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Papers by ajoke adagbada

Research Square (Research Square), Apr 8, 2024

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) when disseminated t... more Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) when disseminated to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through the bidirectional gut-lung crosstalk can cause alterations in GI microbiota composition and diversity. There is, however, paucity of data linking SARS-CoV-2 fecal negative with GI microbial balance. This study investigated the association of the GI bacterial composition with clinically de ned asymptomatic, mild/moderate COVID-19 fecal negative individuals. A total of twelve (12) fecal samples comprising COVID-19 nasopharyngeal (NP) positive (P) (n=7) and negative (N) (n=5) consenting participants were collected and analyzed. The extracted RNA from the stool samples of NP positive were used as templates for the RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and open reading frame (ORF1ab) genes, while DNA from all samples (n=12) was used for the 16S bacterial rRNA metagenomics analysis. The Pielou index and Shannon index were used to assess the alpha diversity of the two groups (P and N) using the Kruskal-Wallis signi cance test, while the beta taxonomic diversity was assessed with the Bray-Curtis diversity index using the Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA) for the signi cance test. Taxonomic classi cation was performed using the Greengenes database trained for the hyper variable 4 of the 16S rRNA (gg_2022_10_backbone. v4. nb). Results: Participants positive for nasopharyngeal COVID-19 RT-PCR (ages 17-74 years) reported none (n=2, 28.5%), mild (n=4, 57.1%) and moderate (n=1, 14.3%) clinical symptoms. The viral genes were not detected with uniformity and richness of bacterial species in stool samples from positive and negative COVID-19 without signi cant differences in alpha diversity, Pielou (p=0.223), Shannon index (p = 0.062), and beta taxonomic diversity (PERMANOVA p=0.357). The taxonomic classi cation showed 14 phyla, 276 genera and 448 species in the samples, with Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria as the most abundant phyla. The most dominant species were bene cial microbes such as Prevotella copri, Phocaeicola vulgatus, and the immunomodulatory, antiin ammatory bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Conclusions: This study did not reveal any differences in the gut bacterial community of SARS-CoV-2 fecal negative, asymptomatic, mild and moderate COVID-19 compared to the apparently healthy control.

The Pan African medical journal, Feb 7, 2012

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with t... more Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium, Vibrio cholera. Choleragenic V. cholera O1 and O139 are the only causative agents of the disease. The two most distinguishing epidemiologic features of the disease are its tendency to appear in explosive outbreaks and its predisposition to causing pandemics that may progressively affect many countries and spread into continents. Despite efforts to control cholera, the disease continues to occur as a major public health problem in many developing countries. Numerous studies over more than a century have made advances in the understanding of the disease and ways of treating patients, but the mechanism of emergence of new epidemic strains, and the ecosystem supporting regular epidemics, remain challenging to epidemiologists. In Nigeria, since the first appearance of epidemic cholera in 1972, intermittent outbreaks have been occurring. The later part of 2010 was marked with severe outbreak which started from the northern part of Nigeria, spreading to the other parts and involving approximately 3,000 cases and 781 deaths. Sporadic cases have also been reported. Although epidemiologic surveillance constitutes an important component of the public health response, publicly available surveillance data from Nigeria have been relatively limited to date. Based on existing relevant scientific literature on features of cholera, this paper presents a synopsis of cholera epidemiology emphasising the situation in Nigeria.

Sri Lanka Journal of Medicine, 2018

Background: As part of the bid to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for children, the S... more Background: As part of the bid to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for children, the Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015. Reports show that economically and socially deprived neighbourhoods have an increased risk of under-five mortality. Objectives: To describe the causes of childhood deaths in selected communities in Nigeria. Methods: Four states namely, Borno, Kwara, Plateau, and Sokoto states representing three geopolitical zones of Nigeria were included in the study. Two local governments were randomly selected in each state. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed to carry out this survey. Pre-coded questionnaires were used to collect data from care givers. The three leading causes of death among under-fives in the Borno State was diarrhoea, measles and sudden death, in the Kwara State was asphyxia, diarrhoea, cough; in Sokoto it was diarrhoea, cough and asphyxia, and in the Plateau State it was diarrhoea, acute respiratory illness and malaria. Conclusions: Diarrhoea was consistently the leading cause of death, followed by pneumonia and asphyxia, which are largely preventable. Surprisingly, with the exception of the Plateau State, malaria was not listed amongst the three leading causes of death in the communities under study.

