aamir afzal - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by aamir afzal
International Journal of Indian Psychology, Mar 18, 2019
This paper examined the impact of infertility on mental health of women. Moreover, it aimed to se... more This paper examined the impact of infertility on mental health of women. Moreover, it aimed to see the role of demographic variables in the relationship between these variables. The sample comprised of 60 married women, divided into two groups of 30 each i.e. fertile and infertile women. Purposive sampling technique was used for sample collection. The sample of infertile women was drawn from different Gynae Departments of Hospitals of Karachi and the sample of fertile women was drawn from different areas of Karachi. Depression, anxiety and stress was significantly observed more in infertile woman than in fertile woman. Further study must be conduct in multiple setups to know the exact figure in other regions of the country to address the variables which are responsible for depression, stress and anxiety among infertile women. This also included rehabilitation and capacity building programs among infertile woman so that they live with a normal routine of quality of life. Infertility was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "Inability to reach a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of systematic unprotected sexual interaction". 1 Moreover being a medical state in itself, infertility may have a major influence on quality of life and wellbeing. 2-5 Psychological problems related to infertility has a wide range from inferiority complex and stress to interpersonal relationships to major depression and anxiety. 6-7 Along with the social, psychological and cultural significance, infertility has been classified as one of the greatest stressors of life. Authors have highlighted the negative impact of infertility on infertile patients who experience more depression, stress and anxiety in their life. They also highlighted the treatment of these disorders. 2-5,8 The incidences of infertility vary from country to country. The global prevalence of infertility is 15% 9. In developing countries the prevalence is greater than 30% whereas in developed countries the range is 17-28%. 10 Infertility can be classified as primary and secondary infertility and it depends on whether a women has had a previous pregnancy or not. 11 Infertility might be a result of complications in men and women. 12 Regardless of whoever is infertile among the couple, infertility is very stressful mainly for women who are blamed for the infertility, most of the time. 13 This effects their life socially,
Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after ele... more Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after elective caesarean section between gum chewing and control group. Study Design: Randomized controlled study Place and Duration: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 30th Dec, 2016 to 30th Jun, 2017. Methodology: After taking approval from the Ethical Review Committee of DHQ hospital and permission from all concerned authorities, study was initiated. All patients fulfilling the above mentioned inclusion criteria were explained the purpose and procedure of the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patient. A detailed history was taken and thorough physical examination was performed. Women were randomized by lottery method into two groups; group A (gum-chewing group) who had received one stick of sugar free gum for 15 minutes every 2 hours after surgery, and group B had a control group (non gum-chewing group). The two groups were follow...
Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2017
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of non-motor symptoms (NMS... more Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to compare frequency in mild and severe disease. Materials and methods: This descriptive observational study was done from January 2015 to June 2015 at Department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. We used Non-Motor Symptom Questionnaire (NMS-Q); a validated scale using 30 questions related to 9 different domains of symptoms. Results: 62 patients were enrolled in the final data set of study (male 46, Female 16) with average age of 62.4 years (range=33-80). Non-motor symptoms were reported very commonly in all stages of PD including urinary urgency (74%), dizziness (71%), memory problems (71%), sexual difficulty (69%), constipation (67%) and depression (62%). Only non-motor symptom that was statistically significantly higher in the severe stages was “reported falls” (Mild 39%, severe 61%, p < 0.01). Some ...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2018
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of side branch (SB) occlusion during percutaneous coronary i... more OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of side branch (SB) occlusion during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting of bifurcation lesions and to assess the predictors of side branch occlusion in local population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, from July 2016 to January 2017. METHODOLOGY A total of 200 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study with non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Variables like diameters and lesion lengths of main vessel and side branch were recorded using quantitative coronary analysis software (QCA). The SB occlusion was defined as <3 TIMI score following main vessel PCI with stenting. The data was analysed using SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS Mean age (years) of the study population was 52.27 ±13.33 including 180 (90.0%) male and 20 (10.0%) female patients. SB occlusion was observed in 15 (7.5%) of c...
Rawal Medical Journal, 2020
Objective: To assess the reason of Pakistani students joining medical profession as their passion... more Objective: To assess the reason of Pakistani students joining medical profession as their passion or family pressure. Methodology: The study was conducted in Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH) and Foundation University Medical College (FUMC), Islamabad, Pakistan. It was a descriptive cross sectional study which included a total of 300 MBBS students of first and second year (Batch 2017 and 2018) by convenience sampling. Views of the students pertaining to reasons for joining the medical field as well as their future ambitions were recorded. Results: Three hundred students who participated in this research were asked to fill a questionnaire regarding their reasons of joining medical college. Majority of the students 25% said that it was their own choice to join the medical profession, whereas 16.7% students stated that they chose to become doctors because it was their parents wish. 7% students expressed that they entered this field by chance or mere luck. There were 36.3% and 27.7% stud...
