Bee Wah Yap - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Bee Wah Yap
Research Management Institute (RMI), 2012
This paper aims to (1) analyze the profiles of transgressors (detected evaders); (2) examine reas... more This paper aims to (1) analyze the profiles of transgressors (detected evaders); (2) examine reason(s) that triggered a tax audit, causes of tax evasion, audit timeframe and tax penalty charged; and (3) to assess if tax auditors followed the guidelines as stated in the 'Tax Audit Framework' when conducting tax audits. In 2011, the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia (IRBM) had audited and finalized 557 company cases. With official permission, data of all the 557 cases were obtained from the IRBM. Of these, a total of 421 cases with complete information were analyzed. About 58.1% was small and medium corporations and from the construction industry (32.8%). The selection for tax audit was based on risk analysis (66.8%), information from third party (11.1%), and firm with low profitability or fluctuating profit pattern (7.8%). The three persistent causes of tax evasion by firms were over claimed expenses (46.8%), fraudulent reporting of income (38.5%) and overstating purchases (10.5%...
The two common approaches to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) are the Covariance-Based SEM (CB-... more The two common approaches to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) are the Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM) and Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM). There is much debate on the performance of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM for small sample size and when distributions are nonnormal. This study evaluates the performance of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM under normality and nonnormality conditions via a simulation. Monte Carlo Simulation in R programming language was employed to generate data based on the theoretical model with one endogenous and four exogenous variables. Each latent variable has three indicators. For normal distributions, CB-SEM estimates were found to be inaccurate for small sample size while PLS-SEM could produce the path estimates. Meanwhile, for a larger sample size, CB-SEM estimates have lower variability compared to PLS-SEM. Under nonnormality, CB-SEM path estimates were inaccurate for small sample size. However, CB-SEM estimates are more accurate than those of PLS-SEM for sample size of 50 ...
Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2020
Lifestyle modification is a pivotal intervention for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This st... more Lifestyle modification is a pivotal intervention for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This study aims to describe the lifestyles (physical activity and healthy diet) and their associations with sociodemography, illness characteristics, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier. 100 participants were given Pro forma questionnaires to assess sociodemography and illness characteristics. The lifestyles, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier were assessed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour questionnaire. The determinants of healthy lifestyles include the status of receiving treatment, level of barrier and intention for behavioural change. The findings may inform the strategy for lifestyle modification of FH patients.Keywords: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia; lifestyle; physical activity; healthy diet.eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article...
This study examines the extent of disclosures of information by charitable organisations and the ... more This study examines the extent of disclosures of information by charitable organisations and the effect of total donations on disclosure. The sample of this study consists of annual returns for the financial year 2009 of 101 charitable organisations. The disclosure score obtained was based on the ratio of total disclosure score to its total possible disclosure score. The overall total disclosures are very low and below the mean score. Statistical results indicate that the extent of disclosure is significantly related to total donations received. This study provides evidence to the management of the charitable organisations in Malaysia to improve their financial disclosure of information in their reporting so as to convince the stakeholders that the resources are used efficiently for charitable services. Due to the unique features of charitable organisations, ChORI was developed and applied in this study to assist in the examination of the extent of disclosures of information.Keyword...
Pertanika journal of social science and humanities, 2016
Language and images used in advertisements, other than the dissemination of information, are more... more Language and images used in advertisements, other than the dissemination of information, are more likely to reveal the cultural identity embedded in the advertisements. It is believed that the Chinese Language emphasises rhythmic use while the English Language is more likely to be more simple and direct. An added factor is the presence of Chinese culture, which tends towards collectivism and the allusion of the concept of auspiciousness, as opposed to the Western emphasis on individualism. As a result, advertising language in Chinese advertisements tends towards retaining the language’s oriental traditional values, while the anglised version of the same advertisement often highlights personal accomplishments. This study examined two sets (a total of four advertisements) of the same advertisements published in both Chinese and English Language newspapers, magazines or ‘business information’ booklets in Malaysia; where the same pictures and backgrounds are retained. The findings indicate that the Chinese version tends to convey extra information and that these advertisements tend to embed more values that are traditional and cultural in comparison to their English counterparts.
