Yunalyn Villantes - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Yunalyn Villantes
International journal of biosciences, May 8, 2015
International journal of scientific and research publications, Dec 6, 2018
Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global ... more Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global and local policies and intervention on oral health promotion and oral disease prevention. In the country, the Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) as the primary health care service providers must be trained so that they can deliver basic oral health care messages on oral disease prevention and timely referral. This study determined the basic oral health care knowledge among BHWs through descriptive survey method. The validated researchermade questionnaire was distributed to selected 132 BHWs from different barangays in Ozamiz city. Results revealed that majority of BHWs had no proper oral health training in the last five years. They were highly knowledgeable about the relationship and effects of oral health to general health, structures, and functions of the oral cavity and screening and recognition of observable oral disease and disorders. The BHWs had less knowledge of basic oral hygiene and necessity of dental visit. Statistical analysis showed that the number of years in service and educational attainment among BHWs affect their knowledge on relationship and effects of oral health to general health and necessity of dental visit. When BHWs know the relationship of oral health to general health, they can recognize any observable oral disease and lead them to recommend for a dental visit. The high knowledge of BHWs should be reinforced with training so that they will acquire the necessary competency, skills, and approaches needed to deliver basic oral healthcare messages and referral services.
International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2019
In the Philippines, all local government units are mandated to provide responsive and effective p... more In the Philippines, all local government units are mandated to provide responsive and effective public services. The agricultural services address the food security and nutrition issues in the country. This study determined the awareness, availment, and satisfaction of citizens on agricultural services provided by the local government unit of Ozamiz, Oroquieta and Tangub cities in Misamis Occidental. This utilized a descriptive survey using Citizen Satisfaction Index System, a client perception-based performance assessment. There were 150 respondents (per LGU) selected through multi-stage probability random sampling. Results revealed that citizens in Oroquieta had low awareness in agricultural services while Ozamiz and Tangub had very low awareness. Those who were aware of the services in Ozamiz and Tangub had low availment and fair satisfaction only. Majority of the citizens had high needs and described agricultural services and programs as highly relevant. Gathered data can strengthen the policies and programs of LGUs for development and will strongly drive citizen satisfaction.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 2018
Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global ... more Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global and local policies and intervention on oral health promotion and oral disease prevention. In the country, the Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) as the primary health care service providers must be trained so that they can deliver basic oral health care messages on oral disease prevention and timely referral. This study determined the basic oral health care knowledge among BHWs through descriptive survey method. The validated researchermade questionnaire was distributed to selected 132 BHWs from different barangays in Ozamiz city. Results revealed that majority of BHWs had no proper oral health training in the last five years. They were highly knowledgeable about the relationship and effects of oral health to general health, structures, and functions of the oral cavity and screening and recognition of observable oral disease and disorders. The BHWs had less knowledge of basic oral hygiene and necessity of dental visit. Statistical analysis showed that the number of years in service and educational attainment among BHWs affect their knowledge on relationship and effects of oral health to general health and necessity of dental visit. When BHWs know the relationship of oral health to general health, they can recognize any observable oral disease and lead them to recommend for a dental visit. The high knowledge of BHWs should be reinforced with training so that they will acquire the necessary competency, skills, and approaches needed to deliver basic oral healthcare messages and referral services.
International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, Oct 31, 2014
Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines.... more Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Hundreds of people living near the two rivers depend on these waters for domestic and industrial purposes. This study was conducted to assess the water quality of two major river systems, Clarin and Labo rivers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were assessed in three different sampling sites in each river. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, nitrate and phosphate along the forest and agro forest sampling sites were at levels that fall within the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines. However, the sampling station in Labo River located along the agricultural area showed values that are non-compliant with the DENR standard. The water temperature and pH range in sampling stations along the forest were within the tolerable range that will not cause stress to the aquatic organisms. Bacteriological analysis showed that all sampling stations were positive for coliforms (Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli). The sampling stations along the agroforest and agricultural areas had high total fecal coliform load. Results indicate the need to have proper environmental management program in Clarin and Labo rivers. Key words: Aquatic, bacteriological, coliforms, physico-chemical, river systems.
