Zahra Azhar - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Zahra Azhar
Australian Journal of Islamic Studies
The leadership of the Islamic nation is one of the concepts that SHĪʿĪ scholars have seriously th... more The leadership of the Islamic nation is one of the concepts that SHĪʿĪ scholars have seriously theorized about, especially since the Safavid era. In Shia thought, this concept is specifically tied to the concept of occultation, and the leader who is being talked about is considered to be the deputy of the Imam of the time. Imam Khomeini put forward one of the most important and of course the latest theories in this matter. Imam Khomeini's opinion is very important because it was the basis of the opinions after him and it was practically implemented in contemporary Iran. This article is trying to explain the Imam's theory about the leadership of the society during the time of occultation and examine its features and elements.
Leadership in the Modern Shīʿī Thought: Examining the Theory of Imam Khomeini, 2023
Leadership of the Muslim nation is one concept that Shīʿī scholars in Iran have seriously theoris... more Leadership of the Muslim nation is one concept that Shīʿī scholars in Iran have seriously theorised, especially since the Safavid era. In Shīʿī thought, this concept is tied explicitly to the idea of occultation and the leader being talked about is considered the deputy of the Imam of the time. Imam Khomeini (d. 1989) put forward one of the most important and latest theories in this matter. His theory was revolutionary and hotly contested among Shīʿī ulamā (scholars). Khomeini's theory is critical because it was the basis of theories after him and practically implemented in contemporary Iran. This article tries to explain the Imam's theory about leadership of the society during occultation and examine its features, elements and critiques.
WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES., 2018
WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES. SELECTED CASE-STUDIES... more WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES. SELECTED CASE-STUDIES
Coordinated by Valentina Rita Scotti
2018 Survey
Survey for report on "Gender Lens to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights". In order to assist States and business enterprises to meet effectively their respective human rights duties and responsibilities under the Un Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), the UN Working Group is developing gender guidance to the UNGPs. This guidance will provide practical recommendations for what it means to "protect, respect and remedy" the rights of women in a business context in line with the UNGPs. The gender guidance, which will cover all three pillars, will be the theme of the report of the Working Group to be presented to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2019.
Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Business/Pages/2018Survey2.aspx
Comparative Study on#R##N#Islamic & Western Law, May 22, 2021
Journal of Islamic Law, 2022
The wave of struggle againstthe slave trade which began in eighteenth century Europe reached the ... more The wave of struggle againstthe slave trade which began in eighteenth century Europe reached the Middle East and countries in Persian Gulf in the nineteenth century. In its efforts to end slave trade, Britain concluded treaties with Ottomans, sheikhs in Oman, and the king of Masqat. This concentrated the trade of enslaved Black people from Africa in Iran. The study of this period in Iran is important because Muḥammad Shāh, the then ruler in Iran, believed that since any order that bans the slave trade is against Islam, concluding any accord in this regard was beyond his control and was related to sharī ͑a. This Essay discusses and compares the opinions of Shīʿī scholars in the Qājar era, when the question of the abolition of slavery was first posed via British diplomatic channels, and subsequently during the Constitutional Revolution 1905 (Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), to see if the introduction of Human Rights concepts at the time had any effect on fatwas about slave trade. This is done ...
Legal Research Quarterly (LRQ), 2015
A free and independent press is an essential factor to any free society. A press which modern soc... more A free and independent press is an essential factor to any free society. A press which modern society wanted to construct, is a Press that is not subject to undue government control and regulation; one that is free from undue financial influence from the private sector, including advertisers, and economic or business pressures from private sector businesses. A free and independent Press provides its readers, viewers, and listeners with the information they need in order to participate fully as citizens in a free society. On the other hand, emergence of modern revelations and introduction of the concept of monitoring are the causes of government’s pessimism towards Press. Press need a free society to act and breath and legal frameworks make this environment available. Study of judicial procedures as means of interpretation and source of law can be useful for recognizing the elements of a free press. This article tries to recognize these elements through study of deferent cases and proceduresKeywords:Free Press, Judicial Procedure, Freedom of Expression, Monitoring the Government Watchdog Journalism.
Quarterly Journal of Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law, 2021
Allameh Mohaghegh Sabzevari lived the reign of four Safavid kings in Iran during the 17th century... more Allameh Mohaghegh Sabzevari lived the reign of four Safavid kings in Iran during the 17th century. With the change in Iran's political situation at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Shia political thought had to go along with the new condition. Now Shia has an independent Shia state whose leadership was no longer with the Imam ma`sūm, who possesses divine knowledge and authority(Ismah). At this time, "Rozat Al Anvar Abbasi," Allameh Sabzevari's remarkable and critical book in politics,,was written in Persian and Arabic, including Allame's political ideas about governing society. This article intends to study the two important political books of Leviathan, and Rozat Al-Anwar Abbasi, written simultaneously by two political philosophers who lived in different social conditions with distinct intellectual and religious backgrounds while their most critical questions about human beings and governing society were quite alike. The fundamental problem in this article is that though both thinkers understand the need to maintain order in society to preserve society's collective life and the dangers that threaten it, why does each offer a completely different solution? The different time conditions and the different societies in which they lived have made them face a different problem. Therefore, Allameh Sabzevari used non-Original Imam as a justification for the connection of Safavid Kings to the sacred origin of power while Hobbes tried to recreate a mortal God or artificial man as a new source of power.
