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Papers by a del Cura

En estas breves notas se da un avance de las analiti- cas que se estan realizando sobre tres frag... more En estas breves notas se da un avance de las analiti- cas que se estan realizando sobre tres fragmentos de ele- mentos arquitectonicos ibericos recuperados en Caudete (Albacete) y que pudieran proceder de la necropolis de Capuchinos. Hasta el momento se han realizado analisis mediante Fluorescencia de Rayos X (FRX) para deter- minar su composicion elemental y Difraccion de Rayos X (DRX) para conocer los principales compuestos cris- talinos de las muestras.

Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2010

Ruidera Pools Natural Park, Spain, constitutes one of the most representative systems of carbonat... more Ruidera Pools Natural Park, Spain, constitutes one of the most representative systems of carbonate precipitation in Europe. The prokaryotic community of a dry modern stromatolite recovered from the park has been analyzed by molecular techniques that included denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, together with microscopic observations from the sample and cultures. Ribosomal RNA was directly extracted to study the putatively active part of the microbial community present in the sample. A total of 295 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed. Libraries were dominated by sequences related to Cyanobacteria, most frequently to the genus Leptolyngbya. A diverse and abundant assemblage of non-cyanobacterial sequences was also found, including members of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi groups. No amplification was obtained when using archaeal primers. The results showed that at the time of sampling, when the pool was dry, the bacterial community of the stromatolites was dominated by groups of highly related Cyanobacteria, including new groups that had not been previously reported, although a high diversity outside this phylogenetic group was also found. The results indicated that part of the Cyanobacteria assemblage was metabolically active and could thus play a role in the mineralization processes inside the stromatolites.

International Review of Hydrobiology, 2006

Using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, LTSEM) coupled with analytical methods (XRD and EDS) t... more Using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, LTSEM) coupled with analytical methods (XRD and EDS) the role of phosphorus has been assessed in the formation of freshwater calcite deposits (tufa) in a small pond of the Ruidera Lakes (Spain). Differences between the cell walls and sheaths of bacteria and eukaryotic algae as well as the existence of additional layers of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were features that lead to differences in the process of induced calcite biomineralization. Phosphorus has influence in the biomineralization of the EPS, sheaths and cell walls of cyanobacteria allowing for fossil preservation whereas does not participate in the calcite precipitation around algae and mosses. This variability may explain the different positive or negative roles played by natural or artificial inputs of phosphorus in hard water lakes and the different morphological features of calcite precipitates associated with eukaryotic and cyanobacteria picoplankton found in natural environments. The biomineralization observed is in agreement with the isotopic composition of the tufa layers that reflect the variations in environmental conditions around biological communities.

Science of The Total Environment, 2009

In this study, the deterioration effects of lichens and other lithobionts in a temperate mesother... more In this study, the deterioration effects of lichens and other lithobionts in a temperate mesothermal climate were explored. We examined samples of dolostone and limestone rocks with visible signs of biodeterioration taken from the exterior wall surfaces of four Romanesque churches in Segovia (Spain): San Lorenzo, San Martín, San Millán and La Vera Cruz. Biofilms developing on the lithic substrate were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The most common lichen species found in the samples were recorded. Fungal cultures were then obtained from these carbonate rocks and characterized by sequencing Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS). Through scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered electron mode, fungi (lichenized and non-lichenized) were observed as the most frequent microorganisms occurring at sites showing signs of biodeterioration. The colonization process was especially conditioned by the porosity characteristics of the stone used in these buildings. While in dolostones, microorganisms mainly occupied spaces comprising the rock's intercrystalline porosity, in bioclastic dolomitized limestones, fungal colonization seemed to be more associated with moldic porosity. Microbial biofilms make close contact with the substrate, and thus probably cause significant deterioration of the underlying materials. We describe the different processes of stone alteration induced by fungal colonization and discuss the implications of these processes for the design of treatments to prevent biodeterioration.

Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1997

... Durability tests Indirect estimations of durability There have been many attempts to develop ... more ... Durability tests Indirect estimations of durability There have been many attempts to develop convenient techniques for testing the durability of porous stones. ... A simple predictor for thedurability of porous stones has recently been attempted by Richardson (1991). ...

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1989

ABSTRACT

Materiales de Construcción, 2002

Materiales de Construcción, 2008

En este trabajo se evalúa cómo influye la textura de las dolomías en las estrategias adoptadas po... more En este trabajo se evalúa cómo influye la textura de las dolomías en las estrategias adoptadas por los microorganismos para colonizar estos materiales pétreos. Para ello se han caracterizado muestras de dolomías con diferentes texturas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido en modo de electrones retrodispersados (SEM-BSE), microscopía electrónica de barrido a bajas temperaturas (LTSEM), microscopía de luz transmitida (TLM) y porosimetría por intrusión de mercurio (MIP). De estas observaciones se deduce que los hongos son los microorganismos colonizadores más importantes en las dolomías estudiadas. Además, en esta colonización fúngica se han distinguido tres fases bien definidas que tienen como resultado final la disgregación completa de la roca. La presencia y extensión de cada fase de colonización se han visto determinadas por la magnitud y tipo de porosidad de las distintas dolomías analizadas. Los resultados de este estudio apuntan a que estas características de textura pueden condicionar la biorreceptividad de las dolomías y por tanto también los procesos de alteración asociados a esta colonización.

Materiales de Construcción, 2008

Materiales de Construcción, 2005

Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004

Laboratory driven crystallisation of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride from concentrated soluti... more Laboratory driven crystallisation of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride from concentrated solution in unsaturated porous stones has been performed. This contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which salts crystallise and as a consequence limit the durability of porous materials which has an impact on buildings, civil constructions, and historical monuments. The identification of minerals in porous materials has been performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and sequential profiles of X-ray diffraction (XRD) under temperature control of sample. The study of porous stones has been combined with experiments in capillary tubes. Data from SEM show that halite tends to precipitate on the surface of the stone with a similar distribution in all samples. However, the mirabilite-thenardite precipitation takes place preferably inside the stone and its depth from the surface and its relative concentration depends on the pore size distribution. In addition, mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 Á 10H 2 O) crystallises homogeneously, whereas thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) and halite (NaCl) tend to nucleate heterogeneously. To explain the precipitation sequence from concentrated solutions in unsaturated porous materials, a detailed analysis of the thermodynamic equations has been carried out by establishing a simple model. The proposed model shows the influence of the pore structure both on the water activity and saturation degree of involved salts. r

Journal of Crystal Growth, 1999

... View Within Article. The size distribution and connected porosity of the calcarenites and qua... more ... View Within Article. The size distribution and connected porosity of the calcarenites and quartz–arenite samples (fresh samples) are shown in Table 1. The porosity data was obtained by Autoscan-60 mercury porosimetry. Table ...

Geomorphology, 2005

The Ruidera Lakes Natural Park, in Central Spain, contains a well-exposed Pleistocene to Recent f... more The Ruidera Lakes Natural Park, in Central Spain, contains a well-exposed Pleistocene to Recent freshwater carbonate (tufa) succession dominated by fluvial barrages and lacustrine deposits. The majority of exposed tufas are Holocene to Recent in age. Today, carbonate accumulation is currently manifested as active phytoherm barrage constructions, marginal lacustrine stromatolitic terraces, lacustrine lime muds (all produced mainly by precipitation) and sand-size detrital tufa. The depositional history of the Ruidera Park sites has been interpreted from natural outcrops, rotary drill and percussion auger cores. These reveal a long Quaternary record of microbially dominated barrage framework developments and associated lacustrine carbonates. These alternate with frost weathering deposits and detrital tufa episodes, especially during cooler conditions. U-series dating of several earlier tufa deposits within the park indicates four distinct episodes of tufa development at 190-250 ka B.P., 90-130 ka B.P., 30-40 ka B.P. and 16 ka B.P.-Present. The three oldest episodes appear to be related to cyclic tufa-building events associated with warm periods of Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS): 7, 5 and 3. Growth under present conditions is slow and several barrages have been damaged by human activity and drought events. D