The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amph... more The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amphibians. However, cave herpetofauna particularly in Mindanao, the country's second largest island, is poorly known. In this study, 19 caves in Mindanao were surveyed using the modified cruising method to document the herpetofaunal species present giving particular attention to endemic species. Nine species of herpetofauna (four amphibians and five reptiles) belonging to six families were recorded. The endemic Hylarana grandocula was the most abundant and widespread among the amphibian species while the endemic Cyrtodactylus annulatus was the most widely distributed reptile species. A 44 % endemicity was recorded. Kitaotao cave 5, which has suitable microhabitats, had the most species of herpetofauna. More reptilian species were found in a coastal cave. Assessment of more caves in Mindanao could increase the total number of herpetofaunal species. The presence of endemic species in cave...
Water quality in Esteros is deteriorating due to pollution influx from various human activities. ... more Water quality in Esteros is deteriorating due to pollution influx from various human activities. The water quality of Carangan Estero in Ozamiz City was assessed by conducting the physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water samples. Water sampling from May to June 2013 was done upstream in Barangay Calabayan (Site 1), midstream in Barangay Lam-an (Site 2) and downstream in Barangay San Roque (Site 3). Results showed an increasing temperature downstream that was within the Department of Environment and Natural Resources standards for Class C waters. The low pH in Sites 1 and 2 that ranged from 6.0 to 6.3 did not fall within the standard which could be attributed to the presence of dam and quarry activity upstream and influx of organic wastes midstream. Dissolved oxygen was decreasing downstream and the lowest reading of 2.9 mg/L was below the minimum limit. Biological oxygen demand of 7.2 mg/L in Site 3 exceeded the maximum standard. Total alkalinity in all sites was below the typical level for fresh water and was limited to bicarbonate ions only. Total hardness was increasing downstream. Phosphate concentration did not exceed the standard. Fecal coliform count increased downstream ranging from 4600 to >11,000 MPN/100 mL that exceeded the standard limit. Overall assessment revealed that water quality was deteriorating downstream due to relatively high discharge of organic waste from toilets, kitchen, piggeries, laundry and commercial establishments associated with dense population. A collaborative and sustainable effort of the community is necessary to restore water quality.
The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amph... more The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amphibians. However, cave herpetofauna particularly in Mindanao, the country's second largest island, is poorly known. In this study, 19 caves in Mindanao were surveyed using the modified cruising method to document the herpetofaunal species present giving particular attention to endemic species. Nine species of herpetofauna (four amphibians and five reptiles) belonging to six families were recorded. The endemic Hylarana grandocula was the most abundant and widespread among the amphibian species while the endemic Cyrtodactylus annulatus was the most widely distributed reptile species. A 44 % endemicity was recorded. Kitaotao cave 5, which has suitable microhabitats, had the most species of herpetofauna. More reptilian species were found in a coastal cave. Assessment of more caves in Mindanao could increase the total number of herpetofaunal species. The presence of endemic species in caves indicates the need to protect these particular caves where the endemic species are found. Rezumat. Filipine reprezinta o ţară bogată din punct de vedere al biodiversitaţii, unde se manifestă un enedemism ridicat la reptile şi amfibieni. In orice caz, herpetofauna cavernicolă, în mod particular în Mindanao, a doua insula din ţară ca suprafaţă, este puţin cunoscută. În acest studiu, 19 peşteri din Mindanao au fost explorate folosind metoda deplasării modificate pentru a documenta speciile de herpetofauna prezente, cu o atenţie specială pentru speciile endemice. Noua specii de herpetofaună (patru amfibieni şi cinci reptile) aparţinând la şase famili, au fost identificate. Endemitul Hylarana grandocula a fost cel mai abundent şi răspândit dintre speciile de amfibieni în timp ce endemitul Cyrtodactylus annulatus a fost specia de reptile cea mai răspândită. A fost observată o endemicitate cu un procent de 44 %. Peştera Kitaotao, care are microhabitate adecvate, adăposteşte cele mai multe specii de herpetofaună. Cele mai multe specii au fost găsite într-o peşteră de pe coastă. Studierea mai multor peşteri din Mindanao poate creşte numărul total de specii de herpetofaună. Prezenţa speciilor endemice in peşteri indică necesitatea de a proteja peşterile în care au fost găsite aceste speci endemice.