BACKGROUND In the wake of growing c- section rates around the developing world and likewise in Pa... more BACKGROUND In the wake of growing c- section rates around the developing world and likewise in Pakistan, there is paucity of knowledge about the preference of Pakistani women for the mode of delivery. Therefore, this study explored the reasons behind their preference. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability consecutive sampling technique including 232 pregnant women. RESULTS Majority (87.5%) would prefer a vaginal delivery because it is the natural way of giving birth and its recovery is faster. Moreover, women perceive that it would be easier to provide immediate care and breastfeeding to the newborn. Fear of surgery was the main deterrent for a c-section. Nonetheless, there were 12.5% women in favour of caesarean section, among whom a majority feared birth trauma to the newborn, labour pain, or complications of vaginal delivery such as possible faecal or urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS Pakistani women at large prefer a normal vaginal delivery and the...
Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after ele... more Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after elective caesarean section between gum chewing and control group. Study Design: Randomized controlled study Place and Duration: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 30th Dec, 2016 to 30th Jun, 2017. Methodology: After taking approval from the Ethical Review Committee of DHQ hospital and permission from all concerned authorities, study was initiated. All patients fulfilling the above mentioned inclusion criteria were explained the purpose and procedure of the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patient. A detailed history was taken and thorough physical examination was performed. Women were randomized by lottery method into two groups; group A (gum-chewing group) who had received one stick of sugar free gum for 15 minutes every 2 hours after surgery, and group B had a control group (non gum-chewing group). The two groups were follow...
Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double st... more Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients presenting with dermatological features. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 82 patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) per American College of Rheumatology (revised criteria 1997) from October 2012 to October 2013 and fulfilling the study’s inclusion criteria were enrolled. These patients were first assessed by the dermatologist for four dermatological features, namely malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity and oral ulcers and were than referred to Department of Pathology for assessment of serological markers i.e. ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The diagnostic accuracies of serological markers were analyzed to determine which one of the two serological markers is associated with any of the four dermatological features under observation in our study. Results Out of 82 SLE patients, 77 (93...
Objective: To determine the frequency of precipitating factors of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patie... more Objective: To determine the frequency of precipitating factors of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver based on Child class. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setup: Medical Unit of Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH) Rawalpindi. Duration of study: Duration of study was 06 months after the approval of synopsis i.e 1st November, 2010 to 31st April, 2011. Methods: Patients with Cirrhosis of liver who were aged 13 years or above; of either gender with signs and symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy were enrolled in the study. Precipitating factors were determined by detailed history, examination and laboratory investigations. Patients presenting with fever were evaluated through detailed systemic examination, blood complete picture for leucocytosis, ascitic fluid routine examination in patients with ascites. Cirrhotic patients were classified into Group A, B and C according to Child Pugh classification. Results: Out of 148 patients, 129 (87.16%) were females. Hepatitis C ...
Objective: To determine the clinical accuracy of inflammatory markers combined with ultrasound, i... more Objective: To determine the clinical accuracy of inflammatory markers combined with ultrasound, in acute appendicitis keeping histopathology as gold standard.Study design: Cross Sectional (validation) study.Study setting: Surgical B ward, Department of Surgery Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar.Duration of Study: 07 months i.e from 1st September 2014 to 31st of Mar, 2015Methodology: All patients having acute appendicitis were subjected to blood sampling for CRP, TLC and neutrophil%. After that all these patients were subjected to ultrasonography to detect the presence or absence of appendicitis. All removed appendices were sent for histopathology which was taken as the gold standard.Results In the present study, TLC had the highest sensitivity (77.68%) followed by neutrophil% (69.96%), CRP (67.10%) and U/Sound (62.96%) respectively. While U/Sound had the highest specificity (70.59%) followed by CRP and TLC (64.71% each) and neutrophil% (58.82%) respectively. When all the four tests w...
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of topical nasal corticosteroids alone and in combination... more Objective: To compare the effectiveness of topical nasal corticosteroids alone and in combination with second generation oral antihistamine in the treatment of moderate to severe allergic rhinitis.Study design: Randomized control trialDuration of study: One year from 15th June 2011 to 15th June 2012, E.N.T outpatient department Fauji foundation hospital Rawalpindi.Methodology: 200 cases meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken from the outpatient E.N.T Department Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi and informed consent was taken from each of them for using their data in this study. My study variables are age, gender, the effectiveness of treatment given to each of the two groups, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal blocking, nasal itching, post nasal drip and condition of nasal mucosa. Nasal speculum is used to examine the nose with the head light and post nasal drip is seen with the help of tongue depressor. There were 200 patients divided into two groups of 100 patients e...
