Elena Zheltova - Profile on Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Elena Zheltova
Indoevropejskoe âzykoznanie i klassičeskaâ filologiâ, 2023
В статье рассматривается проблема соотношения словоизменения и словообразования в индоевропейских... more В статье рассматривается проблема соотношения словоизменения и словообразования в индоевропейских языках (на примере русского, латинского и древнегреческого). Применяется методика «фокального» анализа, предложенная А. А. Кибриком, которая позволяет учитывать как «классические», или «фокальные», случаи строгого разграничения между словообразовательными суффиксами и словоизменительными флексиями, так и случаи отклонения от этих точек (так называемые «аутлайеры»), когда суффиксы демонстрируют не только деривативные, но и словоизменительные характеристики, и наоборот, флексии демонстрируют словообразовательный потенциал. Таким образом, при применении фокального анализа, предполагающего более дифференцированный подход к различным признакам словоизменения и словообразования, мы получаем значительно более точную матрицу взаимодействия словообразования и словоизменения в анализируемых языках, чем при традиционном дискретном подходе. При этом в русском, в латыни и в древнегреческом аутлайеры не достигают стадии «гибридности». Структурация в рамках фокального подхода словоизменительных и словообразовательных морфем позволяет по-новому взглянуть на ряд проблем, связанных с родом и именными классами.
Ditransitive constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective. Introduction
Indo-European linguistics and classical philology, 2018
В статье предлагается рассмотреть некоторые явления латинского языка под углом зрения категории э... more В статье предлагается рассмотреть некоторые явления латинского языка под углом зрения категории эвиденциальности. Автор выделяет элементы, которые могли бы быть названы стратегиями маркирования непрямого доступа к информации (или косвенной засвидетельствованности), и показывает, что они относятся скорее к грамматическим, чем к лексическим средствам выражения категории эвиденциальности. Эти морфологические и синтаксические элементы трактуются в соответствии с принятой классификацией эвиденциальных значений как косвенные инферентивные и косвенные репортативные показатели. Для каждой обнаруженной в латинском языке эвиденциальной стратегии автор находит параллели в других языках. В итоге, в арсенале латинских маркеров непрямого доступа к информации оказывается 5 способов выражения инференциальной (презумптивной) эвиденциальности и 4 -репортативной. Данный подход демонстрирует, что традиционный грамматический инвентарь может выражать гораздо больше значений, чем принято полагать. Ключевые слова: латинский язык, косвенная инферентивная засвидетельствованность, косвенная репортативная засвидетельствованность, субъективность в языке.
Philologia classica, 2022
The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus' language. The vast maj... more The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus' language. The vast majority of the occurrences demonstrate causative semantics, but there are a few cases where such a meaning can hardly be seen. De Melo singled out the two occurrences in which faxo can be treated as either an adverb similar to forsitan or a parenthetical expression with the meaning "I assume. " The author of the article has found some more examples of the non-causative use of faxo and tried to find out which of De Melo's suggestions is preferable. On the grounds of the grammaticalization principles suggested by Hopper and Heine, there has been traced the stages of grammaticalization of faxo in the language of Roman comedy, with particular attention to the broader context. It is demonstrated that the causative meaning which transpires in many examples tends to emerge in the "bridging contexts" of grammaticalization, while the transition to the semantics under consideration occurs at the following stage, i.e. in the "switch context". Having analyzed all the occurrences of faxo against the broader contexts and comparative data from other languages, the author concludes that the rare sigmatic future faxo had over time become a semi-grammaticalized marker of the speaker's stance, which allowed both evidential (inferential) and modal-epistemic interpretation.
Philologia Classica
This article offers a linguistic commentary on the verse Verg. Aen. 9. 427 me, me, adsum qui feci... more This article offers a linguistic commentary on the verse Verg. Aen. 9. 427 me, me, adsum qui feci, in me conuertite ferrum, in which the personal pronoun in the accusative needs interpretation. Since the time of Servius and Donatus, the opinions of commentators have been divided. Servius and his followers believe that the pronoun in the accusative is a direct complement that depends on an implied (omitted) verb like interficite, occidite, or petite, and consider this place as a rhetorical figure of aposiopesis. Donatus, on the other hand, argues that the accusative me, me is independent, while discontinuous intonation with which the whole verse must be uttered emphasizes the extreme degree of despair of Nisus, who cannot prevent the death of his beloved friend Euryalus. A review of the commentaries on the Aeneid shows that there are slightly more supporters of Donatus’ hypothesis than that of Servius’, but all of their reasoning is intuitive and does not explain why it is the syntac...