In this study, local assessment of water quality is used to illustrate key features of aquatic en... more In this study, local assessment of water quality is used to illustrate key features of aquatic environments, and demonstrate how human activities on the landscape can influence water quality in both positive and negative ways. Poor water quality can be the result of natural processes but more associated with human activities and is closely linked to industrial development. Iligan City is considered a home of majestic waterfalls and other bodies of water. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the water quality of Timoga River (downstream), Buruun, Iligan City in terms of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, water salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH); nutrient analyses (phosphates, nitrates and nitrites) and bacteriological analysis (coliform load) using standard methods. Results of this study yield pH values ranging from 9.11 to 9.72 hence, indicating poor water quality for all the sampling stations since, based on EPA standard (2007) pH values between 6.5 and 8.5 are the pH values indicating good water quality. A possibility for the observed high alkalinity of water in the area is the presence of man-made laundry well near the river used by community residents for washing clothes, washing dishes and for cleaning purposes. The water coming from the well containing soaps, detergents and " bleach, " Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) flows directly to the river system and the rise of water level may cover the well especially during high tide. Alkaline compounds as discharges from industries are also great contributors to water alkalinity (increase in pH). Moreover, based on the EPA guidelines for healthy surface, waters dissolved oxygen concentration-DO (mg/L) should be at least 8, here sampling stations yield values below the standard. In terms of nutrient analyses, nitrate concentrations were relatively high compared to the standard of no more than 0.38 mg/L, while the nitrite concentration is relatively low. Phosphate concentrations for all stations were also fairly higher than 10.0µg/L. In terms of bacteriological analyses, the bacteria present were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. With this information, appropriate actions should be disseminated in order to address the need in taking care of these water resources which is vital to environment and human health.
Aquatic macroinvertebrates are affected by physical, chemical and biological conditions of the st... more Aquatic macroinvertebrates are affected by physical, chemical and biological conditions of the stream. Some of them are pollution-sensitive while others are pollution-tolerant. They are good indicators of stream health. This study was conducted to determine the status of Labo and Clarin Rivers using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Dip-net and kick-net methods were employed. Results showed that sampling sites in forested areas in Labo and Clarin rivers had a higher macroinvertebrate taxa richness and abundance. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were the dominant macroinvertebrates. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) and %EPT indices were higher in Clarin than Labo River. Based on Family-level biotic index (FBI), the water quality of sampling site 1 in Clarin (forested site) was excellent (organic pollution is unlikely) and very good (possible slight organic pollution) for site 1 in the Labo River but decreased downstream (fair to good quality). MANOVA results revealed a significant difference in the macroinvertebrate abundance in the agricultural sites of Labo River and forest sites of Clarin River. Cluster analysis showed that among the macroinvertebrates, mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were distinct in the forest sites and bugs (Hemiptera) in agricultural sites on Clarin River. Fly larvae (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) were distinct in agroforest sites of the Clarin River while abundant in agricultural sites on Labo River. Results indicate a need for monitoring and proper management of Labo and Clarin rivers to prevent increasing deterioration of water quality.
Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines.... more Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Hundreds of people living near the two rivers depend on these waters for domestic and industrial purposes. This study was conducted to assess the water quality of two major river systems, Clarin and Labo rivers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were assessed in three different sampling sites in each river. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, nitrate and phosphate along the forest and agro forest sampling sites were at levels that fall within the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines. However, the sampling station in Labo River located along the agricultural area showed values that are non-compliant with the DENR standard. The water temperature and pH range in sampling stations along the forest were within the tolerable range that will not cause stress to the aquatic organisms. Bacteriological analysis showed that all sampling stations were positive for coliforms (Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli). The sampling stations along the agroforest and agricultural areas had high total fecal coliform load. Results indicate the need to have proper environmental management program in Clarin and Labo rivers.