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to progno... more Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to prognosticate severe/ complicated appendicitis by taking histopathology of the appendix as a gold standard.Methodology: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at the department of surgery and western vascular institute, University College Hospital Galway, Irelandretrospectively for a period of 6 months i.e. from 05/06/2016 to 05/01/2016. For sampling in this study, non-probability purposive convenience technique was used. An informed consent was taken from each patient. All data were analyzed on SPSS version 21.Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 29.15±9.54 years, the ratio of male to female was 1:1.7. The sensitivity, Specificity was 97.1% and 25.2% respectively and diagnostic accuracy of NLR was 38.7% taking histopathology as gold standard.Conclusion: According to our study results the (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a highly sensitive tool to predict sev...
BioMed Research International
Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their ... more Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their training, and on this aspect, their level of knowledge is suboptimal and practices are risky. Therefore, improving their knowledge and practices would contribute significantly to infection control. Objective. To ascertain the level of understanding of senior dental students regarding the infection control in the dental practice. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students (3rd year and 4th year) of the Foundation University Dental College, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 100 third year dental students and 88 fourth year students. A self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection which consisted of fourteen close-ended items. Frequencies of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were calculated separately by using SPSS 21.0 software. Results. Almost half of the students would not use any antiseptic for sterilizing their hands, and only two-third would ...
BioMed Research International
Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their ... more Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their training, and on this aspect, their level of knowledge is suboptimal and practices are risky. Therefore, improving their knowledge and practices would contribute significantly to infection control. Objective. To ascertain the level of understanding of senior dental students regarding the infection control in the dental practice. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students (3rd year and 4th year) of the Foundation University Dental College, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 100 third year dental students and 88 fourth year students. A self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection which consisted of fourteen close-ended items. Frequencies of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were calculated separately by using SPSS 21.0 software. Results. Almost half of the students would not use any antiseptic for sterilizing their hands, and only two-third would ...
International Journal of Indian Psychology, Mar 18, 2019
This paper examined the impact of infertility on mental health of women. Moreover, it aimed to se... more This paper examined the impact of infertility on mental health of women. Moreover, it aimed to see the role of demographic variables in the relationship between these variables. The sample comprised of 60 married women, divided into two groups of 30 each i.e. fertile and infertile women. Purposive sampling technique was used for sample collection. The sample of infertile women was drawn from different Gynae Departments of Hospitals of Karachi and the sample of fertile women was drawn from different areas of Karachi. Depression, anxiety and stress was significantly observed more in infertile woman than in fertile woman. Further study must be conduct in multiple setups to know the exact figure in other regions of the country to address the variables which are responsible for depression, stress and anxiety among infertile women. This also included rehabilitation and capacity building programs among infertile woman so that they live with a normal routine of quality of life. Infertility was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "Inability to reach a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of systematic unprotected sexual interaction". 1 Moreover being a medical state in itself, infertility may have a major influence on quality of life and wellbeing. 2-5 Psychological problems related to infertility has a wide range from inferiority complex and stress to interpersonal relationships to major depression and anxiety. 6-7 Along with the social, psychological and cultural significance, infertility has been classified as one of the greatest stressors of life. Authors have highlighted the negative impact of infertility on infertile patients who experience more depression, stress and anxiety in their life. They also highlighted the treatment of these disorders. 2-5,8 The incidences of infertility vary from country to country. The global prevalence of infertility is 15% 9. In developing countries the prevalence is greater than 30% whereas in developed countries the range is 17-28%. 10 Infertility can be classified as primary and secondary infertility and it depends on whether a women has had a previous pregnancy or not. 11 Infertility might be a result of complications in men and women. 12 Regardless of whoever is infertile among the couple, infertility is very stressful mainly for women who are blamed for the infertility, most of the time. 13 This effects their life socially,
Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after ele... more Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after elective caesarean section between gum chewing and control group. Study Design: Randomized controlled study Place and Duration: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 30th Dec, 2016 to 30th Jun, 2017. Methodology: After taking approval from the Ethical Review Committee of DHQ hospital and permission from all concerned authorities, study was initiated. All patients fulfilling the above mentioned inclusion criteria were explained the purpose and procedure of the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patient. A detailed history was taken and thorough physical examination was performed. Women were randomized by lottery method into two groups; group A (gum-chewing group) who had received one stick of sugar free gum for 15 minutes every 2 hours after surgery, and group B had a control group (non gum-chewing group). The two groups were follow...
Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences, 2017
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of non-motor symptoms (NMS... more Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of non-motor symptoms (NMS) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to compare frequency in mild and severe disease. Materials and methods: This descriptive observational study was done from January 2015 to June 2015 at Department of Neurology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. We used Non-Motor Symptom Questionnaire (NMS-Q); a validated scale using 30 questions related to 9 different domains of symptoms. Results: 62 patients were enrolled in the final data set of study (male 46, Female 16) with average age of 62.4 years (range=33-80). Non-motor symptoms were reported very commonly in all stages of PD including urinary urgency (74%), dizziness (71%), memory problems (71%), sexual difficulty (69%), constipation (67%) and depression (62%). Only non-motor symptom that was statistically significantly higher in the severe stages was “reported falls” (Mild 39%, severe 61%, p < 0.01). Some ...
Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2018
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of side branch (SB) occlusion during percutaneous coronary i... more OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of side branch (SB) occlusion during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting of bifurcation lesions and to assess the predictors of side branch occlusion in local population. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi, from July 2016 to January 2017. METHODOLOGY A total of 200 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study with non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Variables like diameters and lesion lengths of main vessel and side branch were recorded using quantitative coronary analysis software (QCA). The SB occlusion was defined as <3 TIMI score following main vessel PCI with stenting. The data was analysed using SPSS version 21.0. RESULTS Mean age (years) of the study population was 52.27 ±13.33 including 180 (90.0%) male and 20 (10.0%) female patients. SB occlusion was observed in 15 (7.5%) of c...
Rawal Medical Journal, 2020
Objective: To assess the reason of Pakistani students joining medical profession as their passion... more Objective: To assess the reason of Pakistani students joining medical profession as their passion or family pressure. Methodology: The study was conducted in Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH) and Foundation University Medical College (FUMC), Islamabad, Pakistan. It was a descriptive cross sectional study which included a total of 300 MBBS students of first and second year (Batch 2017 and 2018) by convenience sampling. Views of the students pertaining to reasons for joining the medical field as well as their future ambitions were recorded. Results: Three hundred students who participated in this research were asked to fill a questionnaire regarding their reasons of joining medical college. Majority of the students 25% said that it was their own choice to join the medical profession, whereas 16.7% students stated that they chose to become doctors because it was their parents wish. 7% students expressed that they entered this field by chance or mere luck. There were 36.3% and 27.7% stud...
BACKGROUND In the wake of growing c- section rates around the developing world and likewise in Pa... more BACKGROUND In the wake of growing c- section rates around the developing world and likewise in Pakistan, there is paucity of knowledge about the preference of Pakistani women for the mode of delivery. Therefore, this study explored the reasons behind their preference. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability consecutive sampling technique including 232 pregnant women. RESULTS Majority (87.5%) would prefer a vaginal delivery because it is the natural way of giving birth and its recovery is faster. Moreover, women perceive that it would be easier to provide immediate care and breastfeeding to the newborn. Fear of surgery was the main deterrent for a c-section. Nonetheless, there were 12.5% women in favour of caesarean section, among whom a majority feared birth trauma to the newborn, labour pain, or complications of vaginal delivery such as possible faecal or urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS Pakistani women at large prefer a normal vaginal delivery and the...
Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after ele... more Objective: To compare mean time to return of bowel motility and passage of first flatus after elective caesarean section between gum chewing and control group. Study Design: Randomized controlled study Place and Duration: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DHQ Teaching Hospital, Rawalpindi, from 30th Dec, 2016 to 30th Jun, 2017. Methodology: After taking approval from the Ethical Review Committee of DHQ hospital and permission from all concerned authorities, study was initiated. All patients fulfilling the above mentioned inclusion criteria were explained the purpose and procedure of the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patient. A detailed history was taken and thorough physical examination was performed. Women were randomized by lottery method into two groups; group A (gum-chewing group) who had received one stick of sugar free gum for 15 minutes every 2 hours after surgery, and group B had a control group (non gum-chewing group). The two groups were follow...
Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double st... more Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients presenting with dermatological features. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 82 patients diagnosed as having systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) per American College of Rheumatology (revised criteria 1997) from October 2012 to October 2013 and fulfilling the study’s inclusion criteria were enrolled. These patients were first assessed by the dermatologist for four dermatological features, namely malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivity and oral ulcers and were than referred to Department of Pathology for assessment of serological markers i.e. ANA and anti-dsDNA antibodies. The diagnostic accuracies of serological markers were analyzed to determine which one of the two serological markers is associated with any of the four dermatological features under observation in our study. Results Out of 82 SLE patients, 77 (93...