Geomorphology, 2008

The Cordovilla basin, located within the frontal thrust belt of the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain, i... more The Cordovilla basin, located within the frontal thrust belt of the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain, is an elongated NW-SE graben showing discrete surface rupture generated by Holocene paleoearthquake activity. A main and an antithetic normal, NW-SE trending, active faults bound the basin. Paleoseismological evidence is reported on upslope-facing scarps of the antithetic fault, acting as dams to runoff, which contributed to temporary lacustrine conditions, as well as sediment uplift. The fluvial network in the area shows a poor drainage activity, whereas a present lake is dammed by the antithetic fault. The modern landscape is controlled by Holocene faulting, modifying the geological environment according to earthquake occurrence, from flat alluvial plains to lacustrine local basins. The application of the diffusion dating technique to unconsolidated sediments for the antithetic fault scarp indicates an age between 1 and 2 ka. Various geometric parameters have been obtained in order to reconstruct the paleoseismic history of the Cordovilla graben basin. The surface rupture and fault-offset values are associated with discrete active morpholineaments, parallel to the Pozohondo Fault. The Tobarra-Cordovilla segment (the structural boundary of the Cordovilla Basin) was generated by earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) greater than 6.0, based on Wells and Coppersmith fault scarp relations.

Estudios Geológicos, 1991

... Fig. 2.-Esquema geológico de la cuenca de recepción de la Laguna Grande de Ouero y alrededore... more ... Fig. 2.-Esquema geológico de la cuenca de recepción de la Laguna Grande de Ouero y alrededores. ~ .. .rEn:E::mEEHEE¡E . .... AA ..... ... La mues-tra 2 corresponde a la salmuera después de saturarse en epsomita y la 3 a la salmuera antes de alcanzar di-cha saturación. ...

Estudios Geológicos, 1990

En el presente trabajo se aborda el análisis del registro neógeno de la zona NE de la Cuenca de M... more En el presente trabajo se aborda el análisis del registro neógeno de la zona NE de la Cuenca de Madrid. En primer lugar se definen y analizan en detalle las distintas unidades litoestratigráficas presentes. Posteriormente se propone un modelo de evolución paleogeográfica de esta zona NE de la Cuenca de Madrid durante el Mioceno.

Estudios Geológicos, 2003

Estudios Geológicos, 1986

Environmental Geology, 2007

The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering ... more The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering is evaluated by means of a thorough rock characterisation and a statistical analysis. The pore structure was described in terms of its porosity, pore size distribution (quantified by mean pore radius) and specific surface area, density and water transport was characterised by means of water permeability (saturated flow) and capillary imbibition (unsaturated flow); whilst the rock strength test was carried out using uniaxial compressive strength, compressional and shear wave velocities, dynamic elastic constants and waveform energy and attenuation were obtained from the digital analysis of the transmitted signal. A principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression model was carried out in order to examine the direct relationships between salt weathering and petrophysical properties. From the principal component analysis, two main components were obtained and assigned a petrophysical meaning. The first component is mostly linked to mechanical properties, porosity and density whereas the second component is associated with the water transport and pore structure. Salt weathering, quantified by the percentage of weight loss after salt crystallisation, was included in both principal components, showing its dependence on their petrophysical properties. The stepwise multiple regression analysis found that rock strength has a predominant statistical weight in the prediction of salt weathering, with a minor contribution of water transport and pore structure parameters.

Engineering Geology, 2004

The influence of both pore structure and strength on the estimation of stone durability is evalua... more The influence of both pore structure and strength on the estimation of stone durability is evaluated. Salt crystallisation may limit the durability of porous building stones because it can be considered as one of the most powerful weathering agents. Salt crystallisation ...

