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Papers by Zulfirdaus Zakaria

Research paper thumbnail of Recent advances in additive‐enhanced polymer electrolyte membrane properties in fuel cell applications: An overview

International Journal of Energy Research, 2019

Additives such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers have become increasingly important in ... more Additives such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers have become increasingly important in the polymer nanocomposite production field, especially for enhancing the structural morphology, functional behavior, and final performance of nanocomposites in broad applications. The current work is an overview of the effects of additive substances such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers in the polymer electrolyte membrane composites applied to fuel cells. A comparative review is conducted by categorizing fillers into several types, and the most popular cross-linkers and plasticizers used in fuel cell membranes are included in this review. The highlighted properties include the proton conductivity, permeability, mechanical properties, thermal properties, crystallinity, and structure of additive-modified nanocomposites. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects in the additive field are discussed in Section 5.0. This review can provide a reference for researchers seeking specific substances that can be used to enhance nanocomposite properties, especially in membrane fuel cell applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide‐based membrane towards improving the performance of air‐breathing passive direct methanol fuel cell s

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of progressive advanced polymer nanohybrid membrane in fuel cell application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of alkaline solid polymer membrane in the application of AEM electrolyzer: Materials and characterization

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of The progress of fuel cell for malaysian residential consumption: Energy status and prospects to introduction as a renewable power generation system

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Research paper thumbnail of Fuel cells as an advanced alternative energy source for the residential sector applications in Malaysia

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of progressive advanced polymer nanohybrid membrane in fuel cell application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary Study of Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by using Crosslinked Quaternized Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Membrane

A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was... more A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was prepared via quaternization and solution casting method. With the main objective is to performed lower ethanol permeability membrane than Nafion 117 membrane thus can be the potential alternative membrane in future. The physical and chemical properties of the QPVA/GO membrane were investigated via the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The characterization result shows the good interaction of matrix polymer, GO loading and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinked agent. A maximum conductivity of 1.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 was obtained for QPVA/10wt% GO membrane at 30°C. The ethanol permeability has been reduced until 2.2 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1 with increasing of 10 wt.% GO loading which was lower than Nafion 117 (19.5 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1). The increasing of GO content in composite membranes has append the hydrophobic region which play role as blocking effect to hinder the ethanol crossover. The cell voltage and power density were analyzed at the temperature 30°C. A maximum power density achieved by QPVA/GO membrane was 6.92 mW cm-2 at 10.wt% GO loading which higher than Nafion 117 with only 5.07 mW cm-2 using 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH at 30°C.

Research paper thumbnail of A review of quaternized polyvinyl alcohol as an alternative polymeric membrane in DMFCs and DEFCs

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of solid oxide fuel cell component fabrication methods toward lowering temperature

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of The optimization performance of cross‐linked sodium alginate polymer electrolyte bio‐membranes in passive direct methanol/ethanol fuel cells

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Enhanced alkaline stability and performance of alkali‐doped quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes for passive direct ethanol fuel cell

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary Study of Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by using Crosslinked Quaternized Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Membrane

Jurnal Kejuruteraan

A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was... more A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was prepared via quaternization and solution casting method. With the main objective is to performed lower ethanol permeability membrane than Nafion 117 membrane thus can be the potential alternative membrane in future. The physical and chemical properties of the QPVA/GO membrane were investigated via the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The characterization result shows the good interaction of matrix polymer, GO loading and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinked agent. A maximum conductivity of 1.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 was obtained for QPVA/10wt% GO membrane at 30°C. The ethanol permeability has been reduced until 2.2 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1 with increasing of 10 wt.% GO loading which was lower than Nafion 117 (19.5 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1). The increasing of GO content in composite membranes has append the hydrophobic region which play role as blocking effect to hinder the ethanol crossover. The cell voltage and power density were analyzed at the temperature 30°C. A maximum power density achieved by QPVA/GO membrane was 6.92 mW cm-2 at 10.wt% GO loading which higher than Nafion 117 with only 5.07 mW cm-2 using 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH at 30°C.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential of sodium alginate/titanium oxide biomembrane nanocomposite in DMFC application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Fabrication and Characterization of YSZ/ScSZ Bilayer Electrolyte via Cold-Isostatic Pressing (CIP) Method for Intermediate Temperature-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) Application

International Journal of Integrated Engineering

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has advanced significantly in the recent years, and now i... more Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has advanced significantly in the recent years, and now is an interest of many renewable energy-related industries to invest. However, the main issue of SOFC is the high operating temperature that negatively influence its performance. To reduce the temperature, a method of using bilayer electrolyte is proposed. In this study, a bilayer electrolyte of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) and Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia (ScSZ) is used with the objective to reduce the temperature of SOFC to intermediate temperature ranges. To achieve the objective, bilayer YSZ/ScSZ electrolyte has been fabricated at different compositions using cold-pressing method. The pellets were sintered at three different temperature of 1350°C, 1450°C and 1550°C. In this studies, all the prepared pellets were characterized under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine its microstructure, Archimedes Method to measure the density and Electochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the conductivity. The results show that all of produced pellets are dense and ionic conductivity showed a rising trend as sintering temperature increases. Based on this study, the best composition is the pellet with combination of 25% YSZ: 75% ScSZ sintered at 1450°C.

