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Papers by abhijit trailokya

$Research paper thumbnail of Novel therapeutics for Hodgkin\'s lymphoma$

Southeast Asian journal of health professionals, Mar 15, 2024

Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL) was first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832., is a malignant disorder, a... more Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL) was first described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832., is a malignant disorder, a rare B cell lymphoma (mutant lymphocytes) with reasonable outcome due to the fair cure rates achieved by modern chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. The incidence of HL is 2.6 cases per 100,000 people, accounts for 10% lymphoma cases. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in nearly 45% of HL patients Most of the affected patients are between ages 20 to 40 years. HL is uncommon in children < 5 years of age. The Reed-Sternberg (RS), large cells 50 micrometers in diameter which secrete cytokines to recruit reactive cells that include IL-5 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). The RS cells are positive for CD 30 and CD15 & sometimes for CD 20. They are negative for CD 45. The 5-year overall survival (OS) in stage 1 or stage IIa is approximately 90%;, the stage 4 disease has a 5-year OS of approximately 60%. More than 80 percent of all patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma can be cured by current treatment approaches. The cure rate is higher, approaching 90 percent, in younger patients and those with early-stage Hodgkins lymphoma (ESHL). Pragmatic therapeutic approach includes brief chemotherapy (ABVD-Adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine sulfate, and dacarbazine. For 3-4 cycles), For advanced-stage classic (CD30positive) Hodgkin lymphoma, the combination of doxorubicin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, and brentuximab has emerged as a more effective, Patients with recurrent Hodgkin lymphoma would require high-dose chemotherapy followed by ASCT. Hodgkin lymphoma that recurs after ASCT would be managed by the checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Radiotherapy plays a role as a single modality in early stage lymphocyte-predominant HL. The role of autologous transplant was established decades ago by two randomized controlled trials demonstrating an improvement in PFS but not OS in patients with relapsed/refractory HL. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi-dermatophytes affec... more Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi-dermatophytes affecting the skin, hair and/or nails. They have also been termed tinea infections. Dermatophytes, the most common contributing agents, are pretending high importance in developing countries like India. Emerging Pathogen Causing Recalcitrant Dermatophytosis like Trichophyton indotineae, which is terbinafine resistant. Development of Anti-fungal resistance due to irrational usage of antifungals, steroid misuse, availability of topical creams with steroid combination on OTC, improper and inadequate treatment, lack of patient counselling and education are the most important factors which made dermatophyte difficult to treat. Proper diagnosis, correct selection of anti-fungal, with adequate duration of therapy, avoidance of steroid, patient education on lifestyle changes will be probable solutions in resolving current challenges. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Dec 14, 2023

Background: Dry eye disease is a common ophthalmic condition which is chronic in nature, It is ma... more Background: Dry eye disease is a common ophthalmic condition which is chronic in nature, It is major health issue especially in the current digital era. Dry eye disease is one of the most common reasons for visiting eye care practitioners. Purpose: To understand the treatment pattern of medical management of dry eye disease across India. Materials and Methods: This single visit, cross-sectional, non-interventional, interview-based ophthalmologist survey on dry eye disease (DED) was conducted between 10

The Journal of Community Health Management

Digital Eye Strain (DES) is currently an emerging public health threat. The strain is directly pr... more Digital Eye Strain (DES) is currently an emerging public health threat. The strain is directly proportional to the duration of digital screen exposure (screens of mobiles, computers, laptops, tablets). Digital Eye Strain is characterized by dry eyes, itching, foreign body sensation, watering, blurring of vision, and headache. According to the American Optometric Association, the usage of digital devices continuously for two hours is adequate to bring in digital eye strain. The increased time spent on the electronic and digital gadgets is the sole contributor of DES. It is estimated that the a person spends nearly 4.5–7 hours a day on the computer/cell phones either at the office or at home. Management options for DES are symptoms-based and include a holistic and comprehensive approach, from the management of refractive errors and ocular surface dryness to providing workplace recommendations to improve visual comfort. Lubricating drops may reduce dry eye symptoms such as dryness, irr...