International journal of biosciences, May 8, 2015
International journal of scientific and research publications, Dec 6, 2018
Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global ... more Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global and local policies and intervention on oral health promotion and oral disease prevention. In the country, the Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) as the primary health care service providers must be trained so that they can deliver basic oral health care messages on oral disease prevention and timely referral. This study determined the basic oral health care knowledge among BHWs through descriptive survey method. The validated researchermade questionnaire was distributed to selected 132 BHWs from different barangays in Ozamiz city. Results revealed that majority of BHWs had no proper oral health training in the last five years. They were highly knowledgeable about the relationship and effects of oral health to general health, structures, and functions of the oral cavity and screening and recognition of observable oral disease and disorders. The BHWs had less knowledge of basic oral hygiene and necessity of dental visit. Statistical analysis showed that the number of years in service and educational attainment among BHWs affect their knowledge on relationship and effects of oral health to general health and necessity of dental visit. When BHWs know the relationship of oral health to general health, they can recognize any observable oral disease and lead them to recommend for a dental visit. The high knowledge of BHWs should be reinforced with training so that they will acquire the necessary competency, skills, and approaches needed to deliver basic oral healthcare messages and referral services.
International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education, 2019
In the Philippines, all local government units are mandated to provide responsive and effective p... more In the Philippines, all local government units are mandated to provide responsive and effective public services. The agricultural services address the food security and nutrition issues in the country. This study determined the awareness, availment, and satisfaction of citizens on agricultural services provided by the local government unit of Ozamiz, Oroquieta and Tangub cities in Misamis Occidental. This utilized a descriptive survey using Citizen Satisfaction Index System, a client perception-based performance assessment. There were 150 respondents (per LGU) selected through multi-stage probability random sampling. Results revealed that citizens in Oroquieta had low awareness in agricultural services while Ozamiz and Tangub had very low awareness. Those who were aware of the services in Ozamiz and Tangub had low availment and fair satisfaction only. Majority of the citizens had high needs and described agricultural services and programs as highly relevant. Gathered data can strengthen the policies and programs of LGUs for development and will strongly drive citizen satisfaction.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 2018
Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global ... more Oral health is the most neglected area of public health that needs emphasis on developing global and local policies and intervention on oral health promotion and oral disease prevention. In the country, the Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) as the primary health care service providers must be trained so that they can deliver basic oral health care messages on oral disease prevention and timely referral. This study determined the basic oral health care knowledge among BHWs through descriptive survey method. The validated researchermade questionnaire was distributed to selected 132 BHWs from different barangays in Ozamiz city. Results revealed that majority of BHWs had no proper oral health training in the last five years. They were highly knowledgeable about the relationship and effects of oral health to general health, structures, and functions of the oral cavity and screening and recognition of observable oral disease and disorders. The BHWs had less knowledge of basic oral hygiene and necessity of dental visit. Statistical analysis showed that the number of years in service and educational attainment among BHWs affect their knowledge on relationship and effects of oral health to general health and necessity of dental visit. When BHWs know the relationship of oral health to general health, they can recognize any observable oral disease and lead them to recommend for a dental visit. The high knowledge of BHWs should be reinforced with training so that they will acquire the necessary competency, skills, and approaches needed to deliver basic oral healthcare messages and referral services.
International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, Oct 31, 2014
Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines.... more Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Hundreds of people living near the two rivers depend on these waters for domestic and industrial purposes. This study was conducted to assess the water quality of two major river systems, Clarin and Labo rivers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were assessed in three different sampling sites in each river. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, nitrate and phosphate along the forest and agro forest sampling sites were at levels that fall within the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines. However, the sampling station in Labo River located along the agricultural area showed values that are non-compliant with the DENR standard. The water temperature and pH range in sampling stations along the forest were within the tolerable range that will not cause stress to the aquatic organisms. Bacteriological analysis showed that all sampling stations were positive for coliforms (Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli). The sampling stations along the agroforest and agricultural areas had high total fecal coliform load. Results indicate the need to have proper environmental management program in Clarin and Labo rivers. Key words: Aquatic, bacteriological, coliforms, physico-chemical, river systems.