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, 2020
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology
The article analyzes the space of meaningful language units, which do not fall under the definiti... more The article analyzes the space of meaningful language units, which do not fall under the definition of morpheme. For such units, K. I. Pozdnyakov has coined a term, "extra-morpheme signs". The authors consider a wide range of phenomena between the traditional non-iconicity of morphemes and the iconicity of ideophone. In this continuum the main place is occupied by "submorphemes", described in the context of submorphemic neutralization, which are adjacent to other phenomena that belong to the field of research within phonosemantics. An attempt is made to classify these phenomena typologically. The first class includes paradigmatic and lexical-categorical submorphemes, which are divided by origin into "old" unproductive morphemes and submorphemes formed in the process of "analogical change", with a separate group of "suprasegmental submorphemes" with an exponent less than a phoneme. The second class is made up of morphological and syntactic phenomena that reveal iconicity to a greater or lesser degree: these are ideophones, reduplication, iconic word order, and some others. The third class consists of phenomena usually considered within the framework of phonosemantic ideas (sound clusters, or phonesthemes), which, in the authors' opinion, have exclusively intralingual significance, that is, they mark the lexical units within a single semantic group, have no connection with the denotate, and, therefore, have no property of iconicity. The proposed classification sketches the contours for the future detailed typology of submorpheme and related phenomena of language.
ДЕЙКТИКО-ДЕНОТАТИВНАЯ ИЕРАРХИЯ И КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ТРЕХВАЛЕНТНЫМИ ГЛАГОЛАМИ В ЛАТИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Статья из выпуска 9 сборника "Philologia classica"Статья посвящена влиянию дейктико-ден... more Статья из выпуска 9 сборника "Philologia classica"Статья посвящена влиянию дейктико-денотативной иерархии (или иерархии одушевленности) на порядок актантов трехвалентных глаголов. Опираясь на анализ более 500 случаев употребления глагола misit и других трехвалентных глаголов с актантами, выраженными существительными и личными местоимениями, автор выявляет зависимость порядка актантов «пациенс — реципиент» или «реципиент — пациенс» от места денотата соответствующего актанта в указанной иерархии.Th e article deals with the infl uence of animacy hierarchy on the position of 3 valency verb arguments. Th e analysis of more than 500 occasions of ditransitive verb “misit” and other verbs with two objects demonstrates strong dependence of order DI or ID (where D — Direct Object, I — Indirect Object ) from the level of denotatum in animacy hierarchy scale. Th us standard DI order in constructions with nominal arguments alternates with diverse ID order in case of pronominal arguments
ДЕЙКТИКО-ДЕНОТАТИВНАЯ ИЕРАРХИЯ И КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ТРЕХВАЛЕНТНЫМИ ГЛАГОЛАМИ В ЛАТИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Animacy in Latin: explaining some peripheral phenomena
Clause and Discourse, 2019
Some observations on the argument structure of support verb constructions in classical Latin prose
Les constructions à verbe support en latin, 2019, ISBN 978-2-84516-823-7, págs. 221-252, 2019
Summary. The article investigates the argument structure of Latin support verb constructions (SVC... more Summary. The article investigates the argument structure of Latin support verb constructions (SVC) with prototypically trivalent verbs. The methodological basis of the investigation is the idea of interaction and competition between the syntactic, pragmatic and deictic-denotative dimensions, which determine various orderings of the arguments in their relation to each other. In Latin constructions with trivalent verbs, the pattern “Direct-Indirect object” (DI) is supposed to be unmarked and determined exclusively by the syntactic factors whereas the opposite pattern (ID) is explained by the animacy of the Indirect object or by the status of speech act participant, if it is expressed by a pronoun. The author analyzes the order of the second and the third arguments in the ten support verb constructions selected from the works by Caesar, Cicero and Sallust (323 occurrences in total). The analysis demonstrates that the order ID is attested three times as often as the opposite order DI because the Indirect objects are usually animate or pronominal in the constructions of this type. In some cases, however, the pragmatic factors such as focus, contrast or emphasis may also influence the ordering. Different preferences in the orderings observed in the selected SVCs are explained by different centers of valency. The degree of consistency in the order of the compliments is supposed to relate to the degree of grammaticalization. Keywords: Latin support verb constructions, constituent order, syntax, pragmatics, deictic-denotative properties of the constituents, grammaticalization, incorporation.