Indian Journal of Child Health, 2016

M aternal and child mortality rates are important indices of the level of development of countrie... more M aternal and child mortality rates are important indices of the level of development of countries. Due to socioeconomic instability, poor health systems among other factors, Africa is reputed to have one of the worst maternal and child health indices in the world (United Nations Children's Fund) [1-3]. Of approximately 10.8 million global child deaths annually, 41% occur in Africa, South of Sahara. Among African countries with little or no change in these indices, Nigeria features prominently [4]. For example, nearly 1 million of 5.9 million babies born in Nigeria every year die before their fifth birthday [5]. Although child deaths have reduced in Nigeria, the rate of decline is not sharp enough to attain the millennium development goal (MDG) 4 target, which is a twothirds reduction in maternal and child death by 2015. While newborns die from various conditions associated with the delivery, older children die from common and preventable infectious diseases such as acute respiratory infections (ARI), malaria, diarrhea, vaccine-preventable diseases, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Malnutrition is an underlying predisposing and aggravating factor in over half of these deaths [4]. A group of workers examined the pattern of childhood deaths in a Nigerian tertiary hospital which serves about three states of the federation in the Southwestern region between 1996 and 2005 and concluded ABSTRACT Background: Despite the modest gains made under the millennium development goals, indices of child health for Nigeria remain poor. Improvement on these indices requires mitigating the causes of childhood mortality. Objective: We undertook this study to determine the leading cause(s) of childhood mortality in Nigeria from 2005 to 2009. Methods: Using stratified random sampling techniques, data on demographics and cause(s) of death of under-five children, who had died between 2005 and 2009, were collected from the patients' records of seven teaching hospitals. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Results: The leading causes of childhood mortality from this survey were neonatal sepsis (30.1%), asphyxia (27.2%), preterm complications (25.8%), and acute respiratory illness (15.3%). Analysis of causes of death by geopolitical zones did not indicate any definite pattern, although the North-Central and SouthWest had the highest deaths due to respiratory tract infections. The highest death records from human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome came from NorthEast. In addition, Lagos in SouthWest was the most likely to have recorded death due to malaria (p<0.05). Preterm complications and neonatal sepsis accounted for the majority of the causes of death in low birth weight babies, whereas neonatal sepsis and asphyxia accounted for the majority of the causes of death in the appropriate birth weight group. Conclusions: This study supports the results of previous ones that childhood mortality was due to illnesses that were preventable and treatable. Knowledge of the causes and pattern of childhood mortality is essential to enable the health authorities to scale up appropriate interventions to reduce the burden. This will help the country to meet the target of reducing under-five mortality by two-thirds, few years after 2015.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 2017

The deployment of molecular biology techniques for diagnosis and research in Nigeria is faced wit... more The deployment of molecular biology techniques for diagnosis and research in Nigeria is faced with a number of challenges, including the cost of equipment and reagents coupled with the dearth of personnel skilled in the procedures and handling of equipment. Short molecular biology training workshops were conducted at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), to improve the knowledge and skills of laboratory personnel and academics in health, research, and educational facilities. Five-day molecular biology workshops were conducted annually between 2011 and 2014, with participants drawn from health, research facilities, and the academia. The courses consisted of theoretical and practical sessions. The impact of the workshops on knowledge and skill acquisition was evaluated by pre-and post-tests which consisted of 25 multiple choice and other questions. Sixty-five participants took part in the workshops. The mean knowledge of molecular biology as evaluated by the pre-and post-test assessments were 8.4 (95% CI 7.6-9.1) and 13.0 (95 CI 11.9-14.1), respectively. The mean post-test score was significantly greater than the mean pre-test score (p < 0.0001). The fiveday molecular biology workshop significantly increased the knowledge and skills of participants in molecular biology techniques.

Page number not for citation purposes 1 Cholera Epidemiology in Nigeria: an overview

Page number not for citation purposes 1 The prevalence and plasmid profile of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in children in Lagos metropolis, South-western Nigeria

Introduction: Non-typhoidal Salmonella is the causative agent of gastroenteritis, a food-borne an... more Introduction: Non-typhoidal Salmonella is the causative agent of gastroenteritis, a food-borne and zoonotic infection which is a major cause of high morbidity and death among children under 5 years of age especially from resource poor settings like the developing countries. Methods: This study was carried out for 6 months to determine the prevalence and plasmid profile of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in children in Lagos metropolis. A total of 105 stool samples were collected from diarrheal children aged 3 months to 12 years and processed during this period. The isolates were identified using Selenite F Broth, Salmonella-Shigella Agar, Kligler Iron Agar, and Motility-indole-Urea medium, citrate and sugar utilization tests.