IP Indian journal of clinical and experimental dermatology, Oct 14, 2023

The prevalence of superficial fungal infection has ascended in India over the past 6-7 years. Chr... more The prevalence of superficial fungal infection has ascended in India over the past 6-7 years. Chronic, recurrent, relapse and steroid-modified tinea (tinea incognito) with nonresponse to the conventional treatment regimens are being commonly reported. Poor adherence to general measures, and noncompliance to treatment are important factors affecting the spread of infection and clinical presentation. The management of superficial fungal infection depends on general measures and medical management. Treatment strategies involve the use of systemic antifungals and/or topical antifungal agents. Treatment guidelines must be followed appropriately. Regular patient counselling and patient education are the deciding parameters for successful treatment of superficial fungal infection. Patients should be well educated about personal hygiene, clothing, skin care, corticosteroid abuse, adherence to general measures and compliance with treatment to ensure a successful treatment outcome. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences

Journal of Association of Physicians of India, May 1, 2023

Dermatophytosis is a very common public health problem with high prevalence. Dermatophytes are a ... more Dermatophytosis is a very common public health problem with high prevalence. Dermatophytes are a highly specialized set of filamentous fungi, which are adapted to keratinized tissues of humans and animals. Dermatophytosis is the most common fungal infection worldwide, affecting approximately 20-25% of the world's population. The etiological agents of dermatophytosis, called dermatophytes, change with geography and socioeconomic status. Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) is the prime species for skin and nail infections followed by T. mentagrophytes/ T. interdigital complex. There is a shift from T. rubrum to T. mentagrophytes in India for superficial fungal infections. In order to deal with fungal infections, treatment strategies involve the use of systemic antifungals and/or topical antifungal agents. Naftifine is a synthetic allylamine antifungal first reported in 1974 and in 1985 became the first commercially available allylamine. The highly lipophilic nature of allylamine allows efficient penetration and reasonably high concentrations in the stratum corneum (SC) and hair follicles. Naftifine is fungicidal as well as fungistatic. The higher efficacy rates of allylamines over imidazoles for the treatment of fungal infections, even for months after cessation of treatment, is thought to be due to their fungicidal effect, as well as to potentially greater keratin binding and slower release from the SC. The effectiveness of naftifine is also demonstrated against various bacteria belonging to both gram-negative and gram-positive classes. The antiinflammatory property of naftifine has been reported in various preclinical studies where it has been shown to target the prostaglandin pathway. Naftifine 1 and 2% gel and cream is approved by The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), recently naftifine has been approved in India by the Indian regulatory authority Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Naftifine 2% also appears to be a promising treatment, requiring fewer applications than the 1% formulation. Naftifine appears to be effective in a single dose and has a shorter treatment duration than azoles. Naftifine demonstrated its efficacy and safety in various clinical studies of tinea infections. Naftifine offers a very useful and promising option for treating dermatophytosis.

PubMed, Jul 1, 2015

Anticoagulant therapy is a major component in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). A... more Anticoagulant therapy is a major component in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Anticoagulant-associated adverse events like heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, bleeding complications and need of close monitoring of anticoagulation led to focus on developing agents causing anticoagulation without affecting primary haemostasis. Fondaparinux, a new-age synthetic anticoagulant, acts by inhibiting factor Xa. It is simple to administer and has low inter and intra-subject variability. Moreover, there is no risk of significant drug interactions and no need for monitoring the platelet count. Efficacy of fondaparinux has been studied in various disorders including prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopaedic surgery, abdominal surgery and acutely ill medical patients, treatment of venous thromboembolism, non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction. This article covers the review of fondaparinux and its practical advantages mainly in the management of ACS including non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction.

Indian journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, Mar 15, 2023

DPP-4 inhibitors are present in the market for almost more than a decade. In Management of T2DM, ... more DPP-4 inhibitors are present in the market for almost more than a decade. In Management of T2DM, DPP-4 inhibitors are established therapy option. The precise guidance for the pre-and post-approval and also CV safety of the newer antidiabetic agents was released by the USFDA in 2008. A neutral effect of Pooled safety analyses, as well as retrospective meta-analyses of clinical trials, have consistently demonstrated that DPP-4 inhibitors are not associated with any increase in cardiovascular adverse events, and have even pointed towards a risk reduction. The combination therapy of Alogliptin with other agents like metformin and pioglitazone have been shown to provide better and superior efficacy as compared to individual monotherapy. The hypoglycemic risk is less with Alogliptin. Alogliptin has been shown to be associated with less risk of hepatotoxicity, weight gain, and acute pancreatitis. Alogliptin does not worsen outcomes in patients with a history of heart failure (HF), neither does it increase rate of new hospitalization for heart failure (HF), as per the data from EXAMINE trial. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Indian heart journal, Nov 1, 2014

care hospital in India. Rheumatic heart disease and primary cardiomyopathies are also present in ... more care hospital in India. Rheumatic heart disease and primary cardiomyopathies are also present in significant proportion. In ADHF patients there is low use of evidence-based therapies (ACE inhibitors/ARBs, beta-blockers) and short-term mortality is high. Hypertension Evaluation and assessment of rosuvastatin 40 mg treatment in high risk dyslipidemic patients (EARTH Study

Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

PCSK 9 inhibitors currently have a market of 3 billion USD and by next 10 years it will raise to ... more PCSK 9 inhibitors currently have a market of 3 billion USD and by next 10 years it will raise to 13 billion USD in developed world. The rising prevalence of dyslipidemia and other lipid disorders are linked to lipid metabolism due to an unbalanced lifestyle and rising alcohol and tobacco use. PCSK9 inhibitors are injectable monoclonal antibodies that inactivate PCSK9 receptors. PCSK9 inhibition decreases degradation of the LDL receptor, thus raising the number of functioning LDL receptors on hepatocytes and lowering the number of LDL particles in the blood, which are atherogenic. For patients with very high cardiovascular risk, PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe are added to statins, where they significantly lower absolute risk for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Statins are known to upregulate PCSK9 encoding gene. PCSK9 inhibitors are given bimonthly or monthly and are reasonably safe. Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) a common inherited disorder of lipid metabolism, has mutati...

Heart India, 2014

Background: Atenolol is a widely used anti-hypertensive drug worldwide. Despite well-studied from... more Background: Atenolol is a widely used anti-hypertensive drug worldwide. Despite well-studied from other population, due to the paucity of data from Indians, this study was conducted. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in 566 tertiary care hospitals in India. Adult male or female naïve patients with Stage I 1 or Stage II 2 (Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee) essential hypertension or patients uncontrolled on current monotherapy or other combination therapy. Demographic details, blood pressure and heart rate readings (weeks 2, 8, and 12) and drug-related details of the study participants were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 2657 participants were evaluated. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the study participants were 161.73 (15.13) and 99.21 (11.37), respectively. Mean (SD) of the baseline heart rate was 84.39 (10.17) beats/min. Statistically significant reductions (P < 0.05) were noted in both the blood pressures and heart rate at all the follow-up visits in comparison to baseline. Of the total 632 patients with Stage I hypertension, 153 (24.21%) achieved a reduction in blood pressure <120/80 mmHg, while 245 (38.77%) had their blood pressure between 121 and 140 mmHg systolic and/or 81-90 mmHg diastolic at 12 weeks of therapy. Global assessment of the efficacy and tolerability were found to be at least satisfactory in the majority of the study participants. Conclusion: To conclude, atenolol as an anti-hypertensive agent seems to be promising both in terms of effectiveness and safety profile in the Indian population.

PubMed, Dec 1, 2016

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of mortality and morbidity. There is an inc... more Background: Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of mortality and morbidity. There is an increasing prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia due to globalization and adoption of westernized dietary habits in India. These transitions are manifest in dietary patterns and health outcomes. Objective: To study the dietary salt and fat intake among patients diagnosed with hypertension and dyslipidemia in India. Methods: SCRIPT study was a pilot exploratory, cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, multi-center study. It was conducted across hospitals and clinics in five metro cities of India, represented into four regional zones. In each region (North, n = 113; East, n = 98; West, n = 83; South, n = 152), patients diagnosed with hypertension and dyslipidemia were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographic and treatment details were recorded. Participants were interviewed by a dietician and their dietary intake was assessed by a three-day recall of food item questionnaire/ food diary. Results: Overall the mean total daily salt consumption was 10.9 grams. Region-wise, the mean daily salt consumption in North, East, West and South were 14.13, 9.81, 10.12 and 9.38 grams respectively. The daily salt consumption in the North was significantly higher than other regions (P=0.012). The daily consumption of saturated fats (total saturated fat, ghee and butter) in the North was higher and statistically significantly in comparison to West, South and East (P <0.05). Overall, fats contributed to 24.1%, proteins contributed to 12.7% and carbohydrate contributed to 63.2% of total energy per day. The percentage of fat and protein contributing to total energy per day was within the acceptable range. Conclusions: Our study documented higher dietary salt intake than that recommended in India. There is an urgent need to address the issue of high salt and saturated fat consumption. Nutritional strategies for reducing salt intake, saturated fat and balancing energy nutrients should be urgently applied in Indian hypertensive and dyslipidemia patients.