The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amph... more The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amphibians. However, cave herpetofauna particularly in Mindanao, the country's second largest island, is poorly known. In this study, 19 caves in Mindanao were surveyed using the modified cruising method to document the herpetofaunal species present giving particular attention to endemic species. Nine species of herpetofauna (four amphibians and five reptiles) belonging to six families were recorded. The endemic Hylarana grandocula was the most abundant and widespread among the amphibian species while the endemic Cyrtodactylus annulatus was the most widely distributed reptile species. A 44 % endemicity was recorded. Kitaotao cave 5, which has suitable microhabitats, had the most species of herpetofauna. More reptilian species were found in a coastal cave. Assessment of more caves in Mindanao could increase the total number of herpetofaunal species. The presence of endemic species in cave...
Water quality in Esteros is deteriorating due to pollution influx from various human activities. ... more Water quality in Esteros is deteriorating due to pollution influx from various human activities. The water quality of Carangan Estero in Ozamiz City was assessed by conducting the physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water samples. Water sampling from May to June 2013 was done upstream in Barangay Calabayan (Site 1), midstream in Barangay Lam-an (Site 2) and downstream in Barangay San Roque (Site 3). Results showed an increasing temperature downstream that was within the Department of Environment and Natural Resources standards for Class C waters. The low pH in Sites 1 and 2 that ranged from 6.0 to 6.3 did not fall within the standard which could be attributed to the presence of dam and quarry activity upstream and influx of organic wastes midstream. Dissolved oxygen was decreasing downstream and the lowest reading of 2.9 mg/L was below the minimum limit. Biological oxygen demand of 7.2 mg/L in Site 3 exceeded the maximum standard. Total alkalinity in all sites was below the typical level for fresh water and was limited to bicarbonate ions only. Total hardness was increasing downstream. Phosphate concentration did not exceed the standard. Fecal coliform count increased downstream ranging from 4600 to >11,000 MPN/100 mL that exceeded the standard limit. Overall assessment revealed that water quality was deteriorating downstream due to relatively high discharge of organic waste from toilets, kitchen, piggeries, laundry and commercial establishments associated with dense population. A collaborative and sustainable effort of the community is necessary to restore water quality.
The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amph... more The Philippines is a biodiversity-rich country with high percentage endemism of reptiles and amphibians. However, cave herpetofauna particularly in Mindanao, the country's second largest island, is poorly known. In this study, 19 caves in Mindanao were surveyed using the modified cruising method to document the herpetofaunal species present giving particular attention to endemic species. Nine species of herpetofauna (four amphibians and five reptiles) belonging to six families were recorded. The endemic Hylarana grandocula was the most abundant and widespread among the amphibian species while the endemic Cyrtodactylus annulatus was the most widely distributed reptile species. A 44 % endemicity was recorded. Kitaotao cave 5, which has suitable microhabitats, had the most species of herpetofauna. More reptilian species were found in a coastal cave. Assessment of more caves in Mindanao could increase the total number of herpetofaunal species. The presence of endemic species in caves indicates the need to protect these particular caves where the endemic species are found. Rezumat. Filipine reprezinta o ţară bogată din punct de vedere al biodiversitaţii, unde se manifestă un enedemism ridicat la reptile şi amfibieni. In orice caz, herpetofauna cavernicolă, în mod particular în Mindanao, a doua insula din ţară ca suprafaţă, este puţin cunoscută. În acest studiu, 19 peşteri din Mindanao au fost explorate folosind metoda deplasării modificate pentru a documenta speciile de herpetofauna prezente, cu o atenţie specială pentru speciile endemice. Noua specii de herpetofaună (patru amfibieni şi cinci reptile) aparţinând la şase famili, au fost identificate. Endemitul Hylarana grandocula a fost cel mai abundent şi răspândit dintre speciile de amfibieni în timp ce endemitul Cyrtodactylus annulatus a fost specia de reptile cea mai răspândită. A fost observată o endemicitate cu un procent de 44 %. Peştera Kitaotao, care are microhabitate adecvate, adăposteşte cele mai multe specii de herpetofaună. Cele mai multe specii au fost găsite într-o peşteră de pe coastă. Studierea mai multor peşteri din Mindanao poate creşte numărul total de specii de herpetofaună. Prezenţa speciilor endemice in peşteri indică necesitatea de a proteja peşterile în care au fost găsite aceste speci endemice.