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, 2021
Graeco-Latina Brunensia, 2020
The article deals with paradigms of the future simple (3rd and 4th conjugations only) and the fut... more The article deals with paradigms of the future simple (3rd and 4th conjugations only) and the future perfect active that can be treated as anomalous since they form the first person singular and other forms by adding different suffixes to the verbal stem. This entails, first, a certain heterogeneity within the paradigms and, second, a partial overlapping of these paradigms with two other verbal paradigms. Although attempts to unify the future simple and future perfect paradigms were made by archaic authors, Classical Latin has preserved this "inconvenient" distinction, presumably, to highlight the first person singular. The question arises as to why Latin sought to single out the first person singular in this particular way. I will explain this phenomenon as a manifestation of language egocentrism. I will argue that the forms under consideration may function as egocentric devices. Since Latin is a pro-drop language, it requires special means to highlight the speaker as the most significant speech act participant and to give him/ her a privileged status with respect to the other speech act participants. Thus, by using an-am form, the speaker received an additional opportunity to express some modal values better than the other participants did, while with the-ero form, the speaker, conversely, could express his/her thoughts more definitely or unambiguously. In both cases, the singling out of the first person locutor seems to be much more significant for the language as a communicative system than the unified character of the paradigms. The argument is based on an analysis of examples from the works of Latin authors as well as comparative material from other languages.
Philologia Classica, 2018
The paper focuses on the ways of expressing mirative semantics in the Latin language. Mirativity ... more The paper focuses on the ways of expressing mirative semantics in the Latin language. Mirativity is a grammatical category which expresses the speaker's unprepared mind, a deferred realization of a situation and concomitant surprise. These values can be conveyed by both lexical and grammatical means. The paper analyses only grammatical phenomena, without taking into consideration any lexical devices (such as the verb (ad)mirari), and shows that in addition to the basic meanings of time, mood etc. these grammatical phenomena, in certain contexts, express the semantics of abruptness and surprise. Since their primary meaning is not mirative and appears as a "side effect", they should be called mirative strategies rather than miratives stricto sensu. Such strategies may be reflected through morphological categories of time and mood (e.g. Praesens coniunctivi, Futurum indicativi, Imperfectum indicativi), auxiliaries (particles, conjunctions) or syntactic constructions (Accusativus exclamationis, Infinitivus indignantis). Their mirative meaning is contextually conditioned and in some cases is only possible in interaction with other grammatical categories (verbal person, number, etc.). The study investigates pragmatic and stylistic functions of these phenomena and shows that the choice of a strategy in some cases is directly related to the genre of work and the style of speech. The genre distribution of mirative strategies we suggested allows us to consider them not only as linguistic entities to express modal meanings, but also as a stylistic device.
Latin reflexive pronouns at the crossroads of syntax and pragmatics
Pallas, 2016
The article deals with some functions of Latin reflexive pronouns (se and suus) which cannot be e... more The article deals with some functions of Latin reflexive pronouns (se and suus) which cannot be explained in syntactic terms. According to the syntactic rules, the reflexive pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause in which it occurs (the direct reflexive) or to the subject of the matrix clause in reported speech (the indirect reflexive), but in fact the antecedent of a Latin reflexive can be a direct object, an indirect object, or a prepositional phrase. These uses of Latin reflexives can be explained if they are analysed from a pragmatic, rather than a syntactic point of view: the reflexive pronouns can refer to the topic of the clause in which they occur, or to the topic of discourse in cases of subordination, independently of their syntactic functioning. The second problem to be explained is the confusion of anaphoric and reflexive pronouns in syntactically similar conditions. The matter is that, in some cases, the anaphoric pronoun is used instead of the reflexive even when the reference is made to a constituent with a topic function. These uses are supposed to depend on the pragmatic function of empathy. I suggest that if the focus of empathy is on the referent with a topic function, the reflexive is used. On the contrary, if the focus of empathy is on the non-topic referent, the anaphoric pronoun is used.
Philologia Classica, 2016
The article investigates the ordering of complements in Latin support verb constructions (SVC) of... more The article investigates the ordering of complements in Latin support verb constructions (SVC) of the type bellum inferre or insidias facere with prototypically trivalent verbs, which can either keep or lose the third valency in such constructions. After the brief synopsis of the issues regarding general aspects of the SVCs, the author focuses on the order of the Direct and Indirect objects within the nine constructions (304 occurrences in total) taken from the works of Classical Latin writers. The theoretical background of the analysis applied is the idea of interaction and competition between the three language dimensions, i. e. semantic, pragmatic and deictic-denotative ones, which can determine various orderings of the complements in their relation to each other. On the basis of a previous corpus study concerning the argument structure of Latin trivalent verbs, the author considers the order Direct-Indirect object (DI) as unmarked (neutral), while the opposite order ID as resulting from either special deictic-denotative properties of the arguments or pragmatic factors. As regards the deictic-denotative properties, they depend on the place occupied by the noun or the pronoun in the animacy hierarchy. The promotion of the Indirect object to the priority position is explained by the animacy of its denotatum or by the status of speech act participant, if it is expressed by a personal / reflexive / anaphoric pronoun. The author analyzes the order of the Direct and Indirect objects in the nine support verb constructions selected from the works by Caesar, Cicero and Sallust (304 occurrences in total). The analysis demonstrates that the order ID is attested three times as often as the opposite order DI, because the Indirect objects are usually animate or pronominal in the constructions of this type. In some cases, however, the pragmatic factors such as focus, contrast or emphasis may also influence the ordering. The findings are represented in the table and are followed by the examples.
Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Series 9. Philology. Asian Studies. Journalism, 2016
По результатам работы каждого коллоквиума публикуется один или два тома трудов, посвященных широк... more По результатам работы каждого коллоквиума публикуется один или два тома трудов, посвященных широкому спектру проблем латинской лингвистики -фонологии, морфосинтаксису, семантике, прагматике, структуре текста и т. д. В этом году Коллоквиум проходил в Тулузе с 8 по 13 июня и был организован кафедрой классических языков Университета Тулузы-2 (ныне носящего имя Жана Жореcа, а в недавнем прошлом -«Ле Мирай», по названию района Тулузы, где он располагается) при поддержке организации CRATA (Culture, Représentation, Archéologie et Théâtre Antiques) 2 . В нем приняли участие около 140 лингвистов из 25 стран мира. Официальные языки конференции по сложившейся традиции -английский, французский, немецкий, испанский, итальянский и латынь. Очевидно, что преобладание в этом списке романских языков обусловлено составом участников, среди которых немало ученых из университетов Франции, Италии, Испании и Латинской Америки: для них исследование латыни является в сущности изучением различных аспектов родных языков на древнейшей стадии их развития. Регистрация участников и прием были организованы во дворике Археологического музея Тулузы (Musée Saint-Raymond), и надо признать, что трудно найти более подходящее место для встречи старых и новых участников коллоквиума латинистов, чем Музей Сен-Раймон, где собраны важнейшие археологические свидетельства присутствия древних римлян на территории галльской Толосы, упоминаемой Цицероном и Авсонием и раскинувшейся на берегах той 1 «Оттого коллоквиум, что приходят в одно место ради беседы» (Варрон. О латинском языке, 6, 57). 2 «Античные культура, наследие, археология и театр».
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, Jun 1, 2019
The article attempts to trace how the difference in approaches to the question of language origin... more The article attempts to trace how the difference in approaches to the question of language origin in the Democritus’ and Epicurus’ traditions is reflected in modern linguistics. According to the monograph by Alexander Verlinsky (2006), Democritus insisted on the arbitrary connection between objects and words, while Epicurus insisted on a necessary correlation between them. At first glance, Democritus’ tradition has ultimately won, being reflected in the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure that remain of crucial importance for modern linguistics. If looking further, however, the research on motivation or iconicity of language sign is still quite alive, with a number of relevant studies. This paper argues that the majority of studies on the motivation of language signs still follow the Democritus’ tradition rather than Epicurus’ one. They tend to find the motivation based on purely intralingual data rather than in the “world of denotata”, the works by Roman Jakobson being of especial importance in this sense. Jacobson offered the idea of paradigmatically motivated signs that are segmentally smaller than morphemes, and this idea was further developed by Konstantin Pozdniakov and other linguists into the theory of submorphemic signs and submorphemic neutralizations. In support of this theory, this paper illustrates how the submorphemic level of the language can be used for the description of Latin personal pronouns.
Ditransitive constructions in Latin: competition of paradigmatic dimensions
The relative position of theme (T) and recipient (R) in Latin ditransitive constructions varies: ... more The relative position of theme (T) and recipient (R) in Latin ditransitive constructions varies: theme can precede recipient or vice versa (TR/RT). From this follow two questions to be answered: what is the neutral (“unmarked”) argument order in ditransitive constructions, and what properties of the arguments cause the deviations. In this study, the main focus will be on the idea that the ordering of the arguments in Latin ditransitive constructions results from the interaction of semantic, pragmatic and deictic dimensions. To prove this hypothesis, the constructions with ditransitive verbs mitto ‘to send’, ostendo ‘to show’ and some others were examined. The analysis was conducted with the help of the electronic database PHI-5 and can be considered as a corpus study. After examining all the occurrences provided by the database, I suggest that the neutral order of theme and recipient in Latin ditransitive constructions is TR, and that the alternation of TR/RT order is determined by the competition of the three language dimensions. The findings are summarised in five tables. Keywords: Latin ditransitive constructions, argument structure, animacy hierarchy, competition of paradigmatic dimensions.