Australian Journal of Islamic Studies
The leadership of the Islamic nation is one of the concepts that SHĪʿĪ scholars have seriously th... more The leadership of the Islamic nation is one of the concepts that SHĪʿĪ scholars have seriously theorized about, especially since the Safavid era. In Shia thought, this concept is specifically tied to the concept of occultation, and the leader who is being talked about is considered to be the deputy of the Imam of the time. Imam Khomeini put forward one of the most important and of course the latest theories in this matter. Imam Khomeini's opinion is very important because it was the basis of the opinions after him and it was practically implemented in contemporary Iran. This article is trying to explain the Imam's theory about the leadership of the society during the time of occultation and examine its features and elements.
Leadership in the Modern Shīʿī Thought: Examining the Theory of Imam Khomeini, 2023
Leadership of the Muslim nation is one concept that Shīʿī scholars in Iran have seriously theoris... more Leadership of the Muslim nation is one concept that Shīʿī scholars in Iran have seriously theorised, especially since the Safavid era. In Shīʿī thought, this concept is tied explicitly to the idea of occultation and the leader being talked about is considered the deputy of the Imam of the time. Imam Khomeini (d. 1989) put forward one of the most important and latest theories in this matter. His theory was revolutionary and hotly contested among Shīʿī ulamā (scholars). Khomeini's theory is critical because it was the basis of theories after him and practically implemented in contemporary Iran. This article tries to explain the Imam's theory about leadership of the society during occultation and examine its features, elements and critiques.
WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES., 2018
WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES. SELECTED CASE-STUDIES... more WOMEN’S DISCRIMINATIONS IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR IN MIDDLE-EASTERN COUNTRIES. SELECTED CASE-STUDIES
Coordinated by Valentina Rita Scotti
2018 Survey
Survey for report on "Gender Lens to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights". In order to assist States and business enterprises to meet effectively their respective human rights duties and responsibilities under the Un Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), the UN Working Group is developing gender guidance to the UNGPs. This guidance will provide practical recommendations for what it means to "protect, respect and remedy" the rights of women in a business context in line with the UNGPs. The gender guidance, which will cover all three pillars, will be the theme of the report of the Working Group to be presented to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2019.
Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Business/Pages/2018Survey2.aspx
Comparative Study on#R##N#Islamic & Western Law, May 22, 2021
Journal of Islamic Law, 2022
The wave of struggle againstthe slave trade which began in eighteenth century Europe reached the ... more The wave of struggle againstthe slave trade which began in eighteenth century Europe reached the Middle East and countries in Persian Gulf in the nineteenth century. In its efforts to end slave trade, Britain concluded treaties with Ottomans, sheikhs in Oman, and the king of Masqat. This concentrated the trade of enslaved Black people from Africa in Iran. The study of this period in Iran is important because Muḥammad Shāh, the then ruler in Iran, believed that since any order that bans the slave trade is against Islam, concluding any accord in this regard was beyond his control and was related to sharī ͑a. This Essay discusses and compares the opinions of Shīʿī scholars in the Qājar era, when the question of the abolition of slavery was first posed via British diplomatic channels, and subsequently during the Constitutional Revolution 1905 (Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), to see if the introduction of Human Rights concepts at the time had any effect on fatwas about slave trade. This is done ...
Legal Research Quarterly (LRQ), 2015
A free and independent press is an essential factor to any free society. A press which modern soc... more A free and independent press is an essential factor to any free society. A press which modern society wanted to construct, is a Press that is not subject to undue government control and regulation; one that is free from undue financial influence from the private sector, including advertisers, and economic or business pressures from private sector businesses. A free and independent Press provides its readers, viewers, and listeners with the information they need in order to participate fully as citizens in a free society. On the other hand, emergence of modern revelations and introduction of the concept of monitoring are the causes of government’s pessimism towards Press. Press need a free society to act and breath and legal frameworks make this environment available. Study of judicial procedures as means of interpretation and source of law can be useful for recognizing the elements of a free press. This article tries to recognize these elements through study of deferent cases and proceduresKeywords:Free Press, Judicial Procedure, Freedom of Expression, Monitoring the Government Watchdog Journalism.
Quarterly Journal of Comparative Studies on Islamic and Western Law, 2021
Allameh Mohaghegh Sabzevari lived the reign of four Safavid kings in Iran during the 17th century... more Allameh Mohaghegh Sabzevari lived the reign of four Safavid kings in Iran during the 17th century. With the change in Iran's political situation at the beginning of the sixteenth century, Shia political thought had to go along with the new condition. Now Shia has an independent Shia state whose leadership was no longer with the Imam ma`sūm, who possesses divine knowledge and authority(Ismah). At this time, "Rozat Al Anvar Abbasi," Allameh Sabzevari's remarkable and critical book in politics,,was written in Persian and Arabic, including Allame's political ideas about governing society. This article intends to study the two important political books of Leviathan, and Rozat Al-Anwar Abbasi, written simultaneously by two political philosophers who lived in different social conditions with distinct intellectual and religious backgrounds while their most critical questions about human beings and governing society were quite alike. The fundamental problem in this article is that though both thinkers understand the need to maintain order in society to preserve society's collective life and the dangers that threaten it, why does each offer a completely different solution? The different time conditions and the different societies in which they lived have made them face a different problem. Therefore, Allameh Sabzevari used non-Original Imam as a justification for the connection of Safavid Kings to the sacred origin of power while Hobbes tried to recreate a mortal God or artificial man as a new source of power.