the national income due of its significant impact on
production income and employment levels Changes in national income
depend largely on the fluctuations in the demand for investment. The
problem of the study are the low volume of investments allowed to the
agricultural sector despite its importance as one of the key sectors in the
economy National investment where estimated to decrease the growth
rate of agricultural investment both domestic and foreign, and the small
relative share of the agricultural sector of the total investments.
The study was interested in analyzing the standard econometric
determinants of agricultural investment in the Egyptian economy through
the design of an econometric model dealt with agricultural investment and
using econometrics models to determined the important factor which
affecting on agric. investment .
In light of the results of the previous analysis on the determinants of
the Agricultural Investment study concluded the following: Create the
right investment environment to support investment and activated leading
to increased production, thus reducing domestic debt, which attracts more
private investment, domestic and foreign, which stimulates aggregate
demand and increase employment rates in the community, the agricultural
sector of the most important economic sectors of civil poverty if
appropriate investments supported so must be given adequate care when
developing plans for the economic development of the society.

Research paper thumbnail of OBSTACLES OF AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN LAND RECLAMATION CASE STUDY

Conference of Investment and Development in Arab World , The Council of Arab Economic Unity, 2017

Egypt suffers from a lack of mechanisms for achieving development capital, and because of the low... more Egypt suffers from a lack of mechanisms for achieving development capital, and because of the low
national income, and the weakness of the savings rate, making it looking for different ways to bring
these funds, which including foreign direct investment. In fact, it indicates that foreign direct
investment can contribute to the operation amount of labor could increase its existence value of GDP
and exports. It can also contribute to the exploitation of natural resources, including owned advanced
technology. But reading carefully the data of foreign direct investment flows and distributed to the
National Savin sectors we find that the relative share of agricultural investment marginally increased
significantly compared to the rest of the sectors has reached about ١٧٧.٥ million pounds, accounting
for about ٠.٦% of the total foreign investment, estimated at ٢٩.٨ billion pounds in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥ . Which
indicates Dialh relative share of the agricultural sector from foreign investment flows, and not
commensurate with the expected performance of this sector in achieving sustainable development
.mma pays to wonder: Are the agricultural sector lacks the elements to attract foreign investment
compared to investment in other sectors?
The research aimed to identifying impediments to foreign investment and, in particular agricultural
land reclamation sector, and then adopted research on the case study method.
The research concluded that several of the most important results:
The Geografic distribution of foreign investment in the Agricultural Land Reclamation at the level of
governorates during the period Sector (٩٥/١٩٩٦-٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥) showed that the Cairo governorate come
in first place in terms of foreign investment in land reclamation by the sector size, although being an
urban province, but the average size of investment by foreign estimated at $ ١١٤.٧ million, has been
attributed to being the administrative headquarters for many of the land reclamation companies.
Followed by the Aswan Governorate valued at $ ١٠.٢ million, and Giza comes in third place with an
average investment estimated at $ ٩.٢ million, all from the El-Sharkia, El-Bohera, Ismailia and
Alexandria with a total investment estimated at ٥.٩, ٣.٧,٢.٤, ٣.١ million dollars for each of them
respectively .An Econometric model showed that there is a positive relationship between the annual
growth rate of gross domestic product of agricultural real and all of the direct agricultural FDI as a
percentage of gross domestic product of agricultural real, agricultural labor annual growth rate, the
proportion of agricultural consumption to GDP Agricultural, degree of economic openness agricultural
sector in terms of increasing each of them by about ١% leads to increased growth rate of agricultural
GDP by about ٠.٠٣%, ٠.١٠%, ٢.٧%, ١.٠٥% each, respectively. The total flexibility about ٣.٨٨,
indicating a growing return on capacity an increase of the values of these variables a ١% growth rate of
the agricultural sector increased by about ٣.٩%. Finally the results of the case study on agricultural
phenomenon firm showed that the most important obstacles facing the investor in the field of land
reclamation are: the length of the proceedings of ownership, lack of readiness of some targeted areas
reclamation, lack of access to energy sources, but after the completion of Agriculture, multiplicity of
Responsible there is no nets one easy for an investor to deal with it in the development of Land
Reclamation, the fear of land grants, despite a call for investors and the state is willing to invest
Agricultural forces contribute to the achievement of sustainable development.
Recommendion
Egypt should have a new investment map for the agricultural sector in particular defined the targeted
activities and projects to be implemented and expected rates of its growth, and accelerate all
٢٥
adjustments for Consolidated Investment Act and its implementing regulations and enact appropriate
legislation that will facilitate investor access to investment in time and eliminate the cost of waiting and
that may lead to the departure of the investor.