Indoevropejskoe âzykoznanie i klassičeskaâ filologiâ, 2023
В статье рассматривается проблема соотношения словоизменения и словообразования в индоевропейских... more В статье рассматривается проблема соотношения словоизменения и словообразования в индоевропейских языках (на примере русского, латинского и древнегреческого). Применяется методика «фокального» анализа, предложенная А. А. Кибриком, которая позволяет учитывать как «классические», или «фокальные», случаи строгого разграничения между словообразовательными суффиксами и словоизменительными флексиями, так и случаи отклонения от этих точек (так называемые «аутлайеры»), когда суффиксы демонстрируют не только деривативные, но и словоизменительные характеристики, и наоборот, флексии демонстрируют словообразовательный потенциал. Таким образом, при применении фокального анализа, предполагающего более дифференцированный подход к различным признакам словоизменения и словообразования, мы получаем значительно более точную матрицу взаимодействия словообразования и словоизменения в анализируемых языках, чем при традиционном дискретном подходе. При этом в русском, в латыни и в древнегреческом аутлайеры не достигают стадии «гибридности». Структурация в рамках фокального подхода словоизменительных и словообразовательных морфем позволяет по-новому взглянуть на ряд проблем, связанных с родом и именными классами.
Ditransitive constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective. Introduction
Indo-European linguistics and classical philology, 2018
В статье предлагается рассмотреть некоторые явления латинского языка под углом зрения категории э... more В статье предлагается рассмотреть некоторые явления латинского языка под углом зрения категории эвиденциальности. Автор выделяет элементы, которые могли бы быть названы стратегиями маркирования непрямого доступа к информации (или косвенной засвидетельствованности), и показывает, что они относятся скорее к грамматическим, чем к лексическим средствам выражения категории эвиденциальности. Эти морфологические и синтаксические элементы трактуются в соответствии с принятой классификацией эвиденциальных значений как косвенные инферентивные и косвенные репортативные показатели. Для каждой обнаруженной в латинском языке эвиденциальной стратегии автор находит параллели в других языках. В итоге, в арсенале латинских маркеров непрямого доступа к информации оказывается 5 способов выражения инференциальной (презумптивной) эвиденциальности и 4 -репортативной. Данный подход демонстрирует, что традиционный грамматический инвентарь может выражать гораздо больше значений, чем принято полагать. Ключевые слова: латинский язык, косвенная инферентивная засвидетельствованность, косвенная репортативная засвидетельствованность, субъективность в языке.
Philologia classica, 2022
The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus' language. The vast maj... more The article concerns the semantic nuances of the verb faxo in the Plautus' language. The vast majority of the occurrences demonstrate causative semantics, but there are a few cases where such a meaning can hardly be seen. De Melo singled out the two occurrences in which faxo can be treated as either an adverb similar to forsitan or a parenthetical expression with the meaning "I assume. " The author of the article has found some more examples of the non-causative use of faxo and tried to find out which of De Melo's suggestions is preferable. On the grounds of the grammaticalization principles suggested by Hopper and Heine, there has been traced the stages of grammaticalization of faxo in the language of Roman comedy, with particular attention to the broader context. It is demonstrated that the causative meaning which transpires in many examples tends to emerge in the "bridging contexts" of grammaticalization, while the transition to the semantics under consideration occurs at the following stage, i.e. in the "switch context". Having analyzed all the occurrences of faxo against the broader contexts and comparative data from other languages, the author concludes that the rare sigmatic future faxo had over time become a semi-grammaticalized marker of the speaker's stance, which allowed both evidential (inferential) and modal-epistemic interpretation.
Philologia Classica
This article offers a linguistic commentary on the verse Verg. Aen. 9. 427 me, me, adsum qui feci... more This article offers a linguistic commentary on the verse Verg. Aen. 9. 427 me, me, adsum qui feci, in me conuertite ferrum, in which the personal pronoun in the accusative needs interpretation. Since the time of Servius and Donatus, the opinions of commentators have been divided. Servius and his followers believe that the pronoun in the accusative is a direct complement that depends on an implied (omitted) verb like interficite, occidite, or petite, and consider this place as a rhetorical figure of aposiopesis. Donatus, on the other hand, argues that the accusative me, me is independent, while discontinuous intonation with which the whole verse must be uttered emphasizes the extreme degree of despair of Nisus, who cannot prevent the death of his beloved friend Euryalus. A review of the commentaries on the Aeneid shows that there are slightly more supporters of Donatus’ hypothesis than that of Servius’, but all of their reasoning is intuitive and does not explain why it is the syntac...