The Pan African medical journal, 2014

INTRODUCTION: non-typhoidal Salmonella is the causative agent of gastroenteritis, a food-borne an... more INTRODUCTION: non-typhoidal Salmonella is the causative agent of gastroenteritis, a food-borne and zoonotic infection which is a major cause of high morbidity and death among children under 5 years of age especially from resource poor settings like the developing countries. METHODS: this study was carried out for 6 months to determine the prevalence and plasmid profile of non-typhoidal salmonellosis in children in Lagos metropolis. A total of 105 stool samples were collected from diarrheal children aged 3 months to 12 years and processed during this period. The isolates were identified using Selenite F Broth, Salmonella-Shigella Agar, Kligler Iron Agar, and Motility-indole-Urea medium, citrate and sugar utilization tests. RESULTS: a total number of 127 isolates were identified, 2 of which are Salmonella enteritidis (1.6%). The non-typhoidal Salmonellae were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, cetotaxime, streptomycin, cotrimxazole and tetracycline. Only one of the 2 isolates (50%) was sensi...

Sri Lanka Journal of Medicine

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY) RESE... more This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY) RESEARCH PAPER.

African journal of infectious diseases, 2017

Enterococci are indigenous flora of the gastro-intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Recently,... more Enterococci are indigenous flora of the gastro-intestinal tracts of animals and humans. Recently, interest in two major species, E. faecium and E. faecalis, has heightened because of their ability to cause serious infections and their intrinsic resistance to antimicrobials. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of E. faecium and E. faecalis in human faecal samples and evaluating the susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics. One hundred faecal samples were collected from apparently healthy individuals and analysed using conventionalbacteriological methods. The susceptibility profile of the isolates to nine antibiotics were determined using disk diffusion method. Seventy-three (73) Enterococcus were phenotypically identified and 65 of the isolates were differentiated into 36 (55.4%) E. faecium and 29 (44.6%) E. faecalis. Eight (8) isolates could not be identified by the conventional biochemical methods employed. No dual colonization by the E. faecalis and E. faecium ...

Antibacterial potentials of probiotics; an explorable approach in therapeutic microbiology? Over ... more Antibacterial potentials of probiotics; an explorable approach in therapeutic microbiology? Over the years, probiotics have been shown to have antibacterial potentials through various studies being carried out and thus can be introduced in the course of treatment for bacterial infections. Probiotics act through competitive inhibition, direct antagonism of pathogens and production of antimicrobial factors, they deprive invaders of nutrients, secrete acids that pathogens cannot tolerate and modulate the immune system. Patho-biotechnology has contributed to probiotic application by adopting processes that improve their physiological stress tolerance and increase the resistance of the probiotic strains to industrial processing so as to ensure gastrointestinal transit in numbers adequate enough to elicit a defined benefit to the host. Given the potential antibacterial properties of probiotics, coupled with the fact that in comparison to conventional therapeutics they are relatively simple and inexpensive to produce, transport and store, they may herald a new era in clinical microbiology, especially for the developing world.

Survey and Mapping of the Leading Causes of Childhood Mortality in Nigerian Tertiary Hospitals

Indian Journal of Child Health

Background: Despite the modest gains made under the millennium development goals, indices of chil... more Background: Despite the modest gains made under the millennium development goals, indices of child health for Nigeria remain poor. Improvement on these indices requires mitigating the causes of childhood mortality. Objective: We undertook this study to determine the leading cause(s) of childhood mortality in Nigeria from 2005 to 2009. Methods: Using stratified random sampling techniques, data on demographics and cause(s) of death of under-five children, who had died between 2005 and 2009, were collected from the patients’ records of seven teaching hospitals. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Results: The leading causes of childhood mortality from this survey were neonatal sepsis (30.1%), asphyxia (27.2%), preterm complications (25.8%), and acute respiratory illness (15.3%). Analysis of causes of death by geopolitical zones did not indicate any definite pattern, although the North-Central and South-West had the highest deaths due to respiratory tract infections. The highest death records from human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome came from North-East. In addition, Lagos in South-West was the most likely to have recorded death due to malaria (p<0.05). Preterm complications and neonatal sepsis accounted for the majority of the causes of death in low birth weight babies, whereas neonatal sepsis and asphyxia accounted for the majority of the causes of death in the appropriate birth weight group. Conclusions: This study supports the results of previous ones that childhood mortality was due to illnesses that were preventable and treatable. Knowledge of the causes and pattern of childhood mortality is essential to enable the health authorities to scale up appropriate interventions to reduce the burden. This will help the country to meet the target of reducing under-five mortality by two-thirds, few years after 2015.