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The astonishing behavioural repertoires of social insects have been thought largely innate, but t... more The astonishing behavioural repertoires of social insects have been thought largely innate, but these insects have repeatedly demonstrated remarkable capacities for both individual and social learning. Using the bumblebeeBombus terrestrisas a model, we developed a two-option puzzle box task and used open diffusion paradigms to observe the transmission of novel, non-natural foraging behaviours through populations. Box-opening behaviour spread through colonies seeded with a demonstrator trained to perform one of the two possible behavioural variants, and the observers acquired the demonstrated variant. This preference persisted among observers even when the alternative technique was discovered. In control diffusion experiments that lacked a demonstrator, some bees spontaneously opened the puzzle boxes but were significantly less proficient than those that learned in the presence of a demonstrator. This suggested that social learning was crucial to proper acquisition of box-opening. Ad...
Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 2018
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and cause for functional disabi... more Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and cause for functional disability. OA is characterized by the insidious onset of pain and limited range of movements. Piroxicam and naproxen are used in OA, rheumatoid arthritis, acute gouty arthritis, migraine, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of these drugs in patients with OA of the knee. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, comparative, parallel group study conducted in patients with OA of knee joints. They received either oral piroxicam 20 mg or naproxen 500 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. The pain was assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at baseline, 2nd, 4th, and 6th week. Patient satisfaction score (PSS) and quality of life were assessed at follow-up. Adverse effects were assessed using the World Health Organization causality scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: A total of 110 patients were recruited, 47 males and 63 females, 100 completed the study (51 in Group P and 49 in Group N). Both piroxicam and naproxen significantly reduced VAS and WOMAC scores at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th week (P = 0.001) compared to baseline, but this was not significant between the groups. PSS was significantly (P = 0.03) high at 4th and 6th week when compared to week 2 with both medications, but between the medications, it was insignificant (P = 0.10). The adverse effects such as epigastric discomfort, nausea, and vomiting were observed with both the drugs, but it was more with naproxen. Conclusion: Piroxicam was as effective as naproxen in relieving pain and improving the range of movements with less adverse effects.
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2016
Background: Stroke is an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit due to a focal vascular disease. Tr... more Background: Stroke is an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit due to a focal vascular disease. Treatment guidelines for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within 4.5 hours of onset are thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). To determine the practice pattern of rtPA in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke among consultants using a questionnaire.Methods: A questionnaire based study was carried out from May to September 2015. Neurologists and physicians from Kolar and Bengaluru were given a questionnaire comprising of 21 questions, regarding the treatment of AIS with rtPA. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 76.9% responded to the questionnaire, of which 18 were neurologists and 82 were physicians. An average of 4-5 AIS patients per month were seen by the doctors. Majority (72%) did not use rtPA, due to delay in patient reaching hospital or non-affordability of the drug. The consultants (66%) opined that rtPA was the best if pat...
The astonishing behavioural repertoires of social insects have been thought largely innate, but t... more The astonishing behavioural repertoires of social insects have been thought largely innate, but these insects have repeatedly demonstrated remarkable capacities for both individual and social learning. Using the bumblebeeBombus terrestrisas a model, we developed a two-option puzzle box task and used open diffusion paradigms to observe the transmission of novel, non-natural foraging behaviours through populations. Box-opening behaviour spread through colonies seeded with a demonstrator trained to perform one of the two possible behavioural variants, and the observers acquired the demonstrated variant. This preference persisted among observers even when the alternative technique was discovered. In control diffusion experiments that lacked a demonstrator, some bees spontaneously opened the puzzle boxes but were significantly less proficient than those that learned in the presence of a demonstrator. This suggested that social learning was crucial to proper acquisition of box-opening. Ad...
Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine, 2018
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and cause for functional disabi... more Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and cause for functional disability. OA is characterized by the insidious onset of pain and limited range of movements. Piroxicam and naproxen are used in OA, rheumatoid arthritis, acute gouty arthritis, migraine, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of these drugs in patients with OA of the knee. Materials and Methods: This was a randomized, open-label, comparative, parallel group study conducted in patients with OA of knee joints. They received either oral piroxicam 20 mg or naproxen 500 mg twice daily for 6 weeks. The pain was assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores at baseline, 2nd, 4th, and 6th week. Patient satisfaction score (PSS) and quality of life were assessed at follow-up. Adverse effects were assessed using the World Health Organization causality scale. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Results: A total of 110 patients were recruited, 47 males and 63 females, 100 completed the study (51 in Group P and 49 in Group N). Both piroxicam and naproxen significantly reduced VAS and WOMAC scores at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th week (P = 0.001) compared to baseline, but this was not significant between the groups. PSS was significantly (P = 0.03) high at 4th and 6th week when compared to week 2 with both medications, but between the medications, it was insignificant (P = 0.10). The adverse effects such as epigastric discomfort, nausea, and vomiting were observed with both the drugs, but it was more with naproxen. Conclusion: Piroxicam was as effective as naproxen in relieving pain and improving the range of movements with less adverse effects.
International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2016
Background: Stroke is an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit due to a focal vascular disease. Tr... more Background: Stroke is an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit due to a focal vascular disease. Treatment guidelines for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within 4.5 hours of onset are thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). To determine the practice pattern of rtPA in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke among consultants using a questionnaire.Methods: A questionnaire based study was carried out from May to September 2015. Neurologists and physicians from Kolar and Bengaluru were given a questionnaire comprising of 21 questions, regarding the treatment of AIS with rtPA. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: A total of 76.9% responded to the questionnaire, of which 18 were neurologists and 82 were physicians. An average of 4-5 AIS patients per month were seen by the doctors. Majority (72%) did not use rtPA, due to delay in patient reaching hospital or non-affordability of the drug. The consultants (66%) opined that rtPA was the best if pat...