pertanika journal of science and technology, 2017
Input-Output analysis provides important information about the structure of a country’s economy. ... more Input-Output analysis provides important information about the structure of a country’s economy. The construction of input-output tables based on detailed census or surveys is a complex procedure requiring substantial financial outlay, human capital, and time. This is the main reason why Malaysia Input-Output (MIO) Table is produced and published on average once every five years. For policy makers past data is not seen as suitable for planning economic policies. The aim of this study is to compare RAS and Euro methods to project input-output tables for Malaysia. The data for the study are MIO table and Gross Domestic Product for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. The RAS and Euro method were used to project the MIO table 2005 using MIO table 2000 and also projection of MIO table 2010 using MIO table 2005. The projection of I-O tables involved an intensive iterative procedure using Excel Visual Basic programming. The projection performance of RAS and Euro methods were assessed based on M...
![Research paper thumbnail of Ritual effectiveness framework for non-profit organisations (NPOs) / Ruhaya Atan … [et al.]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98747519/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](This study proposes a framework for non-profit organisations (NPOs) ritual effectiveness integrat... more This study proposes a framework for non-profit organisations (NPOs) ritual effectiveness integrating both the tangible and intangible dimensions: clients’ satisfaction, programmes and service’s efficiency, increase in clients, programmes and service’s quality, and programmes and service’s effectiveness. With strong impetus for accountability, the movement toward performance or effectiveness evaluation has gained momentum particularly in non-profits as this sector is becoming increasingly important as a result of its continuous growth. There are 44,936 registered non-profit organisations with the Registry of Societies (ROS) as at March 2009. However, for-profit performance indicators are inappropriate to be applied in non-profits, given their multiple services and programs, lack of bottom line motive, and the difficulty of measuring outputs.The motivation behind this study is to establish the performance framework for NPOs effectiveness with multiple dimensions. Ritual effectiveness ...
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021
Ant-tree-miner (ATM) has an advantage over the conventional decision tree algorithm in terms of f... more Ant-tree-miner (ATM) has an advantage over the conventional decision tree algorithm in terms of feature selection. However, real world applications commonly involved imbalanced class problem where the classes have different importance. This condition impeded the entropy-based heuristic of existing ATM algorithm to develop effective decision boundaries due to its biasness towards the dominant class. Consequently, the induced decision trees are dominated by the majority class which lack in predictive ability on the rare class. This study proposed an enhanced algorithm called hellinger-ant-tree-miner (HATM) which is inspired by ant colony optimization (ACO) metaheuristic for imbalanced learning using decision tree classification algorithm. The proposed algorithm was compared to the existing algorithm, ATM in nine (9) publicly available imbalanced data sets. Simulation study reveals the superiority of HATM when the sample size increases with skewed class (Imbalanced Ratio < 50%). Exp...
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2021
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021
Statistical process control is a method used for controlling processes in which causes of variati... more Statistical process control is a method used for controlling processes in which causes of variations and correction actions can be observed. Control chart is one of the powerful tools of statistical process control that are used to control nonconforming products. Previous literature suggests that fuzzy charts are more sensitive than conventional control charts, and hence, they provide better quality and conformance of products. Nevertheless, some of the data used are more suitable to be presented in interval type-2 fuzzy numbers compared to type-1 fuzzy numbers as interval type-2 fuzzy numbers have more ability to capture uncertain and vague information. In this paper, we develop an interval type-2 fuzzy standardized cumulative sum (IT2F-SCUSUM) control chart and apply it to data of fertilizer production. This new approach combines the advantages of interval type-2 fuzzy numbers and standardized sample means which can control the variability. Twenty samples with a sample size of six...
Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies, 2020
Performing vigorous physical activity and taking balanced diet are parts of healthy lifestyles of... more Performing vigorous physical activity and taking balanced diet are parts of healthy lifestyles of patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This study aimed to describe the status of engagement with physical activity and a healthy diet, and their contributing factors. FH patients diagnosed using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria were given validated questionnaires to assess sociodemography, illness characteristics, the status of engagement with physical activity and healthy diet, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier. Significant contributing factors were receiving treatment, level of barrier and intention for behavioural change. The findings may inform the strategy for lifestyle modification of patients with FH. Keywords: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia; lifestyle; physical activity; healthy diet. eISSN: 2514-7528 © 2020 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the ...
Social and Management Research Journal, 2016
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of collaboration in learning, and the quanti... more The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of collaboration in learning, and the quantity and timing of feedback towards the enhancement of self-efficacy among students in a public university in Malaysia. Data was collected using a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 500 randomly selected tertiary students. A total of 475 questionnaires were returned and used for analysis. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that most of the students collaborate with peers in their learning. Feedback that was identified has a positive and significant relationship with student self-efficacy. A moderate, positive and significant correlation has been identified between collaboration in learning, quantity and timing of feedback and self-efficacy among the students in a public university. However, collaboration in learning and quantity and timing of feedback only induced a low effect size on self-efficacy. K...
Value in Health Regional Issues, 2019
To validate, from a psychometric perspective, the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire ... more To validate, from a psychometric perspective, the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Malaysia. Methods: A total of 497 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from public hospitals in the state of Selangor through convenience sampling. Construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency of the instrument was tested by Cronbach a. Criterion validity and discriminant validity were also used. Results: The PAID instrument consisted of 3 factors: social support problem, food-related problem, and emotional distress problem. The Cronbach a values of the 3 factors showed adequate internal consistency with a values greater than 0.90. The present confirmatory factor analysis model achieved a good fit with a comparative fit index value of 0.923. Satisfactory criterion validity was also demonstrated because there existed positive significant association between glycated hemoglobin A 1c and diabetes duration. Conclusions: The PAID questionnaire in Malaysia was found to be a reliable and valid instrument exhibiting good psychometric properties.
Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 2017
Goodness-of-fit tests are important to assess if the model fits the data. In this paper we invest... more Goodness-of-fit tests are important to assess if the model fits the data. In this paper we investigate the Type I error and power of two goodness-of-fit tests for multinomial logistic regression via a simulation study. The GoF test using partitioning strategy (clustering) in the covariate space, was compared with another test, C g which was based on grouping of predicted probabilities. The power of both tests was investigated when the quadratic term or an interaction term were omitted from the model. The proposed test 2 *G p shows good Type I error and ample power except for models with highly skewed covariate distribution. The
Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 2017
Examining diabetes distress, medication adherence, diabetes self-care activities, diabetes-specif... more Examining diabetes distress, medication adherence, diabetes self-care activities, diabetes-specific quality of life and health-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2016
Classification problems involving imbalance data will affect the performance of classifiers. In p... more Classification problems involving imbalance data will affect the performance of classifiers. In predictive analytics, logistic regression is a statistical technique which is often used as a benchmark when other classifiers, such as Naive Bayes, decision tree, artificial neural network and support vector machine, are applied to a classification problem. This study investigates the effect of imbalanced ratio in the response variable on the parameter estimate of the binary logistic regression via a simulation study. Datasets were simulated with controlled different percentages of imbalance ratio (IR), from 1 % to 50 %, and for various sample sizes. The simulated datasets were then modeled using binary logistic regression. The bias in the estimates was measured using MSE (Mean Square Error). The simulation results provided evidence that imbalance ratio affects the parameter estimates where severe imbalance (IR = 1 %, 2 %, 5 %) has higher MSE. Additionally, the effects of high imbalance (IR ≤ 5 %) will be more severe when sample size is small (n = 100 & n = 500). Further investigation using real dataset from the UCI repository (Bupa Liver (n = 345) and Diabetes Messidor, n = 1151)) confirmed the imbalanced ratio effect on the parameter estimates and the odds ratio, and thus will lead to misleading results.