In this study, local assessment of water quality is used to illustrate key features of aquatic en... more In this study, local assessment of water quality is used to illustrate key features of aquatic environments, and demonstrate how human activities on the landscape can influence water quality in both positive and negative ways. Poor water quality can be the result of natural processes but more associated with human activities and is closely linked to industrial development. Iligan City is considered a home of majestic waterfalls and other bodies of water. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the water quality of Timoga River (downstream), Buruun, Iligan City in terms of physico-chemical parameters (temperature, water salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH); nutrient analyses (phosphates, nitrates and nitrites) and bacteriological analysis (coliform load) using standard methods. Results of this study yield pH values ranging from 9.11 to 9.72 hence, indicating poor water quality for all the sampling stations since, based on EPA standard (2007) pH values between 6.5 and 8.5 are the pH values indicating good water quality. A possibility for the observed high alkalinity of water in the area is the presence of man-made laundry well near the river used by community residents for washing clothes, washing dishes and for cleaning purposes. The water coming from the well containing soaps, detergents and " bleach, " Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) flows directly to the river system and the rise of water level may cover the well especially during high tide. Alkaline compounds as discharges from industries are also great contributors to water alkalinity (increase in pH). Moreover, based on the EPA guidelines for healthy surface, waters dissolved oxygen concentration-DO (mg/L) should be at least 8, here sampling stations yield values below the standard. In terms of nutrient analyses, nitrate concentrations were relatively high compared to the standard of no more than 0.38 mg/L, while the nitrite concentration is relatively low. Phosphate concentrations for all stations were also fairly higher than 10.0µg/L. In terms of bacteriological analyses, the bacteria present were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter sp. With this information, appropriate actions should be disseminated in order to address the need in taking care of these water resources which is vital to environment and human health.
Aquatic macroinvertebrates are affected by physical, chemical and biological conditions of the st... more Aquatic macroinvertebrates are affected by physical, chemical and biological conditions of the stream. Some of them are pollution-sensitive while others are pollution-tolerant. They are good indicators of stream health. This study was conducted to determine the status of Labo and Clarin Rivers using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Dip-net and kick-net methods were employed. Results showed that sampling sites in forested areas in Labo and Clarin rivers had a higher macroinvertebrate taxa richness and abundance. Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were the dominant macroinvertebrates. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) and %EPT indices were higher in Clarin than Labo River. Based on Family-level biotic index (FBI), the water quality of sampling site 1 in Clarin (forested site) was excellent (organic pollution is unlikely) and very good (possible slight organic pollution) for site 1 in the Labo River but decreased downstream (fair to good quality). MANOVA results revealed a significant difference in the macroinvertebrate abundance in the agricultural sites of Labo River and forest sites of Clarin River. Cluster analysis showed that among the macroinvertebrates, mayflies (Ephemeroptera) were distinct in the forest sites and bugs (Hemiptera) in agricultural sites on Clarin River. Fly larvae (Diptera) and beetles (Coleoptera) were distinct in agroforest sites of the Clarin River while abundant in agricultural sites on Labo River. Results indicate a need for monitoring and proper management of Labo and Clarin rivers to prevent increasing deterioration of water quality.
Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines.... more Labo and Clarin rivers are very important to many communities in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Hundreds of people living near the two rivers depend on these waters for domestic and industrial purposes. This study was conducted to assess the water quality of two major river systems, Clarin and Labo rivers in Misamis Occidental, Philippines. Physico-chemical and biological parameters were assessed in three different sampling sites in each river. Results showed that dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, nitrate and phosphate along the forest and agro forest sampling sites were at levels that fall within the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in the Philippines. However, the sampling station in Labo River located along the agricultural area showed values that are non-compliant with the DENR standard. The water temperature and pH range in sampling stations along the forest were within the tolerable range that will not cause stress to the aquatic organisms. Bacteriological analysis showed that all sampling stations were positive for coliforms (Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli). The sampling stations along the agroforest and agricultural areas had high total fecal coliform load. Results indicate the need to have proper environmental management program in Clarin and Labo rivers.