Objective: To determine the frequency of precipitating factors of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patie... more Objective: To determine the frequency of precipitating factors of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver based on Child class. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setup: Medical Unit of Fauji Foundation Hospital (FFH) Rawalpindi. Duration of study: Duration of study was 06 months after the approval of synopsis i.e 1st November, 2010 to 31st April, 2011. Methods: Patients with Cirrhosis of liver who were aged 13 years or above; of either gender with signs and symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy were enrolled in the study. Precipitating factors were determined by detailed history, examination and laboratory investigations. Patients presenting with fever were evaluated through detailed systemic examination, blood complete picture for leucocytosis, ascitic fluid routine examination in patients with ascites. Cirrhotic patients were classified into Group A, B and C according to Child Pugh classification. Results: Out of 148 patients, 129 (87.16%) were females. Hepatitis C ...
Objective: To determine the clinical accuracy of inflammatory markers combined with ultrasound, i... more Objective: To determine the clinical accuracy of inflammatory markers combined with ultrasound, in acute appendicitis keeping histopathology as gold standard.Study design: Cross Sectional (validation) study.Study setting: Surgical B ward, Department of Surgery Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar.Duration of Study: 07 months i.e from 1st September 2014 to 31st of Mar, 2015Methodology: All patients having acute appendicitis were subjected to blood sampling for CRP, TLC and neutrophil%. After that all these patients were subjected to ultrasonography to detect the presence or absence of appendicitis. All removed appendices were sent for histopathology which was taken as the gold standard.Results In the present study, TLC had the highest sensitivity (77.68%) followed by neutrophil% (69.96%), CRP (67.10%) and U/Sound (62.96%) respectively. While U/Sound had the highest specificity (70.59%) followed by CRP and TLC (64.71% each) and neutrophil% (58.82%) respectively. When all the four tests w...
Objective: To compare the effectiveness of topical nasal corticosteroids alone and in combination... more Objective: To compare the effectiveness of topical nasal corticosteroids alone and in combination with second generation oral antihistamine in the treatment of moderate to severe allergic rhinitis.Study design: Randomized control trialDuration of study: One year from 15th June 2011 to 15th June 2012, E.N.T outpatient department Fauji foundation hospital Rawalpindi.Methodology: 200 cases meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken from the outpatient E.N.T Department Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi and informed consent was taken from each of them for using their data in this study. My study variables are age, gender, the effectiveness of treatment given to each of the two groups, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, nasal blocking, nasal itching, post nasal drip and condition of nasal mucosa. Nasal speculum is used to examine the nose with the head light and post nasal drip is seen with the help of tongue depressor. There were 200 patients divided into two groups of 100 patients e...
Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to progno... more Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to prognosticate severe/ complicated appendicitis by taking histopathology of the appendix as a gold standard.Methodology: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at the department of surgery and western vascular institute, University College Hospital Galway, Irelandretrospectively for a period of 6 months i.e. from 05/06/2016 to 05/01/2016. For sampling in this study, non-probability purposive convenience technique was used. An informed consent was taken from each patient. All data were analyzed on SPSS version 21.Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 29.15±9.54 years, the ratio of male to female was 1:1.7. The sensitivity, Specificity was 97.1% and 25.2% respectively and diagnostic accuracy of NLR was 38.7% taking histopathology as gold standard.Conclusion: According to our study results the (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a highly sensitive tool to predict sev...
BioMed Research International
Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their ... more Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their training, and on this aspect, their level of knowledge is suboptimal and practices are risky. Therefore, improving their knowledge and practices would contribute significantly to infection control. Objective. To ascertain the level of understanding of senior dental students regarding the infection control in the dental practice. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students (3rd year and 4th year) of the Foundation University Dental College, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 100 third year dental students and 88 fourth year students. A self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection which consisted of fourteen close-ended items. Frequencies of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were calculated separately by using SPSS 21.0 software. Results. Almost half of the students would not use any antiseptic for sterilizing their hands, and only two-third would ...
BioMed Research International
Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their ... more Background. Dental students are exposed to various infections and infective sources during their training, and on this aspect, their level of knowledge is suboptimal and practices are risky. Therefore, improving their knowledge and practices would contribute significantly to infection control. Objective. To ascertain the level of understanding of senior dental students regarding the infection control in the dental practice. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students (3rd year and 4th year) of the Foundation University Dental College, Pakistan. The sample consisted of 100 third year dental students and 88 fourth year students. A self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection which consisted of fourteen close-ended items. Frequencies of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were calculated separately by using SPSS 21.0 software. Results. Almost half of the students would not use any antiseptic for sterilizing their hands, and only two-third would ...