Quality of Life Research, 2015
The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the ADDQoL and to assess the impact of diabete... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the ADDQoL and to assess the impact of diabetes on QoL among the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia. Methods The Malay and English versions of the ADDQoL questionnaire were administered to patients attending routine outpatient visits in three primary hospitals and a public clinic. The construct validity of the ADDQoL was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The sample comprised 350 Malay respondents who rated the ADDQoL Malay version and 246 non-Malay respondents (Chinese or Indian) who answered using the ADDQoL original English version. Results CFA confirmed the presence of one-factor structure for both samples. The internal consistency was high with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.945 and 0.907 for the ADDQoL Malay and English versions, respectively. Results showed that for all three ethnicities, the most important domain is 'family life'. Overall, Malay patients stated their 'living conditions' is the most negatively affected, while for Chinese and Indians, diabetes has the greatest impact on their 'freedom to eat'. Conclusions The ADDQoL was found to be culturally appropriate, valid and reliable among Malay-and Englishspeaking type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia.
Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 2013
Property price and transaction activities may contain many factors. Data mining for property rese... more Property price and transaction activities may contain many factors. Data mining for property research provides a feasible way to analyze the trend and to understand the underlying influential factors. This paper addresses the issues and techniques on experiences in data mining for Macau property market. The original data for property price and factors are obtained as a multi-attribute dataset from the Statistics and Census Service of Macao SAR Government. The challenge is to apply different data mining methods and algorithms which include SVM, Neural Network, C&R Tree, Weka, SPSS, Multilayer Perception Model in order to identify hidden knowledge.
Research Management Institute (RMI), 2012
This paper aims to (1) analyze the profiles of transgressors (detected evaders); (2) examine reas... more This paper aims to (1) analyze the profiles of transgressors (detected evaders); (2) examine reason(s) that triggered a tax audit, causes of tax evasion, audit timeframe and tax penalty charged; and (3) to assess if tax auditors followed the guidelines as stated in the 'Tax Audit Framework' when conducting tax audits. In 2011, the Inland Revenue Board Malaysia (IRBM) had audited and finalized 557 company cases. With official permission, data of all the 557 cases were obtained from the IRBM. Of these, a total of 421 cases with complete information were analyzed. About 58.1% was small and medium corporations and from the construction industry (32.8%). The selection for tax audit was based on risk analysis (66.8%), information from third party (11.1%), and firm with low profitability or fluctuating profit pattern (7.8%). The three persistent causes of tax evasion by firms were over claimed expenses (46.8%), fraudulent reporting of income (38.5%) and overstating purchases (10.5%...
The two common approaches to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) are the Covariance-Based SEM (CB-... more The two common approaches to Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) are the Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM) and Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM). There is much debate on the performance of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM for small sample size and when distributions are nonnormal. This study evaluates the performance of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM under normality and nonnormality conditions via a simulation. Monte Carlo Simulation in R programming language was employed to generate data based on the theoretical model with one endogenous and four exogenous variables. Each latent variable has three indicators. For normal distributions, CB-SEM estimates were found to be inaccurate for small sample size while PLS-SEM could produce the path estimates. Meanwhile, for a larger sample size, CB-SEM estimates have lower variability compared to PLS-SEM. Under nonnormality, CB-SEM path estimates were inaccurate for small sample size. However, CB-SEM estimates are more accurate than those of PLS-SEM for sample size of 50 ...
Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2020
Lifestyle modification is a pivotal intervention for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This st... more Lifestyle modification is a pivotal intervention for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This study aims to describe the lifestyles (physical activity and healthy diet) and their associations with sociodemography, illness characteristics, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier. 100 participants were given Pro forma questionnaires to assess sociodemography and illness characteristics. The lifestyles, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier were assessed using the Theory of Planned Behaviour questionnaire. The determinants of healthy lifestyles include the status of receiving treatment, level of barrier and intention for behavioural change. The findings may inform the strategy for lifestyle modification of FH patients.Keywords: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia; lifestyle; physical activity; healthy diet.eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article...
This study examines the extent of disclosures of information by charitable organisations and the ... more This study examines the extent of disclosures of information by charitable organisations and the effect of total donations on disclosure. The sample of this study consists of annual returns for the financial year 2009 of 101 charitable organisations. The disclosure score obtained was based on the ratio of total disclosure score to its total possible disclosure score. The overall total disclosures are very low and below the mean score. Statistical results indicate that the extent of disclosure is significantly related to total donations received. This study provides evidence to the management of the charitable organisations in Malaysia to improve their financial disclosure of information in their reporting so as to convince the stakeholders that the resources are used efficiently for charitable services. Due to the unique features of charitable organisations, ChORI was developed and applied in this study to assist in the examination of the extent of disclosures of information.Keyword...
Pertanika journal of social science and humanities, 2016
Language and images used in advertisements, other than the dissemination of information, are more... more Language and images used in advertisements, other than the dissemination of information, are more likely to reveal the cultural identity embedded in the advertisements. It is believed that the Chinese Language emphasises rhythmic use while the English Language is more likely to be more simple and direct. An added factor is the presence of Chinese culture, which tends towards collectivism and the allusion of the concept of auspiciousness, as opposed to the Western emphasis on individualism. As a result, advertising language in Chinese advertisements tends towards retaining the language’s oriental traditional values, while the anglised version of the same advertisement often highlights personal accomplishments. This study examined two sets (a total of four advertisements) of the same advertisements published in both Chinese and English Language newspapers, magazines or ‘business information’ booklets in Malaysia; where the same pictures and backgrounds are retained. The findings indicate that the Chinese version tends to convey extra information and that these advertisements tend to embed more values that are traditional and cultural in comparison to their English counterparts.
pertanika journal of science and technology, 2017
Input-Output analysis provides important information about the structure of a country’s economy. ... more Input-Output analysis provides important information about the structure of a country’s economy. The construction of input-output tables based on detailed census or surveys is a complex procedure requiring substantial financial outlay, human capital, and time. This is the main reason why Malaysia Input-Output (MIO) Table is produced and published on average once every five years. For policy makers past data is not seen as suitable for planning economic policies. The aim of this study is to compare RAS and Euro methods to project input-output tables for Malaysia. The data for the study are MIO table and Gross Domestic Product for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010. The RAS and Euro method were used to project the MIO table 2005 using MIO table 2000 and also projection of MIO table 2010 using MIO table 2005. The projection of I-O tables involved an intensive iterative procedure using Excel Visual Basic programming. The projection performance of RAS and Euro methods were assessed based on M...
This study proposes a framework for non-profit organisations (NPOs) ritual effectiveness integrat... more This study proposes a framework for non-profit organisations (NPOs) ritual effectiveness integrating both the tangible and intangible dimensions: clients’ satisfaction, programmes and service’s efficiency, increase in clients, programmes and service’s quality, and programmes and service’s effectiveness. With strong impetus for accountability, the movement toward performance or effectiveness evaluation has gained momentum particularly in non-profits as this sector is becoming increasingly important as a result of its continuous growth. There are 44,936 registered non-profit organisations with the Registry of Societies (ROS) as at March 2009. However, for-profit performance indicators are inappropriate to be applied in non-profits, given their multiple services and programs, lack of bottom line motive, and the difficulty of measuring outputs.The motivation behind this study is to establish the performance framework for NPOs effectiveness with multiple dimensions. Ritual effectiveness ...
Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2021
Ant-tree-miner (ATM) has an advantage over the conventional decision tree algorithm in terms of f... more Ant-tree-miner (ATM) has an advantage over the conventional decision tree algorithm in terms of feature selection. However, real world applications commonly involved imbalanced class problem where the classes have different importance. This condition impeded the entropy-based heuristic of existing ATM algorithm to develop effective decision boundaries due to its biasness towards the dominant class. Consequently, the induced decision trees are dominated by the majority class which lack in predictive ability on the rare class. This study proposed an enhanced algorithm called hellinger-ant-tree-miner (HATM) which is inspired by ant colony optimization (ACO) metaheuristic for imbalanced learning using decision tree classification algorithm. The proposed algorithm was compared to the existing algorithm, ATM in nine (9) publicly available imbalanced data sets. Simulation study reveals the superiority of HATM when the sample size increases with skewed class (Imbalanced Ratio < 50%). Exp...
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2021
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021
Statistical process control is a method used for controlling processes in which causes of variati... more Statistical process control is a method used for controlling processes in which causes of variations and correction actions can be observed. Control chart is one of the powerful tools of statistical process control that are used to control nonconforming products. Previous literature suggests that fuzzy charts are more sensitive than conventional control charts, and hence, they provide better quality and conformance of products. Nevertheless, some of the data used are more suitable to be presented in interval type-2 fuzzy numbers compared to type-1 fuzzy numbers as interval type-2 fuzzy numbers have more ability to capture uncertain and vague information. In this paper, we develop an interval type-2 fuzzy standardized cumulative sum (IT2F-SCUSUM) control chart and apply it to data of fertilizer production. This new approach combines the advantages of interval type-2 fuzzy numbers and standardized sample means which can control the variability. Twenty samples with a sample size of six...
Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies, 2020
Performing vigorous physical activity and taking balanced diet are parts of healthy lifestyles of... more Performing vigorous physical activity and taking balanced diet are parts of healthy lifestyles of patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia (FH). This study aimed to describe the status of engagement with physical activity and a healthy diet, and their contributing factors. FH patients diagnosed using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria were given validated questionnaires to assess sociodemography, illness characteristics, the status of engagement with physical activity and healthy diet, psychological elements, family support and level of barrier. Significant contributing factors were receiving treatment, level of barrier and intention for behavioural change. The findings may inform the strategy for lifestyle modification of patients with FH. Keywords: Familial Hypercholesterolaemia; lifestyle; physical activity; healthy diet. eISSN: 2514-7528 © 2020 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the ...
Social and Management Research Journal, 2016
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of collaboration in learning, and the quanti... more The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of collaboration in learning, and the quantity and timing of feedback towards the enhancement of self-efficacy among students in a public university in Malaysia. Data was collected using a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 500 randomly selected tertiary students. A total of 475 questionnaires were returned and used for analysis. Data was analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that most of the students collaborate with peers in their learning. Feedback that was identified has a positive and significant relationship with student self-efficacy. A moderate, positive and significant correlation has been identified between collaboration in learning, quantity and timing of feedback and self-efficacy among the students in a public university. However, collaboration in learning and quantity and timing of feedback only induced a low effect size on self-efficacy. K...
Value in Health Regional Issues, 2019
To validate, from a psychometric perspective, the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire ... more To validate, from a psychometric perspective, the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from Malaysia. Methods: A total of 497 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from public hospitals in the state of Selangor through convenience sampling. Construct validity was evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency of the instrument was tested by Cronbach a. Criterion validity and discriminant validity were also used. Results: The PAID instrument consisted of 3 factors: social support problem, food-related problem, and emotional distress problem. The Cronbach a values of the 3 factors showed adequate internal consistency with a values greater than 0.90. The present confirmatory factor analysis model achieved a good fit with a comparative fit index value of 0.923. Satisfactory criterion validity was also demonstrated because there existed positive significant association between glycated hemoglobin A 1c and diabetes duration. Conclusions: The PAID questionnaire in Malaysia was found to be a reliable and valid instrument exhibiting good psychometric properties.
Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 2017
Goodness-of-fit tests are important to assess if the model fits the data. In this paper we invest... more Goodness-of-fit tests are important to assess if the model fits the data. In this paper we investigate the Type I error and power of two goodness-of-fit tests for multinomial logistic regression via a simulation study. The GoF test using partitioning strategy (clustering) in the covariate space, was compared with another test, C g which was based on grouping of predicted probabilities. The power of both tests was investigated when the quadratic term or an interaction term were omitted from the model. The proposed test 2 *G p shows good Type I error and ample power except for models with highly skewed covariate distribution. The
Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology, 2017
Examining diabetes distress, medication adherence, diabetes self-care activities, diabetes-specif... more Examining diabetes distress, medication adherence, diabetes self-care activities, diabetes-specific quality of life and health-related quality of life among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Communications in Computer and Information Science, 2016
Classification problems involving imbalance data will affect the performance of classifiers. In p... more Classification problems involving imbalance data will affect the performance of classifiers. In predictive analytics, logistic regression is a statistical technique which is often used as a benchmark when other classifiers, such as Naive Bayes, decision tree, artificial neural network and support vector machine, are applied to a classification problem. This study investigates the effect of imbalanced ratio in the response variable on the parameter estimate of the binary logistic regression via a simulation study. Datasets were simulated with controlled different percentages of imbalance ratio (IR), from 1 % to 50 %, and for various sample sizes. The simulated datasets were then modeled using binary logistic regression. The bias in the estimates was measured using MSE (Mean Square Error). The simulation results provided evidence that imbalance ratio affects the parameter estimates where severe imbalance (IR = 1 %, 2 %, 5 %) has higher MSE. Additionally, the effects of high imbalance (IR ≤ 5 %) will be more severe when sample size is small (n = 100 & n = 500). Further investigation using real dataset from the UCI repository (Bupa Liver (n = 345) and Diabetes Messidor, n = 1151)) confirmed the imbalanced ratio effect on the parameter estimates and the odds ratio, and thus will lead to misleading results.
Quality of Life Research, 2015
The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the ADDQoL and to assess the impact of diabete... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the ADDQoL and to assess the impact of diabetes on QoL among the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia. Methods The Malay and English versions of the ADDQoL questionnaire were administered to patients attending routine outpatient visits in three primary hospitals and a public clinic. The construct validity of the ADDQoL was validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The sample comprised 350 Malay respondents who rated the ADDQoL Malay version and 246 non-Malay respondents (Chinese or Indian) who answered using the ADDQoL original English version. Results CFA confirmed the presence of one-factor structure for both samples. The internal consistency was high with Cronbach's alpha values of 0.945 and 0.907 for the ADDQoL Malay and English versions, respectively. Results showed that for all three ethnicities, the most important domain is 'family life'. Overall, Malay patients stated their 'living conditions' is the most negatively affected, while for Chinese and Indians, diabetes has the greatest impact on their 'freedom to eat'. Conclusions The ADDQoL was found to be culturally appropriate, valid and reliable among Malay-and Englishspeaking type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaysia.
Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence, 2013
Property price and transaction activities may contain many factors. Data mining for property rese... more Property price and transaction activities may contain many factors. Data mining for property research provides a feasible way to analyze the trend and to understand the underlying influential factors. This paper addresses the issues and techniques on experiences in data mining for Macau property market. The original data for property price and factors are obtained as a multi-attribute dataset from the Statistics and Census Service of Macao SAR Government. The challenge is to apply different data mining methods and algorithms which include SVM, Neural Network, C&R Tree, Weka, SPSS, Multilayer Perception Model in order to identify hidden knowledge.