Research paper thumbnail of Recent advances in additive‐enhanced polymer electrolyte membrane properties in fuel cell applications: An overview

International Journal of Energy Research, 2019

Additives such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers have become increasingly important in ... more Additives such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers have become increasingly important in the polymer nanocomposite production field, especially for enhancing the structural morphology, functional behavior, and final performance of nanocomposites in broad applications. The current work is an overview of the effects of additive substances such as fillers, cross-linkers, and plasticizers in the polymer electrolyte membrane composites applied to fuel cells. A comparative review is conducted by categorizing fillers into several types, and the most popular cross-linkers and plasticizers used in fuel cell membranes are included in this review. The highlighted properties include the proton conductivity, permeability, mechanical properties, thermal properties, crystallinity, and structure of additive-modified nanocomposites. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects in the additive field are discussed in Section 5.0. This review can provide a reference for researchers seeking specific substances that can be used to enhance nanocomposite properties, especially in membrane fuel cell applications.

Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide‐based membrane towards improving the performance of air‐breathing passive direct methanol fuel cell s

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of progressive advanced polymer nanohybrid membrane in fuel cell application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of alkaline solid polymer membrane in the application of AEM electrolyzer: Materials and characterization

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of The progress of fuel cell for malaysian residential consumption: Energy status and prospects to introduction as a renewable power generation system

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Research paper thumbnail of Fuel cells as an advanced alternative energy source for the residential sector applications in Malaysia

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of progressive advanced polymer nanohybrid membrane in fuel cell application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary Study of Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by using Crosslinked Quaternized Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Membrane

A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was... more A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was prepared via quaternization and solution casting method. With the main objective is to performed lower ethanol permeability membrane than Nafion 117 membrane thus can be the potential alternative membrane in future. The physical and chemical properties of the QPVA/GO membrane were investigated via the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The characterization result shows the good interaction of matrix polymer, GO loading and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinked agent. A maximum conductivity of 1.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 was obtained for QPVA/10wt% GO membrane at 30°C. The ethanol permeability has been reduced until 2.2 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1 with increasing of 10 wt.% GO loading which was lower than Nafion 117 (19.5 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1). The increasing of GO content in composite membranes has append the hydrophobic region which play role as blocking effect to hinder the ethanol crossover. The cell voltage and power density were analyzed at the temperature 30°C. A maximum power density achieved by QPVA/GO membrane was 6.92 mW cm-2 at 10.wt% GO loading which higher than Nafion 117 with only 5.07 mW cm-2 using 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH at 30°C.

Research paper thumbnail of A review of quaternized polyvinyl alcohol as an alternative polymeric membrane in DMFCs and DEFCs

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review of solid oxide fuel cell component fabrication methods toward lowering temperature

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of A review on recent status and challenges of yttria stabilized zirconia modification to lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells operation

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of The optimization performance of cross‐linked sodium alginate polymer electrolyte bio‐membranes in passive direct methanol/ethanol fuel cells

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Enhanced alkaline stability and performance of alkali‐doped quaternized poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes for passive direct ethanol fuel cell

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary Study of Alkaline Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell by using Crosslinked Quaternized Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Graphene Oxide Membrane

Jurnal Kejuruteraan

A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was... more A crosslinked of Quaternized Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Graphene oxide (QPVA/GO) composite membrane was prepared via quaternization and solution casting method. With the main objective is to performed lower ethanol permeability membrane than Nafion 117 membrane thus can be the potential alternative membrane in future. The physical and chemical properties of the QPVA/GO membrane were investigated via the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Filed Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The characterization result shows the good interaction of matrix polymer, GO loading and glutaraldehyde as a crosslinked agent. A maximum conductivity of 1.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 was obtained for QPVA/10wt% GO membrane at 30°C. The ethanol permeability has been reduced until 2.2 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1 with increasing of 10 wt.% GO loading which was lower than Nafion 117 (19.5 × 10-7 cm 2 s-1). The increasing of GO content in composite membranes has append the hydrophobic region which play role as blocking effect to hinder the ethanol crossover. The cell voltage and power density were analyzed at the temperature 30°C. A maximum power density achieved by QPVA/GO membrane was 6.92 mW cm-2 at 10.wt% GO loading which higher than Nafion 117 with only 5.07 mW cm-2 using 2 M ethanol + 2 M KOH at 30°C.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential of sodium alginate/titanium oxide biomembrane nanocomposite in DMFC application

International Journal of Energy Research

Research paper thumbnail of Fabrication and Characterization of YSZ/ScSZ Bilayer Electrolyte via Cold-Isostatic Pressing (CIP) Method for Intermediate Temperature-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) Application

International Journal of Integrated Engineering

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has advanced significantly in the recent years, and now i... more Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has advanced significantly in the recent years, and now is an interest of many renewable energy-related industries to invest. However, the main issue of SOFC is the high operating temperature that negatively influence its performance. To reduce the temperature, a method of using bilayer electrolyte is proposed. In this study, a bilayer electrolyte of Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia (YSZ) and Scandia-Stabilized Zirconia (ScSZ) is used with the objective to reduce the temperature of SOFC to intermediate temperature ranges. To achieve the objective, bilayer YSZ/ScSZ electrolyte has been fabricated at different compositions using cold-pressing method. The pellets were sintered at three different temperature of 1350°C, 1450°C and 1550°C. In this studies, all the prepared pellets were characterized under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine its microstructure, Archimedes Method to measure the density and Electochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the conductivity. The results show that all of produced pellets are dense and ionic conductivity showed a rising trend as sintering temperature increases. Based on this study, the best composition is the pellet with combination of 25% YSZ: 75% ScSZ sintered at 1450°C.