PubMed, Jul 1, 2016

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN), being a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), i... more Introduction: Hypertension (HTN), being a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is an important issue of medical and public health. High blood pressure (BP) is ranked as the third most important risk factor for attributable burden of disease in south Asia (2010). Hypertension (HTN) exerts a substantial public health burden on cardiovascular health status and healthcare systems in India. Uncontrolled hypertension among adults with hypertension is associated with increased mortality. An inadequate data is available in India on uncontrolled hypertension. Objectives: The present study was planned to evaluate the patient profile, co-morbidities, management in uncontrolled hypertensive patients and also to determine the number of patients with resistant hypertension across India. Methods: A total of 4725 uncontrolled hypertensive patients who were on anti-hypertensive medications were evaluated in this cross-sectional and observational study. The observed patterns were recorded with respect to the prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and evaluate the socio-demographic, medical history, anthropometric variables and treatment preferences in Indian patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Results: Majority of the patients with uncontrolled hypertension were males (71.4%) and aged 46-65 years. Most of the study population were pre-obese (males: 35.7%; females: 27.4%). Higher proportion of patients with uncontrolled hypertension were residents of Maharashtra (25.6%) and Gujarat (11.6%). Antihypertensive monotherapy was used by 45.4% and 54.6% patients used combination therapy (≥ 2 categories of anti-hypertensive medications). Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were the most preferred agent as monotherapy (70.6%) and also the most common component of dual and triple combination anti-hypertensive agent. 19.5% (922/4725) patients had resistant hypertension and 80% of the patients were aged 46-65 years. Higher proportion of patients were males (67.2%; 620/922) and higher proportion of patients were to residents of Andhra Pradesh (21.4% patients) and Maharashtra (19.3% patients). All 922 resistant hypertensive patients were on ≥ 3 anti-hypertensive medications and received ARB + CCB + Diuretics as the most preferred anti-hypertensive combination therapy. Diabetes and dyslipidaemia were the major comorbidities reported in patients with uncontrolled and resistant hypertension. Lipid lowering agents followed by oral hypoglycaemic agents and antiplatelet medications were the common concomitant medications used. Various factor responsible for not achieving the desired blood pressure goals may be the physician's lack of awareness about recent hypertensive treatment guidelines that might contribute to patient's poor adherence due to not explaining adequately the benefit and risks of a medication, not giving consideration to the patient's life style, the cost of medication, and inadequate dose titration. Conclusions: Uncontrolled hypertension is a major problem in India. It is prudent to focus on multiple risk factors while treating hypertension. A combination therapy with multiple blood pressure lowering drugs are important and concerns should be identified while selecting the appropriate dosage of combinations of anti-hypertensive therapy and adherence to the therapy. The preferred choices for mono, dual combination and triple combination anti-hypertensive regimens are ARBs; ARB + CCB; ARB + CCB + Diuretics, respectively. In this study, most of the patients were on monotherapy; however a rationale combination therapy or dose adjustment is required for the effective management of hypertension. The protective measures to be taken to control hypertension includes reduction of physicians inertia, diet and physical activity, regular patient follow-up with BP measurements and counselling, and the improvement in patient adherence.

Cardiovascular pharmacology: open access, 2015

Thromboembolic disorders are common worldwide, frequently a leading cause of death. Judicial use ... more Thromboembolic disorders are common worldwide, frequently a leading cause of death. Judicial use of Anticoagulant plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of Venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, Stroke prevention in valvular and Non-valvular heart disease, and Acute coronary syndrome. Vitamin K antagonists, e.g., acenocoumerol and warfarin are commonly used as oral anticoagulants worldwide. The clinical use of oral anticoagulants has come a long way since their discovery over 50 years ago and Acenocoumarol is a coumarin derivative with pharmacological features closer to an ideal oral anticoagulant. Acenocoumarol is a drug with over 50 years of clinical experience and has been the subject of numerous clinical studies Acenocoumarol is prescribed once every day orally, as the anticoagulant is applied in various thromboembolic disorders. Amongst the coumarone, acenocoumarol is unique, with its rapid onset and offset of action and well documented efficacy and safety. Acenocoumarol has been shown to be superior to warfarin in maintaining INR stability within therapeutic range and efficacy. Despite the development of several new oral anticoagulants, coumarin anticoagulants remained unchallenged. Their efficacy has been established beyond doubt and they have long years of clinical experience. Forever 50 years since its discovery, acenocoumarol still continues to be widely used in India and various parts of the world.