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, 2020
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology
The article analyzes the space of meaningful language units, which do not fall under the definiti... more The article analyzes the space of meaningful language units, which do not fall under the definition of morpheme. For such units, K. I. Pozdnyakov has coined a term, "extra-morpheme signs". The authors consider a wide range of phenomena between the traditional non-iconicity of morphemes and the iconicity of ideophone. In this continuum the main place is occupied by "submorphemes", described in the context of submorphemic neutralization, which are adjacent to other phenomena that belong to the field of research within phonosemantics. An attempt is made to classify these phenomena typologically. The first class includes paradigmatic and lexical-categorical submorphemes, which are divided by origin into "old" unproductive morphemes and submorphemes formed in the process of "analogical change", with a separate group of "suprasegmental submorphemes" with an exponent less than a phoneme. The second class is made up of morphological and syntactic phenomena that reveal iconicity to a greater or lesser degree: these are ideophones, reduplication, iconic word order, and some others. The third class consists of phenomena usually considered within the framework of phonosemantic ideas (sound clusters, or phonesthemes), which, in the authors' opinion, have exclusively intralingual significance, that is, they mark the lexical units within a single semantic group, have no connection with the denotate, and, therefore, have no property of iconicity. The proposed classification sketches the contours for the future detailed typology of submorpheme and related phenomena of language.
ДЕЙКТИКО-ДЕНОТАТИВНАЯ ИЕРАРХИЯ И КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ТРЕХВАЛЕНТНЫМИ ГЛАГОЛАМИ В ЛАТИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Статья из выпуска 9 сборника "Philologia classica"Статья посвящена влиянию дейктико-ден... more Статья из выпуска 9 сборника "Philologia classica"Статья посвящена влиянию дейктико-денотативной иерархии (или иерархии одушевленности) на порядок актантов трехвалентных глаголов. Опираясь на анализ более 500 случаев употребления глагола misit и других трехвалентных глаголов с актантами, выраженными существительными и личными местоимениями, автор выявляет зависимость порядка актантов «пациенс — реципиент» или «реципиент — пациенс» от места денотата соответствующего актанта в указанной иерархии.Th e article deals with the infl uence of animacy hierarchy on the position of 3 valency verb arguments. Th e analysis of more than 500 occasions of ditransitive verb “misit” and other verbs with two objects demonstrates strong dependence of order DI or ID (where D — Direct Object, I — Indirect Object ) from the level of denotatum in animacy hierarchy scale. Th us standard DI order in constructions with nominal arguments alternates with diverse ID order in case of pronominal arguments
ДЕЙКТИКО-ДЕНОТАТИВНАЯ ИЕРАРХИЯ И КОНСТРУКЦИИ С ТРЕХВАЛЕНТНЫМИ ГЛАГОЛАМИ В ЛАТИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Animacy in Latin: explaining some peripheral phenomena
Clause and Discourse, 2019
Some observations on the argument structure of support verb constructions in classical Latin prose
Les constructions à verbe support en latin, 2019, ISBN 978-2-84516-823-7, págs. 221-252, 2019
Summary. The article investigates the argument structure of Latin support verb constructions (SVC... more Summary. The article investigates the argument structure of Latin support verb constructions (SVC) with prototypically trivalent verbs. The methodological basis of the investigation is the idea of interaction and competition between the syntactic, pragmatic and deictic-denotative dimensions, which determine various orderings of the arguments in their relation to each other. In Latin constructions with trivalent verbs, the pattern “Direct-Indirect object” (DI) is supposed to be unmarked and determined exclusively by the syntactic factors whereas the opposite pattern (ID) is explained by the animacy of the Indirect object or by the status of speech act participant, if it is expressed by a pronoun. The author analyzes the order of the second and the third arguments in the ten support verb constructions selected from the works by Caesar, Cicero and Sallust (323 occurrences in total). The analysis demonstrates that the order ID is attested three times as often as the opposite order DI because the Indirect objects are usually animate or pronominal in the constructions of this type. In some cases, however, the pragmatic factors such as focus, contrast or emphasis may also influence the ordering. Different preferences in the orderings observed in the selected SVCs are explained by different centers of valency. The degree of consistency in the order of the compliments is supposed to relate to the degree of grammaticalization. Keywords: Latin support verb constructions, constituent order, syntax, pragmatics, deictic-denotative properties of the constituents, grammaticalization, incorporation.