Research paper thumbnail of THE IMPACT OF INVESTMENT POLICY ON AGRICULTURAL LABOR20200715 19638 1u442h

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2016

Nearly half of the population, which requires the provision of appropriate job opportunities for ... more Nearly half of the population, which requires the provision of appropriate job opportunities for
the largest possible proportion of newcomers to the work of rural youth market in the areas of
direct agricultural work or areas and activities integrated production and projects. However,
agricultural unemployment rate is about ١١.٥% in ٢٠١٤/٢٠١٥, a relatively large number, but the
danger lies in the fact that the low operating rates or imbalance between supply and demand for
agricultural labor is the other side of the problem of under-investment and the rate of
development in quantity and quality and inefficient distribution pattern which requires
reconsideration of the overall investment policies.
The research is aimed at analyzing and measuring the relationship between the investment,
agricultural labor, so by measuring the long-term effects and short-term investment on
employment levels in the Egyptian agricultural sector (represented by the demand for agricultural
labor), and measure the speed of adaptation of employment levels in the agricultural sector for
the change in size Agricultural investment and thus determine the time required to clear the longterm effects. And in order to reach a package of policies to raise the level and efficiency of
investment in order to achieve intensive growth in employment.
The results showed that the degree of immediate response was higher than the long-term
response to the demand for agricultural labor to change in response to the level of investment
where amounted to respond ٠.٦٦ coefficient It reflects the effects of short-term investment to
increase employment and reduce unemployment in the agricultural sector function. Degree also
reached a long-term change in the demand for agricultural labor to respond due to the change in
investment towards ٠.٦٠. Also confirmed estimates that the average results necessary for the
emergence of the effects of agricultural investment on the demand for agricultural labor size of
the length of time was about ٢.٤ years.
So the speed of adjustment or automatic adjustment, we find it during the four periods were
weak and low, suggesting the absence or weakness of the mechanism of adjustment, which
responds by which the demand for agricultural labor or the reduction of unemployment in the
agricultural sector for the increase in the level of investment, where an estimated mechanism of
adaptation to about ١٥% . Meaning that long-term relationship between the investment and the
demand for labor in the Egyptian agricultural sector needs a period of time not less than three
years to lead to increase investment to create real, lasting jobs in the agricultural sector and thus
reduce the unemployment rate in the agricultural sector, and that the mechanism of access to it
-٢٠-
going at a slow pace does not fit with the desired growth rates in this sector, but that the slow
adjustment mechanism reflects the slow adaptation of the demand for agricultural labor with the
surrounding agricultural sector in the light of the increasing agricultural investment rates of
economic changes.
Recommendations:
The investment policy have a state strategies for investors to stimulate towards the agricultural
sector, by selecting the college sectors and sub which generates output which jobs growth than
others, where the results showed that the agriculture sector when faced with investments can
accommodate employment and achieve its purpose , the need to invest in agricultural projects intensive element of the work.

Research paper thumbnail of A Comparative Study for Mechanisms to Attract Foreign Investment in Egypt and Some Arab Countries

J. Agric. Econom. and Social Sci., Mansoura Univ, 2017

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that Egypt is ranked second in the Arab world in ... more The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that Egypt is ranked second in the Arab world in terms of foreign investment
flows, with a value of 8.1 billion dollars, representing about 26.3% of the total inflows of Arab countries estimated at 30.8 billion dollars in
2016. However, Egypt is ranked according to the international classification and international indicators within the group of countries that are
very weak in terms of the ability to attract foreign direct investment, and less in attracting factors of investment and other Arab countries.
Which requires the research behind the decline of the Egyptian international indicators compared to some Arab countries, and the extent of
the reflection of Egypt's ability to attract foreign investment on the flow of investment to the Egyptian agricultural sector. Which requires the
research behind the decline of the Egyptian international indicators compared to some Arab countries, and the reflection of Egypt's ability to
attract foreign investment on the flow of investment to the Egyptian agricultural sector. And then aimed at comparing the mechanisms of
attracting foreign direct investment in Egypt and some Arab countries and the reflection on the volume of foreign investments directed to the
Egyptian agricultural sector. The results showed Saudi Arabia's acquisition of first place in the volume of incoming foreign investments by
27.7% during the period 2011-2016 compared to 38.2% of the total volume of investments received by the Arab countries during the period
2006-2010, In the Arab region. , Followed by Egypt and the United Arab Emirates with 11.44% and 10.9% respectively during the period
2006-2010. Morocco also showed clearly on the map of Arab investment attraction during the period 201-2016 with 8.1% compared to 3%
In the first period. This may be due to the fact that during this period, Egypt underwent policy changes that led to a state of economic decline
and the flight of foreign capital into more stable areas such as the UAE and Morocco. Egypt is at the forefront of the Arab countries receiving
foreign investment projects worth about 40.9 billion dollars, accounting for 44.3% of the total value of investment projects in the Arab region
in 2016, estimated at 92.3 billion dollars. According to the 2017 Competitiveness Index, Morocco ranked 70th in 2016 and remained 8th in
the Arab world, followed by Lebanon ranked 101th globally and 11 Arabs. Egypt, which was one of the oldest countries to participate in the
ranking, ranked 115th in the world and 12 in 2016. To the political events witnessed by Egypt during the past few years, which have hit the
Egyptian economy and affected the financial sector and raised the rate of inflation. Despite the fact that Egypt is an agricultural country in the
first place, Morocco has outperformed the relative importance of the added value of the agricultural sector to the GDP, estimated at 13% in
2016, despite its decline while the relative importance of added value in the Egyptian agricultural sector was about 12%. %. The following
research is recommended: • Accelerate the implementation of economic reform programs, which will contribute to reducing inflation rates
and budget deficit and gives the investor confidence in the ability of the Egyptian economizer to provide an encouraging investment climate.•
A package of reform policies for the agricultural sector should be adopted in particular, including the enactment of legislation on investment
in the agricultural sector and the encouragement of foreign and domestic investors to work in this important sector, whether through
stimulating tax policies, long-term subsidized investment loans, Agricultural sector, providing logistical services to the sector.