PubMed, Apr 1, 2016

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD's) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in bot... more Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD's) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Many clinical trials have demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering, reduces the incidence of coronary and cerebrovascular events across a broad spectrum of patients at risk. Guidelines for the management of patients at risk have been established in Europe and North America. The guidelines have advocated progressively lower LDL-C targets and more aggressive use of statin therapy. In Indian patients, comprehensive data on dyslipidemia management and its treatment outcomes are inadequate. There is lack of information on existing treatment patterns, the patient's profile being treated, and factors that determine treatment success or failure in achieving desired goals. Purpose: The present study was planned to determine the lipid control status in high-risk dyslipidemic patients treated with lipid-lowering therapy in India. Methods: This cross-sectional, non-interventional, single visit program was conducted across 483 sites in India where male and female patients with high-risk dyslipidemia aged 18 to 65 years who had visited for a routine health check-up to their respective physician at hospital or a healthcare center. Percentage of high-risk dyslipidemic patients achieving adequate LDL-C level (< 70 mg/dL) on lipid-lowering therapy and the association of lipid parameters with patient characteristics, comorbid conditions, and lipid lowering drugs were analysed. Results: 3089 patients were enrolled in the study; of which 64% were males. LDL-C data was available for 95.2% of the patients; only 7.7% of these patients achieved LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL on lipid-lowering therapy, which may be due to inability to follow therapeutic plans, poor compliance, or inadequate counselling by physician. The physician's lack of awareness about recent treatment guidelines also might contribute to patients' poor adherence, not explaining adequately the benefit and risks of a medication, not giving consideration to the patient's life style and the cost of medication. Statin was the most commonly used anti-dyslipidemic drug across population. The higher proportion of patients had the comorbid condition of CVD and diabetes mellitus across all dyslipidemic patients. Conclusions: As per the European Society of Cardiology guidelines the ideal LDL-C levels in high risk dyslipidemic patients should be less than 70 mg/dL. In the present study, 7.7% of the patients achieved LDL-C levels < 70 mg/dL on lipid lowering therapy which is very less. Most of high risk dyslipidemic patients in India are on suboptimal dosage of statin. So more aggressive and high dosage statin therapy may be required to achieve target LDLC levels in high risk Indian dyslipidemic patients.

Dapagliflozin is the first in a novel class of glucose-lowering agents known as sodium-glucose co... more Dapagliflozin is the first in a novel class of glucose-lowering agents known as sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors which was approved by USFDA in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults initially, followed by to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in adults with T2DM and established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Most recently, it is approved to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and in adults with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (NYHA class II-IV). Dapagliflozin has been studied in a wide range of patients with diabetes and plethora of evidence has confirmed its efficacy as a monotherapy as well as an add-on to the oral therapies and insulin, when compared to placebo. Additional advantages include weight reduction which has been consistently demonstrated in Phase III studies and good tolerability. Also there is a demonstrable reduction in systolic blood pressure in patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. DECLARE TIMI 58 study clearly demonstrated that Dapagliflozin was non inferior in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with T2DM and high CV risk compared with placebo. 27% risk reduction in heart failure hospitalisation was noted along without increased risk of amputation. DAPA HF evaluated the efficacy and safety of the dapagliflozin in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction, irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetes. Patients with symptomatic HF due to reduced ejection fraction treated with dapagliflozin had positive outcomes with reduction in cardiovascular deaths and HF events. The DAPA-CKD trial which was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with or without type 2 diabetes found that it significantly lowered the risk of a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50%, end-stage kidney disease, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes in patients with CKD, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. Ongoing trials like DELIVER, DAPA ACT HF-TIMI 68, DICTATE-AHF, HF readmission study, DAPA MI Study, Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin for Weight Loss, will throw more light on the precise effects of dapagliflozin in several clinical scenarios. To conclude - Dapagliflozin was well studied not only in T2DM but also in HF and CKD patients with positive results and good safety profile.

IP Indian Journal of Immunology and Respiratory Medicine

Cough is one of the most frequent symptom for patients to seek medical attention. Cough can be as... more Cough is one of the most frequent symptom for patients to seek medical attention. Cough can be associated with many disease processes and the ultimate treatment depends on determining the etiology and diagnosis. Antitussive agents with different mechanisms of action have been developed in the past, but there are still very few medications that seem to be effective without any side effects especially related to central nervous system (CNS). Levodropropizine is an antitussive agent which acts peripherally and is a non-opioid cough medication that is in use since many years as a symptomatic therapy for cough. Levodropropizine has potent antitussive activity mainly due to peripheral effects by inhibiting the activation of vagal C-fibers. In fact, levodropropizine has been proven effective in controlling cough and is devoid of the central depressant effect. Levodropropizine oral suspension (30mg/5ml) is approved by drug approval body of India, Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for ...

Orthopedic & muscular system, Jul 11, 2017

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Dec 28, 2016