En estas breves notas se da un avance de las analiti- cas que se estan realizando sobre tres frag... more En estas breves notas se da un avance de las analiti- cas que se estan realizando sobre tres fragmentos de ele- mentos arquitectonicos ibericos recuperados en Caudete (Albacete) y que pudieran proceder de la necropolis de Capuchinos. Hasta el momento se han realizado analisis mediante Fluorescencia de Rayos X (FRX) para deter- minar su composicion elemental y Difraccion de Rayos X (DRX) para conocer los principales compuestos cris- talinos de las muestras.

Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 2010

Ruidera Pools Natural Park, Spain, constitutes one of the most representative systems of carbonat... more Ruidera Pools Natural Park, Spain, constitutes one of the most representative systems of carbonate precipitation in Europe. The prokaryotic community of a dry modern stromatolite recovered from the park has been analyzed by molecular techniques that included denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis, together with microscopic observations from the sample and cultures. Ribosomal RNA was directly extracted to study the putatively active part of the microbial community present in the sample. A total of 295 16S rRNA gene sequences were analyzed. Libraries were dominated by sequences related to Cyanobacteria, most frequently to the genus Leptolyngbya. A diverse and abundant assemblage of non-cyanobacterial sequences was also found, including members of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi groups. No amplification was obtained when using archaeal primers. The results showed that at the time of sampling, when the pool was dry, the bacterial community of the stromatolites was dominated by groups of highly related Cyanobacteria, including new groups that had not been previously reported, although a high diversity outside this phylogenetic group was also found. The results indicated that part of the Cyanobacteria assemblage was metabolically active and could thus play a role in the mineralization processes inside the stromatolites.

International Review of Hydrobiology, 2006

Using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, LTSEM) coupled with analytical methods (XRD and EDS) t... more Using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, LTSEM) coupled with analytical methods (XRD and EDS) the role of phosphorus has been assessed in the formation of freshwater calcite deposits (tufa) in a small pond of the Ruidera Lakes (Spain). Differences between the cell walls and sheaths of bacteria and eukaryotic algae as well as the existence of additional layers of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were features that lead to differences in the process of induced calcite biomineralization. Phosphorus has influence in the biomineralization of the EPS, sheaths and cell walls of cyanobacteria allowing for fossil preservation whereas does not participate in the calcite precipitation around algae and mosses. This variability may explain the different positive or negative roles played by natural or artificial inputs of phosphorus in hard water lakes and the different morphological features of calcite precipitates associated with eukaryotic and cyanobacteria picoplankton found in natural environments. The biomineralization observed is in agreement with the isotopic composition of the tufa layers that reflect the variations in environmental conditions around biological communities.

Science of The Total Environment, 2009

In this study, the deterioration effects of lichens and other lithobionts in a temperate mesother... more In this study, the deterioration effects of lichens and other lithobionts in a temperate mesothermal climate were explored. We examined samples of dolostone and limestone rocks with visible signs of biodeterioration taken from the exterior wall surfaces of four Romanesque churches in Segovia (Spain): San Lorenzo, San Martín, San Millán and La Vera Cruz. Biofilms developing on the lithic substrate were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The most common lichen species found in the samples were recorded. Fungal cultures were then obtained from these carbonate rocks and characterized by sequencing Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS). Through scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered electron mode, fungi (lichenized and non-lichenized) were observed as the most frequent microorganisms occurring at sites showing signs of biodeterioration. The colonization process was especially conditioned by the porosity characteristics of the stone used in these buildings. While in dolostones, microorganisms mainly occupied spaces comprising the rock's intercrystalline porosity, in bioclastic dolomitized limestones, fungal colonization seemed to be more associated with moldic porosity. Microbial biofilms make close contact with the substrate, and thus probably cause significant deterioration of the underlying materials. We describe the different processes of stone alteration induced by fungal colonization and discuss the implications of these processes for the design of treatments to prevent biodeterioration.

Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 1997

... Durability tests Indirect estimations of durability There have been many attempts to develop ... more ... Durability tests Indirect estimations of durability There have been many attempts to develop convenient techniques for testing the durability of porous stones. ... A simple predictor for thedurability of porous stones has recently been attempted by Richardson (1991). ...