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, 2021
Graeco-Latina Brunensia, 2020
The article deals with paradigms of the future simple (3rd and 4th conjugations only) and the fut... more The article deals with paradigms of the future simple (3rd and 4th conjugations only) and the future perfect active that can be treated as anomalous since they form the first person singular and other forms by adding different suffixes to the verbal stem. This entails, first, a certain heterogeneity within the paradigms and, second, a partial overlapping of these paradigms with two other verbal paradigms. Although attempts to unify the future simple and future perfect paradigms were made by archaic authors, Classical Latin has preserved this "inconvenient" distinction, presumably, to highlight the first person singular. The question arises as to why Latin sought to single out the first person singular in this particular way. I will explain this phenomenon as a manifestation of language egocentrism. I will argue that the forms under consideration may function as egocentric devices. Since Latin is a pro-drop language, it requires special means to highlight the speaker as the most significant speech act participant and to give him/ her a privileged status with respect to the other speech act participants. Thus, by using an-am form, the speaker received an additional opportunity to express some modal values better than the other participants did, while with the-ero form, the speaker, conversely, could express his/her thoughts more definitely or unambiguously. In both cases, the singling out of the first person locutor seems to be much more significant for the language as a communicative system than the unified character of the paradigms. The argument is based on an analysis of examples from the works of Latin authors as well as comparative material from other languages.
Philologia Classica, 2018
The paper focuses on the ways of expressing mirative semantics in the Latin language. Mirativity ... more The paper focuses on the ways of expressing mirative semantics in the Latin language. Mirativity is a grammatical category which expresses the speaker's unprepared mind, a deferred realization of a situation and concomitant surprise. These values can be conveyed by both lexical and grammatical means. The paper analyses only grammatical phenomena, without taking into consideration any lexical devices (such as the verb (ad)mirari), and shows that in addition to the basic meanings of time, mood etc. these grammatical phenomena, in certain contexts, express the semantics of abruptness and surprise. Since their primary meaning is not mirative and appears as a "side effect", they should be called mirative strategies rather than miratives stricto sensu. Such strategies may be reflected through morphological categories of time and mood (e.g. Praesens coniunctivi, Futurum indicativi, Imperfectum indicativi), auxiliaries (particles, conjunctions) or syntactic constructions (Accusativus exclamationis, Infinitivus indignantis). Their mirative meaning is contextually conditioned and in some cases is only possible in interaction with other grammatical categories (verbal person, number, etc.). The study investigates pragmatic and stylistic functions of these phenomena and shows that the choice of a strategy in some cases is directly related to the genre of work and the style of speech. The genre distribution of mirative strategies we suggested allows us to consider them not only as linguistic entities to express modal meanings, but also as a stylistic device.
Latin reflexive pronouns at the crossroads of syntax and pragmatics
Pallas, 2016
The article deals with some functions of Latin reflexive pronouns (se and suus) which cannot be e... more The article deals with some functions of Latin reflexive pronouns (se and suus) which cannot be explained in syntactic terms. According to the syntactic rules, the reflexive pronoun can refer to the subject of the clause in which it occurs (the direct reflexive) or to the subject of the matrix clause in reported speech (the indirect reflexive), but in fact the antecedent of a Latin reflexive can be a direct object, an indirect object, or a prepositional phrase. These uses of Latin reflexives can be explained if they are analysed from a pragmatic, rather than a syntactic point of view: the reflexive pronouns can refer to the topic of the clause in which they occur, or to the topic of discourse in cases of subordination, independently of their syntactic functioning. The second problem to be explained is the confusion of anaphoric and reflexive pronouns in syntactically similar conditions. The matter is that, in some cases, the anaphoric pronoun is used instead of the reflexive even when the reference is made to a constituent with a topic function. These uses are supposed to depend on the pragmatic function of empathy. I suggest that if the focus of empathy is on the referent with a topic function, the reflexive is used. On the contrary, if the focus of empathy is on the non-topic referent, the anaphoric pronoun is used.
Philologia Classica, 2016
The article investigates the ordering of complements in Latin support verb constructions (SVC) of... more The article investigates the ordering of complements in Latin support verb constructions (SVC) of the type bellum inferre or insidias facere with prototypically trivalent verbs, which can either keep or lose the third valency in such constructions. After the brief synopsis of the issues regarding general aspects of the SVCs, the author focuses on the order of the Direct and Indirect objects within the nine constructions (304 occurrences in total) taken from the works of Classical Latin writers. The theoretical background of the analysis applied is the idea of interaction and competition between the three language dimensions, i. e. semantic, pragmatic and deictic-denotative ones, which can determine various orderings of the complements in their relation to each other. On the basis of a previous corpus study concerning the argument structure of Latin trivalent verbs, the author considers the order Direct-Indirect object (DI) as unmarked (neutral), while the opposite order ID as resulting from either special deictic-denotative properties of the arguments or pragmatic factors. As regards the deictic-denotative properties, they depend on the place occupied by the noun or the pronoun in the animacy hierarchy. The promotion of the Indirect object to the priority position is explained by the animacy of its denotatum or by the status of speech act participant, if it is expressed by a personal / reflexive / anaphoric pronoun. The author analyzes the order of the Direct and Indirect objects in the nine support verb constructions selected from the works by Caesar, Cicero and Sallust (304 occurrences in total). The analysis demonstrates that the order ID is attested three times as often as the opposite order DI, because the Indirect objects are usually animate or pronominal in the constructions of this type. In some cases, however, the pragmatic factors such as focus, contrast or emphasis may also influence the ordering. The findings are represented in the table and are followed by the examples.
Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Series 9. Philology. Asian Studies. Journalism, 2016
По результатам работы каждого коллоквиума публикуется один или два тома трудов, посвященных широк... more По результатам работы каждого коллоквиума публикуется один или два тома трудов, посвященных широкому спектру проблем латинской лингвистики -фонологии, морфосинтаксису, семантике, прагматике, структуре текста и т. д. В этом году Коллоквиум проходил в Тулузе с 8 по 13 июня и был организован кафедрой классических языков Университета Тулузы-2 (ныне носящего имя Жана Жореcа, а в недавнем прошлом -«Ле Мирай», по названию района Тулузы, где он располагается) при поддержке организации CRATA (Culture, Représentation, Archéologie et Théâtre Antiques) 2 . В нем приняли участие около 140 лингвистов из 25 стран мира. Официальные языки конференции по сложившейся традиции -английский, французский, немецкий, испанский, итальянский и латынь. Очевидно, что преобладание в этом списке романских языков обусловлено составом участников, среди которых немало ученых из университетов Франции, Италии, Испании и Латинской Америки: для них исследование латыни является в сущности изучением различных аспектов родных языков на древнейшей стадии их развития. Регистрация участников и прием были организованы во дворике Археологического музея Тулузы (Musée Saint-Raymond), и надо признать, что трудно найти более подходящее место для встречи старых и новых участников коллоквиума латинистов, чем Музей Сен-Раймон, где собраны важнейшие археологические свидетельства присутствия древних римлян на территории галльской Толосы, упоминаемой Цицероном и Авсонием и раскинувшейся на берегах той 1 «Оттого коллоквиум, что приходят в одно место ради беседы» (Варрон. О латинском языке, 6, 57). 2 «Античные культура, наследие, археология и театр».
Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology, Jun 1, 2019
The article attempts to trace how the difference in approaches to the question of language origin... more The article attempts to trace how the difference in approaches to the question of language origin in the Democritus’ and Epicurus’ traditions is reflected in modern linguistics. According to the monograph by Alexander Verlinsky (2006), Democritus insisted on the arbitrary connection between objects and words, while Epicurus insisted on a necessary correlation between them. At first glance, Democritus’ tradition has ultimately won, being reflected in the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure that remain of crucial importance for modern linguistics. If looking further, however, the research on motivation or iconicity of language sign is still quite alive, with a number of relevant studies. This paper argues that the majority of studies on the motivation of language signs still follow the Democritus’ tradition rather than Epicurus’ one. They tend to find the motivation based on purely intralingual data rather than in the “world of denotata”, the works by Roman Jakobson being of especial importance in this sense. Jacobson offered the idea of paradigmatically motivated signs that are segmentally smaller than morphemes, and this idea was further developed by Konstantin Pozdniakov and other linguists into the theory of submorphemic signs and submorphemic neutralizations. In support of this theory, this paper illustrates how the submorphemic level of the language can be used for the description of Latin personal pronouns.
Ditransitive constructions in Latin: competition of paradigmatic dimensions
The relative position of theme (T) and recipient (R) in Latin ditransitive constructions varies: ... more The relative position of theme (T) and recipient (R) in Latin ditransitive constructions varies: theme can precede recipient or vice versa (TR/RT). From this follow two questions to be answered: what is the neutral (“unmarked”) argument order in ditransitive constructions, and what properties of the arguments cause the deviations. In this study, the main focus will be on the idea that the ordering of the arguments in Latin ditransitive constructions results from the interaction of semantic, pragmatic and deictic dimensions. To prove this hypothesis, the constructions with ditransitive verbs mitto ‘to send’, ostendo ‘to show’ and some others were examined. The analysis was conducted with the help of the electronic database PHI-5 and can be considered as a corpus study. After examining all the occurrences provided by the database, I suggest that the neutral order of theme and recipient in Latin ditransitive constructions is TR, and that the alternation of TR/RT order is determined by the competition of the three language dimensions. The findings are summarised in five tables. Keywords: Latin ditransitive constructions, argument structure, animacy hierarchy, competition of paradigmatic dimensions.