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1989

ABSTRACT

Materiales de Construcción, 2002

Materiales de Construcción, 2008

En este trabajo se evalúa cómo influye la textura de las dolomías en las estrategias adoptadas po... more En este trabajo se evalúa cómo influye la textura de las dolomías en las estrategias adoptadas por los microorganismos para colonizar estos materiales pétreos. Para ello se han caracterizado muestras de dolomías con diferentes texturas mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido en modo de electrones retrodispersados (SEM-BSE), microscopía electrónica de barrido a bajas temperaturas (LTSEM), microscopía de luz transmitida (TLM) y porosimetría por intrusión de mercurio (MIP). De estas observaciones se deduce que los hongos son los microorganismos colonizadores más importantes en las dolomías estudiadas. Además, en esta colonización fúngica se han distinguido tres fases bien definidas que tienen como resultado final la disgregación completa de la roca. La presencia y extensión de cada fase de colonización se han visto determinadas por la magnitud y tipo de porosidad de las distintas dolomías analizadas. Los resultados de este estudio apuntan a que estas características de textura pueden condicionar la biorreceptividad de las dolomías y por tanto también los procesos de alteración asociados a esta colonización.

Materiales de Construcción, 2008

Materiales de Construcción, 2005

Journal of Crystal Growth, 2004

Laboratory driven crystallisation of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride from concentrated soluti... more Laboratory driven crystallisation of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride from concentrated solution in unsaturated porous stones has been performed. This contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which salts crystallise and as a consequence limit the durability of porous materials which has an impact on buildings, civil constructions, and historical monuments. The identification of minerals in porous materials has been performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and sequential profiles of X-ray diffraction (XRD) under temperature control of sample. The study of porous stones has been combined with experiments in capillary tubes. Data from SEM show that halite tends to precipitate on the surface of the stone with a similar distribution in all samples. However, the mirabilite-thenardite precipitation takes place preferably inside the stone and its depth from the surface and its relative concentration depends on the pore size distribution. In addition, mirabilite (Na 2 SO 4 Á 10H 2 O) crystallises homogeneously, whereas thenardite (Na 2 SO 4 ) and halite (NaCl) tend to nucleate heterogeneously. To explain the precipitation sequence from concentrated solutions in unsaturated porous materials, a detailed analysis of the thermodynamic equations has been carried out by establishing a simple model. The proposed model shows the influence of the pore structure both on the water activity and saturation degree of involved salts. r

Journal of Crystal Growth, 1999

... View Within Article. The size distribution and connected porosity of the calcarenites and qua... more ... View Within Article. The size distribution and connected porosity of the calcarenites and quartz–arenite samples (fresh samples) are shown in Table 1. The porosity data was obtained by Autoscan-60 mercury porosimetry. Table ...

Geomorphology, 2005

The Ruidera Lakes Natural Park, in Central Spain, contains a well-exposed Pleistocene to Recent f... more The Ruidera Lakes Natural Park, in Central Spain, contains a well-exposed Pleistocene to Recent freshwater carbonate (tufa) succession dominated by fluvial barrages and lacustrine deposits. The majority of exposed tufas are Holocene to Recent in age. Today, carbonate accumulation is currently manifested as active phytoherm barrage constructions, marginal lacustrine stromatolitic terraces, lacustrine lime muds (all produced mainly by precipitation) and sand-size detrital tufa. The depositional history of the Ruidera Park sites has been interpreted from natural outcrops, rotary drill and percussion auger cores. These reveal a long Quaternary record of microbially dominated barrage framework developments and associated lacustrine carbonates. These alternate with frost weathering deposits and detrital tufa episodes, especially during cooler conditions. U-series dating of several earlier tufa deposits within the park indicates four distinct episodes of tufa development at 190-250 ka B.P., 90-130 ka B.P., 30-40 ka B.P. and 16 ka B.P.-Present. The three oldest episodes appear to be related to cyclic tufa-building events associated with warm periods of Oxygen Isotope Stages (OIS): 7, 5 and 3. Growth under present conditions is slow and several barrages have been damaged by human activity and drought events. D

Geomorphology, 2008

The Cordovilla basin, located within the frontal thrust belt of the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain, i... more The Cordovilla basin, located within the frontal thrust belt of the Betic Cordillera, SE Spain, is an elongated NW-SE graben showing discrete surface rupture generated by Holocene paleoearthquake activity. A main and an antithetic normal, NW-SE trending, active faults bound the basin. Paleoseismological evidence is reported on upslope-facing scarps of the antithetic fault, acting as dams to runoff, which contributed to temporary lacustrine conditions, as well as sediment uplift. The fluvial network in the area shows a poor drainage activity, whereas a present lake is dammed by the antithetic fault. The modern landscape is controlled by Holocene faulting, modifying the geological environment according to earthquake occurrence, from flat alluvial plains to lacustrine local basins. The application of the diffusion dating technique to unconsolidated sediments for the antithetic fault scarp indicates an age between 1 and 2 ka. Various geometric parameters have been obtained in order to reconstruct the paleoseismic history of the Cordovilla graben basin. The surface rupture and fault-offset values are associated with discrete active morpholineaments, parallel to the Pozohondo Fault. The Tobarra-Cordovilla segment (the structural boundary of the Cordovilla Basin) was generated by earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) greater than 6.0, based on Wells and Coppersmith fault scarp relations.

Estudios Geológicos, 1991

... Fig. 2.-Esquema geológico de la cuenca de recepción de la Laguna Grande de Ouero y alrededore... more ... Fig. 2.-Esquema geológico de la cuenca de recepción de la Laguna Grande de Ouero y alrededores. ~ .. .rEn:E::mEEHEE¡E . .... AA ..... ... La mues-tra 2 corresponde a la salmuera después de saturarse en epsomita y la 3 a la salmuera antes de alcanzar di-cha saturación. ...

Estudios Geológicos, 1990

En el presente trabajo se aborda el análisis del registro neógeno de la zona NE de la Cuenca de M... more En el presente trabajo se aborda el análisis del registro neógeno de la zona NE de la Cuenca de Madrid. En primer lugar se definen y analizan en detalle las distintas unidades litoestratigráficas presentes. Posteriormente se propone un modelo de evolución paleogeográfica de esta zona NE de la Cuenca de Madrid durante el Mioceno.

Estudios Geológicos, 2003

Estudios Geológicos, 1986

Environmental Geology, 2007

The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering ... more The influence of pore structure, water transport properties and rock strength on salt weathering is evaluated by means of a thorough rock characterisation and a statistical analysis. The pore structure was described in terms of its porosity, pore size distribution (quantified by mean pore radius) and specific surface area, density and water transport was characterised by means of water permeability (saturated flow) and capillary imbibition (unsaturated flow); whilst the rock strength test was carried out using uniaxial compressive strength, compressional and shear wave velocities, dynamic elastic constants and waveform energy and attenuation were obtained from the digital analysis of the transmitted signal. A principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression model was carried out in order to examine the direct relationships between salt weathering and petrophysical properties. From the principal component analysis, two main components were obtained and assigned a petrophysical meaning. The first component is mostly linked to mechanical properties, porosity and density whereas the second component is associated with the water transport and pore structure. Salt weathering, quantified by the percentage of weight loss after salt crystallisation, was included in both principal components, showing its dependence on their petrophysical properties. The stepwise multiple regression analysis found that rock strength has a predominant statistical weight in the prediction of salt weathering, with a minor contribution of water transport and pore structure parameters.

Engineering Geology, 2004

The influence of both pore structure and strength on the estimation of stone durability is evalua... more The influence of both pore structure and strength on the estimation of stone durability is evaluated. Salt crystallisation may limit the durability of porous building stones because it can be considered as one of the most powerful weathering agents. Salt crystallisation ...